intelligence , language, thinking, cognition :) Flashcards
thinking=mental representation of a problem or situation
cognition
unconscious, effortless, automatic
experimental processing
engaging and deliberately concentrate
reflective processing
pictures
-used to think, remember, and solve problems
-make blank to solve problems
-change feelings
-improve a skill or prepare for some action
-aid memory
mental images
“spiced chicken tastes pointy” “pain is the color orange”
synthesia
when you form a mental image, the system works in reverse
-brain areas, in which memories are stored and send signals back to the visual cortex, where once again an image is created
reverse image
images created from muscular sensations
-important in movement oriented skills, such as music, sports, dance, skateboarding, and martial arts
kinesthetic imagery
help us identify important features in the world
concepts
processing or classifying information into meaningful categories
forming concepts
presence of two or more features
conjunctive concepts
how features are to one another
relational concepts
at least one possible feature
disjunctive concepts
emotional and personal meaning of words
connotative meaning
words or concepts in their exact definition
denotative meaning
basic speech sounds
phonemes
word parts
morphemes
set of rules of making sounds and words into sentences
grammer
rules for word order
syntax
asl
-true, real language
gestural language
trial and error or by rote
mechanical solutions
requirements for success but not in enough detail to guide further action
general solution
workable solutions
functional solutions
“rule of thumb”
heuristics
tendency to get “hung up” on wrong solutions or to become blind to alternatives
fixation
inability to see new uses for familiar objects
functional fixedness
inhibition and fears of making a fool of oneself, fear of making a mistake, inability to tolerate ambiguity, excessive self-criticism
emotional barriers
values that hold fantasy is a waste of time
cultural barriers
conventions about uses (functional fixedness) meanings, possibilities, taboos
learned barriers
habits leading to a failure to identify important elements of a problem
perceptual barriers
fast, fairly, effortless thinking based on experience with similar problems
automatic processing
going from specific facts or observations to general principals
inductive thinking
going from general principals to specific situations
deductive thinking
proceeding from given information to new conclusions on the basis of explicit rules
logical thinking
intuitive, associative, or personal
illogical thinking
total number of suggestions that you are able to make
fluency thinking
number of times that you shift from one class of possible uses to another
flexibility thinking
thinking toward one answer
convergent thinking
thinking towards many ideas
divergent thinking
orientation-person defines that problem and identifies its most important dimensions
stage one of creative thought
preparation-prepare information about the problem
stage two of creative thought
incubation- “cooking”
stage three of creative thought
illumination- “aha!” moment
stage four of creative thought
verification- test the solution
stage five creative thought
quick, impulsive thought that does not use formal logic or clear reasoning
intuition
tendency to choose wrong answer because they match preexisiting mental categories
representativeness heurstic
basic rate that the event occurs overtime; probability
base rate
how you word the question
framing
a predisposition to perceive or respond in a particular way
mental set
overall capacity to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to adapt to one’s surroundings
intelligence
small mental abilities
g-factor
capacity for learning
-people with mechanical, artistic, musical aptitudes are likely to do well in careers involving mechanics, art, or music, respectively
aptitudes
predict weather you will succeed in a single area
special aptitude test
measure two or more types of ability
multiple aptitude test
access to wide variety of mental abilities
general intelligence test
any measurement of a person’s mental functions (is it reliable? is it valid?”
psychometric test
how do you know if a test is reliable?
must give approximately the same score each time a person takes it
how do you know a test is valid?
a test should measure what it claims to measure
get the same score when corrected by different people
objective test
- fluid reasoning- “how are an apple and a plum different from a beet?”
- knowledge-“why is yeast added to bread dough”
3.quantitative reasoning: “ if i have six marbles and you give me another one, how many do i have?” - visual-spatial processing: “suppose that you are going east, then turn right, turn right again, then turn left. what direction are you facing now?”
- working memory: “correctly remember the number beads on a stick”
standard-binet factors
average intellectual performance
mental age
convert a person’s relative standing in the group to an iq score, that is, they tell how far above or below average the person’s score falls
deviations iqs
solving a novel problems involving perceptual speed or rapid insight
-slowly decline after middle age
fluid intelligence
solving problems using already acquired knowledge
-decline very little
crystallized intelligence
-begins at 70 IQ or below
intellectual disability
affect energy produce and use in the body
metabolic disorders
-causes moderate to severe intellectual disability and shortened life expectancy of around 49 years
down syndrome
-only mildly intellectually disabled during early childhood, but often severely or profoundly intellectually disabled as adults
fragile x syndrome
-if goes untreated, can cause severe intellectual disabilities
pku
skull is extremely small (fails to grow), causes severe intellectual disability
microephaly
-“water on the brain”
- children affected usually score average on mental tests, severe intellectual disability usually can be prevented
hydrocephaly
causes stunted physical and intellectual growth that cannot be reversed
cretinsim
is intelligence hereditary?
no
a program that provides stimulating intellectual experiences, typically for disadvantaged preschoolers
early childhood education programs
speed and efficiency of the nervous system
neural intelligence
specialized knowledge and skills acquired over time
experiential intelligence
an ability to become aware of one’s own thinking habits
reflective intelligence
writer, lawyer, comedian
language (linguistic abilities) intelligence
scientist, accountant, programmer
logic and math (numeric abilities) intelligence
engineer, inventor, artist
visual and spatial (pictorial abilities) intelligence
composer, musician, music critic
music (musical abilities) intelligence
dancer, athlete, surgeon
bodily-kinesethetic (physical abilities) intelligence
poet, actor, minister
intrapersonal (self-knowledge) intelligence
psychologist, teacher, politician
interpersonal (social abilities) intelligence
biologist, medicine man, organic farmer
naturalist ( an ability to understand the natural environment)
