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psychology :) > sensation and perception :) > Flashcards

sensation and perception :) Flashcards

1
Q

transducers

A

devices that convert one kind of energy into another

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2
Q

sensation

A

a sensory impression, detect physical energies with the sensory organs

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3
Q

perception

A

mental process of organizing sensations into meaningful patterns

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4
Q

psychophysics

A

study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations that they evoke in a brain observer

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5
Q

sensory adaptation

A

a decrease in a sensory response to an unchanging stimulus

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6
Q

sensory analysis

A

the separation of sensory information into important elements

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7
Q

perceptual features

A

basic elements of a stimulus, such as lines, shapes, edges, or colors

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8
Q

sensory coding

A

neutral signals that the sense organs use to transmit information to the brain

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9
Q

sensory localization

A

the type of sensation that you experience depends on which brain area is activated

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10
Q

selective attention

A

giving priority to a particular incoming sensory message

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11
Q

inattentional blindness

A

a failure to notice a stimulus because attention is focused elsewhere

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12
Q

cornea

A

front of the eye

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13
Q

retina

A

the light sensitive layer of cells at the back of the eye

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14
Q

accommodation

A

changes in the shape of the lens of the eye to enable the seeing of close and for objects

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15
Q

hyperopia

A

(farsightedness)

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16
Q

myopia

A

(nearsightedness)

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17
Q

astigmatism

A

defects in the cornea, lens, or eye that cause some areas of of vision to be out of focus

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18
Q

presbyopia

A

farsightedness cause by aging

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19
Q

cones

A

receptors for perceiving colors and daylight visual acuity

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20
Q

rods

A

receptors for seeing in dim light that produce only black and white sensations

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21
Q

visual acuity

A

the sharpness of visual perception

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22
Q

side vision (peripheral)

A

vision at the edges of the visual field

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23
Q

trichromatic theory

A

a theory of color vision based on three cone types: red, green, and blue

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24
Q

opponent-process theory

A

a theory of color vision based on three coding systems

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25
color blindness
a total inability to perceive color
26
color weakness
an inability to distinguish some colors
27
dark adaptation
increased retinal sensitivity to light
28
hair cells
receptors cells within the cochlea that transduce vibrations into nerve impulses
29
organ of corti
the center part of the cochlea, containing hair cells, canals, and membranes
30
frequency theory
a theory holding that tones up to 4,000 hertz are converted to nerve impulses that match that frequency of each tone
31
place theory
higher and lower tone excite specific areas of the cochlea
32
conductive hearing loss
poor transfer of sounds from the eardrum to the inner ear
33
sensorineural hearing loss
loss of hearing caused by damage to the inner ear hair cells or auditory nerve
34
noise-induced hearing loss
damage caused by exposing the hair cells to excessively loud sounds
35
olfacation
the sense of smell
36
gustation
sense of taste
37
lock and key theory of olfacation
odors are related to the shapes of chemical molecules
38
taste buds
the receptor organs for taste
39
somesthetic senses
sensations produced by the skin, muscles, joints, viscera, and organs of balance
40
skin senses
touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold
41
kinesthetic senses
body movement and positioning
42
vestibular senses
balance, gravity, position in space, and acceleration
43
warning signs
warns the body that damage might be occuring
44
reminding system
reminds the brain that the body has been injured
45
gate control theory
the pain messages pass through neutral "gates" in the spinal cord
46
sensory conflict theory
explaining motion sickness is a result of a mismatch among information from vision, the vestibular system, and kinethesis
47
perceptual construction
a mental model of external events
48
illusions
a misleading or misconstructed perception
49
hallucination
imaginary sensation, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling something that does not exist in the external world
50
reality testing
obtaining additional information to check on the accuracy of perceptions
51
figure ground organization
organizing a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object (figure) against a less prominent background (ground)
52
nearness gestalt principle
things that are close together appear to be more related than things that are spaced farther apart
53
similarity gestalt principle
elements that are similar are perceived to be more related than elements that are dissimilar
54
continuity gestalt principle
when visual elements are aligned with each other, our visual perception is biased to perceive them as continuous forms rather than disconnected segments
55
closure gestalt principle
when we look at a complex arrangement of visual elements, we tend to look for a single, recognizable pattern
56
common region gestalt principle
when objects are located within the same closed region, we perceive them as being grouped together
57
contiguity gestalt principle
we are more likely to see continuous and smooth flowing lines rather than broken or jagged ones
58
perceptual hypothesis
an initial guess regarding how to organize (perceive) a stimulus pattern
59
size constancy
the perceived size of an object remains constant, despite changes in its retinal image
60
brightness constancy
the apparent (or relative) brightness of an object remains the same as long as they are illuminated by the same amount of light
61
shape constancy
the perceived shape of an object is unaffected by changes in its retinal image
62
depth perception
the ability to see 3-D space and to judge distances accurately
63
pictorial depth cues
features of the environment and messages from the body that supply information about distance and space
64
binocular depth cues
perceptual features that impact information about distance and 3-D space which requires two eyes
65
monocular depth cues
perceptual features that impact information about distance and 3-D space which requires just one eye
66
stereoscopic vision
perception of space and depth as a result of each eye receiving a different image
67
perpetual expectancy (set)
a readiness to perceive in a particular manner, induced by strong expectations
68
perceptual habits
ingrained patterns of organization and attention that affect our daily experience
69
muller-lyer illusion
two equal length lines tipped with inward or outward pointing Vs appear to be different lengths
70
habituation
a decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus
71
dishabituation
a reversal of habituation
72
extrasensory perception (ESP)
ability to perceive events in ways that cannot be explained by the known capacities of the sensory organs
73
psi phenomena
events that seem to lie outside the realm of acceptual scientific laws
74
cochlea
the snail shaped organ for hearing
75
ossicles
the 3 bones of the middle of the ear
76
pheromone
substances which are secreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species
77
proprioception
the sense through which we perceive the position and movement of our body, including our senses of equilibrium and balance, senses that depend on the notion of force
78
absolute threshold
the smallest amount of stimulation needed for a person to detect that stimulus 50% of the time
79
just noticeable difference
the amount of something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least half the time
80
weber’s law
the concept that a just- noticeable difference in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus
81
telepathy
the supposed communication of thoughts or ideas by means other than the known senses
82
precognition
foreknowledge of an event, especially foreknowledge of a paranormal kind psychokinesis: the supposed ability to move objects by mental effort alone
83
clairvoyance
the supposed faculty of perceiving things or events in the future or beyond normal sensory contact
84
psychokinesis
the supposed ability to move objects by mental effort alone

psychology :) (4 decks)

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