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Sensation And Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy

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2
Q

Perception

A

Sorting out, Interpretation, analysis of stimuli by the sense organs and brain

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3
Q

Stimulus

A

Source of energy that produces a response in a sense organ

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4
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them.

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5
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected

The minimum intensity of light we can see
The lowest volume of sound we can hear

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6
Q

Difference threshold aka..

A

Just noticeable difference

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7
Q

Difference threshold

A

the smallest amount by which two sensory stimuli can differ in order for an individual to perceive them as different.

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8
Q

Weber’s Law (JND)

A

JND is in constant proportion to the intensity of an original stimulus

Higher the initial stimulus, the greater the JND, proportion is constant.

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9
Q

Sensory Adaptation
*Behavioralists call this habituation

A

Adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure
“Getting used to”

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10
Q

Vision 👁️
(CPLR)

A

Cornea -> Pupils (iris) -> Lens -> Retina

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11
Q

Retina (receptor cells) function

A

Converts light to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain

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12
Q

Rods (receptor cells)

A

Sensitive to light
Night vision

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13
Q

Cones (receptor cells)

A

Sharp focus / color
Bright light

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14
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Carries visual info to brain

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15
Q

Optic chiasm

A

The point where the optic nerve splits

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16
Q

Smell (olfaction)

A

Molecules enter nasal passages and pass over receptor neurons (olfactory cells)
Responses sent to brain, recognition of smell

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17
Q

Taste (Gustation)

A

Receptor cells in the taste buds respond to five basic stimulus
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

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18
Q

Sound

A

Movement of air molecules brought ab by vibration (sound waves)

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19
Q

Eardrum

A

Vibrates when sound waves hit it

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20
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Movement of fluids, affects our sense of balance (middle ear)

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21
Q

Cochlea

A

Fluid vibrates in response to sound (inner ear)

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22
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Inside cochlea, covered in hair cells, when bent, send neural message to brain

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23
Q

Trichromatic theory of color vision

A

Three kinds of cones in retina
Human eyes only perceive three colors of light

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24
Q

Opponent process theory of color

A

Looking at one color for a long period of time, causes receptor cells to become fatigued.
Receptor cells are linked in pairs
Work opposite to each other

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25
Q

Figure ground organization

A

We usually perceive objects as a figure standing out against a background

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26
Q

Gestalt Law of Organization
gestalt = patterns

A

How we organize pieces of information into meaningful wholes

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27
Q

Closure

A

Fill in the gaps when an object is incomplete

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28
Q

Proximity

A

When objects are close together, they tend to be perceived as a group.

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29
Q

Similarity

A

When objects look similar, people perceive them as a group or pattern

30
Q

Simplicity

A

When we observe a pattern, we perceive it in the most basic, straightforward manner

31
Q

Top down processing

A

Perception is guided by our background knowledge and experiences to interpret what we see.

32
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Stimulus shapes our perception

What our sense can detect

33
Q

Depth Perception

A

Ability to view the world in 3D and perceive distance

34
Q

Binocular disparity
(depth perception)

A

Differences in images seen by right eye and left eye, how we determine distance

35
Q

Monocular cues
(depth perception)

A

Can give us information ab distance using one eye

36
Q

Motion parallax

A

Objects closer to you, when you are moving, appear to move faster

ie. trees when you’re in a moving car

37
Q

Relative size

A

Closer objects larger

38
Q

Texture gradient

A

Closer objects are more clear

39
Q

Linear perspective

A

Objects in distance appear to converge

40
Q

Motion perception
How do we perceive motion?

A

-Movement across retina is perceived relative to an unmoving background
-If stimulus is coming toward you, retina will expand in size, assume approaching rather than growing in size
-We factor info ab our head and eye movements with info ab changes in retinal image

41
Q

Perceptual illusions
Visual illusions

A

Physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception

42
Q

Functional implications (limitations)
Figure ground

A

Can’t tell an object from its background
Open junk drawer, can’t find pen

43
Q

Functional implications (limitations)
Depth

A

Can’t tell size or how far away something is

44
Q

Perceptual consistency

A

Humans see familiar objects as having standard size, shape, regardless of changes in perspective, distance or lighting.

Snow on the ground during the day, during the night.

45
Q

Functional implications (limitations)
Visual memory

A

Not able to retain knowledge, unable to grasp understanding

46
Q

Perception of Pain
Skin senses

A

Touch, pressure, temperature and pain; receptor cells in skin distributed unevenly throughout the body

47
Q

Substance P

A

Chemical released by damaged cells that transmits pain messages to brain

48
Q

Gate-control theory of pain

A

mechanism where pain signals can be let through or restricted

49
Q

Purpose of pain

A

Warns of potential harm / survival
Illness
Environmental dangers
Alerts to need for care and treatment

50
Q

A delta fibers

A

Quick sharp pain

51
Q

C fibers

A

Long dull pain

52
Q

Neural Responses and Pain
Pain pathway
One sends “where” info to

A

Somatosensory cortex
Detect sensory info from the body regarding temperature, touch, pain

parietal lobe

53
Q

Neural Responses and Pain

Pain pathway
Two

A

Sends motivational and emotional info to the hypothalamus, amygdala (limbic system) and frontal lobe (awareness)

54
Q

Influences on the perception of pain
Top down influences (brain, expectation)

A

Individual factors to influence perception of pain
Past experience
Culture
Goals
Expectations
Knowledge

55
Q

Influences on the perception of pain
Bottom up influences

A

Sensory receptors pick up signals for the brain to process

ie. Stubbing your toe on a chair
Type of stimulus
Intensity of stimulus

56
Q

Referred pain

A

When you have an injury in one area of your body but feel pain somewhere else

57
Q

Chronic pain

A

When pain persists when tissue injury is no longer present

58
Q

Phantom pain

A

Pain is felt in a limb that has been amputated
Neural circuits remain after limb is gone

59
Q

4 stages of sleep

A

Last 90 minutes
Each stage associated with a unique pattern of brain waves

60
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A

Rapid low amplitude brain waves

61
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

Deeper sleep, slower, more regular waves
Sleep spindles
Power Nap

62
Q

Stage 3 sleep

A

Deepest stage
Least responsive

63
Q

Stage 4 sleep
REM

A

rapid eye movement
Increased heart rate, blood pressure and breathing
Dreams occur
Muscles appear paralyzed

64
Q

Function of Dreams
Freud psychodynamic

A

Unconscious wishes
Latent
Meaning of dream disguised

65
Q

Function of Dreams
Survival theory

A

Everyday concerns ab survival
Reconsidered and reprocessed
Not disguised

66
Q

Function of dreams
Activation synthesis theory

A

Random activations of various memories
Related to dreamer’s concerns
Not disguised

67
Q

Insomnia

A

Can’t sleep

68
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Difficulty breathing during sleep

69
Q

Night terrors

A

Awakening from REM in panic

70
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Uncontrollable sleeping periods

71
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

24 hour cycle
Sleep/wake cycle
Bodily functions = temperature, hormone production, blood pressure

Psych (3 decks)

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