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Psychology > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What psychological term refers to the raw sensory data from the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, balance, touch, and pain?

A

Sensation

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2
Q

What psychological term refers to the process of creating meaningful patterns from that raw sensory data?

A

Perception

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3
Q

The least amount of energy needed to generate any sensation at all in a person 50 percent of the time is called the

A

Absolute threshold

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4
Q

What psychological metric is the smallest change in stimulation that is detectable 50 percent of the time?

A

difference threshold or the just noticeable difference (jnd)

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5
Q

In most cases, our senses adjust to the level of stimulation they are experiencing, a process known as

A

adaptations

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6
Q

These are messages that fall below the level of conscious perception and are therefore perceived subconsciously

A

Subliminal messages

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7
Q

This psychological “phenomenon” is defined as “a response to an unknown event not present in any known sense.”

A

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

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8
Q

In the process leading to vision, light enters the eye through the

A

cornea

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9
Q

One spot on the retina, called the ______________, has no receptor cells.

A

blind spot

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10
Q

Directly behind the lens and on the retina is a depressed spot called the _____________, which lies at the center of the visual field.

A

fovea

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11
Q

How many types of receptor cells are present in the human retina?

A

two

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12
Q

type of receptor cell present in the human retina

A

rods and cones

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13
Q

Which type of receptor cell is responsible for night vision?

A

rod cells

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14
Q

Which type of receptor cell operates mainly in daytime, and are also present only in the fovea?

A

cone cells

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15
Q

Rods and cones connect to nerve cells, called _____________, leading to the brain.

A

bipolar cells

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16
Q

In psychology and biology, the ability to distinguish fine details by sight is known as

A

visual acuity

17
Q

True or false: The sensitivity of rods, cones, and pan cells change according to the amount of available light.

A

true

18
Q

An __________________can appear until the retina adapts after a visual stimulus has been removed.

A

afterimage

19
Q

The physical stimuli for the sense of hearing is/are ________________.

A

sound waves

20
Q

Frequency is the number of cycles per second in a wave, expressed in a unit called:

A

hertz

21
Q

Loudness is measured in

A

decibels

22
Q

What are the three major bones in the middle ear that allow for the sense of hearing?

A

hammer, anvil, and stirrup

23
Q

In the inner ear, the vibrations cause fluid inside the cochlea to vibrate, pushing the _________________ and the ____________________ up and down.

A

basilar membrane, organ of corti

24
Q

True or false: Inside the organ of Corti are tiny hair cells that act as sensory receptors for hearing.

A

true

25
Q

What theory regarding hearing states that the brain determines pitch by noting the place on the basilar membrane where the message is the strongest?

A

Place theory

26
Q

What theory regarding hearing holds that the frequency of vibrations of the basilar membrane as a whole is translated into an equivalent frequency of nerve impulses.

A

Frequency theory

27
Q

What principle regarding hearing holds that nerve cells fire in sequence to send a rapid series of impulses to the brain?

A

volley principle

28
Q

The sense of smell is activated by substances carried by airborne molecules into the nasal cavities, where the substances activate highly specialized receptors for smell, located in the __________________________.

A

olfactory epithelium

29
Q

The receptor cells for the sense of taste are housed in the __________________ on the tongue.

A

taste buds

30
Q

How many primary tastes do healthy humans experience?

A

seven

31
Q

What do we refer to as the mixture of taste and smell, combined?

A

flavor

32
Q

two nerve endings that kinesthetic senses rely on

A

stretch receptors, Golgi tendon organs

33
Q

Which senses control equilibrium and create an awareness of body position?

A

vestibular senses

34
Q

The sensation of gravitation and movement forward and backward, as well as up and down, arises in the two ______________________ that lie between the semicircular canals and the cochlea.

A

vestibular sacs

35
Q

The most commonly accepted explanation of pain is the

A

gate control theory

36
Q

This theory on pain holds that it is a dynamic process that involves biological, psychological, and social mechanisms.

A

Biopsychosocial theory

37
Q

What effect occurs when a pain sufferer feels relief from pain when given a chemically neutral pill but told that it is an effective pain reliever?

A

placebo effect

Psychology (4 decks)

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