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psychology :) > sensation and perception :) > Flashcards

sensation and perception :) Flashcards

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1
Q

transducers

A

devices that convert one kind of energy into another

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2
Q

sensation

A

a sensory impression, detect physical energies with the sensory organs

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3
Q

perception

A

mental process of organizing sensations into meaningful patterns

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4
Q

psychophysics

A

study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations that they evoke in a brain observer

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5
Q

sensory adaptation

A

a decrease in a sensory response to an unchanging stimulus

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6
Q

sensory analysis

A

the separation of sensory information into important elements

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7
Q

perceptual features

A

basic elements of a stimulus, such as lines, shapes, edges, or colors

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8
Q

sensory coding

A

neutral signals that the sense organs use to transmit information to the brain

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9
Q

sensory localization

A

the type of sensation that you experience depends on which brain area is activated

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10
Q

selective attention

A

giving priority to a particular incoming sensory message

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11
Q

inattentional blindness

A

a failure to notice a stimulus because attention is focused elsewhere

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12
Q

cornea

A

front of the eye

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13
Q

retina

A

the light sensitive layer of cells at the back of the eye

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14
Q

accommodation

A

changes in the shape of the lens of the eye to enable the seeing of close and for objects

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15
Q

hyperopia

A

(farsightedness)

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16
Q

myopia

A

(nearsightedness)

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17
Q

astigmatism

A

defects in the cornea, lens, or eye that cause some areas of of vision to be out of focus

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18
Q

presbyopia

A

farsightedness cause by aging

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19
Q

cones

A

receptors for perceiving colors and daylight visual acuity

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20
Q

rods

A

receptors for seeing in dim light that produce only black and white sensations

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21
Q

visual acuity

A

the sharpness of visual perception

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22
Q

side vision (peripheral)

A

vision at the edges of the visual field

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23
Q

trichromatic theory

A

a theory of color vision based on three cone types: red, green, and blue

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24
Q

opponent-process theory

A

a theory of color vision based on three coding systems

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25
Q

color blindness

A

a total inability to perceive color

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26
Q

color weakness

A

an inability to distinguish some colors

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27
Q

dark adaptation

A

increased retinal sensitivity to light

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28
Q

hair cells

A

receptors cells within the cochlea that transduce vibrations into nerve impulses

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29
Q

organ of corti

A

the center part of the cochlea, containing hair cells, canals, and membranes

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30
Q

frequency theory

A

a theory holding that tones up to 4,000 hertz are converted to nerve impulses that match that frequency of each tone

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31
Q

place theory

A

higher and lower tone excite specific areas of the cochlea

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32
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

poor transfer of sounds from the eardrum to the inner ear

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33
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

loss of hearing caused by damage to the inner ear hair cells or auditory nerve

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34
Q

noise-induced hearing loss

A

damage caused by exposing the hair cells to excessively loud sounds

35
Q

olfacation

A

the sense of smell

36
Q

gustation

A

sense of taste

37
Q

lock and key theory of olfacation

A

odors are related to the shapes of chemical molecules

38
Q

taste buds

A

the receptor organs for taste

39
Q

somesthetic senses

A

sensations produced by the skin, muscles, joints, viscera, and organs of balance

40
Q

skin senses

A

touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold

41
Q

kinesthetic senses

A

body movement and positioning

42
Q

vestibular senses

A

balance, gravity, position in space, and acceleration

43
Q

warning signs

A

warns the body that damage might be occuring

44
Q

reminding system

A

reminds the brain that the body has been injured

45
Q

gate control theory

A

the pain messages pass through neutral “gates” in the spinal cord

46
Q

sensory conflict theory

A

explaining motion sickness is a result of a mismatch among information from vision, the vestibular system, and kinethesis

47
Q

perceptual construction

A

a mental model of external events

48
Q

illusions

A

a misleading or misconstructed perception

49
Q

hallucination

A

imaginary sensation, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling something that does not exist in the external world

50
Q

reality testing

A

obtaining additional information to check on the accuracy of perceptions

51
Q

figure ground organization

A

organizing a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object (figure) against a less prominent background (ground)

52
Q

nearness gestalt principle

A

things that are close together appear to be more related than things that are spaced farther apart

53
Q

similarity gestalt principle

A

elements that are similar are perceived to be more related than elements that are dissimilar

54
Q

continuity gestalt principle

A

when visual elements are aligned with each other, our visual perception is biased to perceive them as continuous forms rather than disconnected segments

55
Q

closure gestalt principle

A

when we look at a complex arrangement of visual elements, we tend to look for a single, recognizable pattern

56
Q

common region gestalt principle

A

when objects are located within the same closed region, we perceive them as being grouped together

57
Q

contiguity gestalt principle

A

we are more likely to see continuous and smooth flowing lines rather than broken or jagged ones

58
Q

perceptual hypothesis

A

an initial guess regarding how to organize (perceive) a stimulus pattern

59
Q

size constancy

A

the perceived size of an object remains constant, despite changes in its retinal image

60
Q

brightness constancy

A

the apparent (or relative) brightness of an object remains the same as long as they are illuminated by the same amount of light

61
Q

shape constancy

A

the perceived shape of an object is unaffected by changes in its retinal image

62
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to see 3-D space and to judge distances accurately

63
Q

pictorial depth cues

A

features of the environment and messages from the body that supply information about distance and space

64
Q

binocular depth cues

A

perceptual features that impact information about distance and 3-D space which requires two eyes

65
Q

monocular depth cues

A

perceptual features that impact information about distance and 3-D space which requires just one eye

66
Q

stereoscopic vision

A

perception of space and depth as a result of each eye receiving a different image

67
Q

perpetual expectancy (set)

A

a readiness to perceive in a particular manner, induced by strong expectations

68
Q

perceptual habits

A

ingrained patterns of organization and attention that affect our daily experience

69
Q

muller-lyer illusion

A

two equal length lines tipped with inward or outward pointing Vs appear to be different lengths

70
Q

habituation

A

a decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus

71
Q

dishabituation

A

a reversal of habituation

72
Q

extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

ability to perceive events in ways that cannot be explained by the known capacities of the sensory organs

73
Q

psi phenomena

A

events that seem to lie outside the realm of acceptual scientific laws

74
Q

cochlea

A

the snail shaped organ for hearing

75
Q

ossicles

A

the 3 bones of the middle of the ear

76
Q

pheromone

A

substances which are secreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species

77
Q

proprioception

A

the sense through which we perceive the position and movement of our body, including our senses of equilibrium and balance, senses that depend on the notion of force

78
Q

absolute threshold

A

the smallest amount of stimulation needed for a person to detect that stimulus 50% of the time

79
Q

just noticeable difference

A

the amount of something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least half the time

80
Q

weber’s law

A

the concept that a just- noticeable difference in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus

81
Q

telepathy

A

the supposed communication of thoughts or ideas by means other than the known senses

82
Q

precognition

A

foreknowledge of an event, especially foreknowledge of a paranormal kind
psychokinesis: the supposed ability to move objects by mental effort alone

83
Q

clairvoyance

A

the supposed faculty of perceiving things or events in the future or beyond normal sensory contact

84
Q

psychokinesis

A

the supposed ability to move objects by mental effort alone

psychology :) (4 decks)

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