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learning :) Flashcards

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1
Q

any relatively permanent change in behavior that can be attributed to experience
-excludes both temporary and permanent changes caused by motivation, fatigue, maturation, disease, injury, or drugs

A

learning

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2
Q

whenever a person or an animal forms a simple association among various stimuli, behaviors, or both
-requires little to no awareness or thought

A

associative learning

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3
Q

type of learning that happens unconsciously (based on what happens BEFORE we respond)

A

classical conditioning

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4
Q

rang a bell shortly before presenting food to the dogs. at first, the dogs elicited no response to the bells. however, eventually, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone.

A

pavolv’s experiment

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5
Q

a stimulus that does not evoke a response

A

neutral stimulus

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6
Q

a stimulus innately capable of producing a response

A

unconditioned stimulus

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7
Q

an innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

A

unconditioned response

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8
Q

the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment (based on CONSEQUENCES of responding)
-refers mainly to learning voluntary responses

A

operant conditioning

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9
Q

events that proceed a behavior

A

antecedents

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10
Q

positive consequence

A

reinforcer

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11
Q

negative consequence

A

punisher

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12
Q

a stimulus that, because of learning, elicits a response

A

conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

a learned response elicited b an conditioned stimulus

A

conditioned response

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14
Q

understanding, knowing, anticipating, or otherwise using information-rich higher mental processes

A

cognitive learning

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15
Q

training

A

acquisition

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16
Q

a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce a further learning

A

higher order conditioning

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17
Q

classical conditioning can be weakened by removing the connection between the conditioned and the unconditioned stimulus

A

extinction

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18
Q

the return of a learned response after apparent extinction

A

spontaneous recovery

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19
Q

the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to, but not identical to, a conditioned stimulus

A

stimulus generalization

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20
Q

the ability to respond differently to various stimuli

A

stimulus discrimination

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21
Q

learned emotional reaction to previously neutral stimulus

A

conditioned emotional responses

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22
Q

apparently, the infant associated the white rat with the noise. the rat, originally a neutral stimulus, had become a conditioned stimulus, and was eliciting an emotional response (conditioned response) similar to the distress (unconditioned response) originally given to the noise (unconditioned stimulus)

A

little albert experiment , john be watson

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23
Q

reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed

A

systematic desensitization

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24
Q

classical conditioning brought by observing another person to a particular stimulus

A

vicarious or secondhand conditioning

25
Q

the probability of a response is altered by the effect that it has had

A

law of effect

26
Q

a rat in the box and then subjecting it to an unpleasant electric current which caused it some discomfort. as the rat moved about the box it would accidentally knock the lever. immediately it did so the electric current would be switched off.

A

skinner box

27
Q

the gradual molding of responses to a desired pattern

A

shaping

28
Q

back and forth conversations in which the teacher follows the child’s lead by responding to the child’s comment or question in a way that keeps the conversation going

A

response contingent

29
Q

a linked series of actions that lead to reinforcement

A

response chain

30
Q

learned responses that are not reinforced fade away gradually

A

operant extinction

31
Q

making a response removes an unpleasant event

A

negative reinforcement

32
Q

occurs when a response is followed by an award or other positive event

A

positive reinforcement

33
Q

decrease the likelihood that the response will occur again, by adding discomfort
-spanking if child acts out

A

positive punishment

34
Q

decrease responding, does by ending (negating or taking away) something pleasant
-taking away recess privilege from a child that is acting out

A

negative punishment

35
Q

stimuli present when an operant response is acquired, tend to control when and where the response is made

A

stimulus control

36
Q

the tendency to respond in the presence of stimuli similar to those that preceded reinforcement

A

operant stimulus generalization

37
Q

stimuli that precede reinforced and non reinforced responses

A

discriminative stimuli

38
Q

a reinforcer follows every correct response
-useful for learning new responses

A

continuous reinforcement

39
Q

reinforcers do not follow every response

A

partial reinforcement

40
Q

produce comfort, end discomfort or fill on immediate physical need
-natural, nonlearned and rooted in biology
-sex, food,water

A

primary reinforcers

41
Q

responses acquired with partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction

A

partial reinforcement effect

42
Q

often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer
-nonlearned
-money, praise, attention and approval, success, affection, grades

A

secondary reinforcers

43
Q

desires for attention and approval

A

social reinforcer

44
Q

an arrangement in which reinforcement is given after a specified number of responses

A

fixed ratio

45
Q

behavior is reinforced after a random number of responses

A

variable ratio

46
Q

the first response that occurs after a set interval has elasped is reinforced

A

fixed interval

47
Q

reinforcement is presented for the first response after a variable period elasped since the previous reinforcement

A

variable interval

48
Q

to make a response in order to end an averse stimulus

A

escape learning

49
Q

learning to make a response in order to postpone or prevent discomfort

A

avoidance learning

50
Q

occurring without obvious reinforcement and remaining hidden until reinforcement was provided

A

latent learning

51
Q

watching and imitating the action of another person or noting the consequence of those actions

A

observational learning

52
Q

internal representations of an area, such as a maze, city, or campus

A

cognitive maps

53
Q

information returned to a person about the effects of a response has had
-most effective when immediate, frequent, and detailed

A

feedback

54
Q

any learning format that presents information in small amounts, gives immediate practice, and provides continuous feedback to learners

A

programmed instruction

55
Q

learning based on insight and understanding

A

discovery learning

56
Q

mechanical repetition and memorization

A

rote learning

57
Q

when an observer imitates a role model, or when a person produces a specific behavior (acting as a model) that may then be imitated.

A

modeling

58
Q

a team of researchers who physically and verbally abused an inflatable doll in front of preschool-age children, which led the children to later mimic the behavior of the adults by attacking the doll in the same fashion.

A

bobo doll experiment , albert bandura

psychology :) (4 decks)

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