Ch. 5: Learning

Question 1

True or false: Research has demonstrated that nonhuman animals can be classically conditioned, that they can be taught to perform whole patterns of operant behaviors, and that they are capable of latent learning.

Answer 1

true

Question 2

Albert Bandura stated that to participate in observational learning, what three steps must be followed?

Answer 2

(1) pay attention to what the model does, (2) remember what the model did, (3) convert what we learned from the model into action.

Question 3

refers to the increasing effectiveness at problem-solving that comes about as more problems are solved.

Answer 3

learning sets

Question 4

humans and some nonhuman animals suddenly discover whole patterns of behavior or solutions to problems through

Answer 4

insight learning

Question 5

Research suggests that latent learning is stored as a mental image, or a

Answer 5

cognitive map

Question 6

Which psychological concept maintains that subjects store up knowledge even if this knowledge is not reflected in their current behavior because it is not elicited by reinforcers?

Answer 6

latent learning

Question 7

Which psychologist contends that observational (or vicarious) learning accounts for many aspects of human learning?

Answer 7

albert bandura

Question 8

Which psychologist proposed the concept of latent learning?

Answer 8

Edward Chace Tolman

Question 9

True or false: Only humans demonstrate cognitive learning, learning that is not tied to immediate experience by stimuli and reinforcers.

Answer 9

true

Question 10

used to give learners information about the strength of a biological response over which they seek to gain control?

Answer 10

biofeedback

Question 11

True or False: In operant conditioning, Reinforcers may be provided on the basis of time since last reinforcement (the interval between reinforcements). Or reinforcement may depend on the number of correct responses since the last reinforcement.

Answer 11

true

Question 12

It turns out that ________________________- in which rewards are given for some correct responses but not for everyone- results in behavior that persists longer than that learned by continuous reinforcement.

Answer 12

partial reinforcement

Question 13

In operant conditioning, response contingencies are usually referred to as

Answer 13

schedules of reinforcement

Question 14

Which psychologist demonstrated that classical conditioning requires more than merely presenting the unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus together in time?

Answer 14

Robert Rescorla

Question 15

During therapy, it is __________________ that prevents a patient from learning new behavior through operant conditioning.

Answer 15

blocking

Question 16

can occur when prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a second stimulus, even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously.

Answer 16

Blocking

Question 17

The “if-then” relationship between responses and reinforcers (or punishers) in operant conditioning is called a

Answer 17

contingency

Question 18

This type of reinforcer is one whose value is learned through its association with primary reinforcers or with other secondary reinforcers.

Answer 18

secondary reinforcer

Question 19

This type of reinforcer is one that, like food and water, is rewarding in and of itself.

Answer 19

primary reinforcer

Question 20

in classical conditioning uses an earlier conditioned stimulus as an unconditioned stimulus for further training.

Answer 20

Higher-order conditioning

Question 21

True or false: In both classical and operant conditioning, original learning serves as the building block for new learning.

Answer 21

true

Question 22

enables learners to perceive differences among stimuli so that not all stimuli elicit the/a conditioned response.

Answer 22

stimulus discrimination

Question 23

In classical conditioning, situations or stimuli may resemble each other enough that the learners will react to one the way they learned to react to the other through a process called

Answer 23

stimulus generalization

Question 24

Extinguished response(s) may reappear without retraining in a process known as ___________________.

Answer 24

spontaneous recovery

Question 25

If the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired, _______________ occurs, meaning the strength and/or frequency of the learned response diminishes.

Answer 25

extinction

Question 26

the four common phenomena associated with classical conditioning?

Answer 26

generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery.

Question 27

This psychological process results in the production of new forms of operant behavior by reinforcement of successive approximations to the behavior.

Answer 27

reinforcement

Question 28

This type of stimulus/response pairing reduces both the rate of learning and the final level of learning achieved.

Answer 28

Intermittent pairing

Question 29

During the phase of the learning process called ________________________, these naturally occurring responses are attached to the conditioned stimulus by pairing that stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 29

response acquisition

Question 30

the attributions of Learned Helplessness?

Answer 30

internal, stable, and global attributions

Question 31

Which psychologist’s “law of effect” established the basis of consequences in regards to all conditioning?

Answer 31

Edward Lee Thorndike

Question 32

What are the three parts of B.F. Skinner’s three term contingency plan (A,B,C)?

Answer 32

discriminative stimulus, operant response, and reinforcer/punisher.

Question 33

True or false? Food aversions are an exception to the general rules about classical conditioning

Answer 33

true

Question 34

What psychological term is defined as the biological predisposition to quickly learn associations between stimuli, responses, and reinforcers that can be explained by their fit with genetic traits that evolved to enhance the chances of a species’ survival.

Answer 34

preparedness

Question 35

What psychological method was Mary Cover Jones famous for implementing with her patients?

Answer 35

unlearning fears / desensitization therapy

Question 36

Which psychologist developed a method for unlearning fears?

Answer 36

Mary Cover Jones

Question 37

This psychologist is famous for his less than ethical “Little Albert” Experiments.

Answer 37

john Watson

Question 38

What are the four basic elements of classical conditioning?

Answer 38

us, cs,ur, cr

Question 39

True or false: Classical conditioning involves pairing a response naturally caused by one stimulus with another, previously neutral stimulus.

Answer 39

true

Question 40

What subject was Ivan Pavlov studying when he happened upon his concept of classical conditioning?

Answer 40

digestive processes

Question 41

This type of conditioning behaviors are emitted to earn rewards or or avoid punishment.

Answer 41

operant (instrumental) conditioning

Question 42

This type of conditioning is when a response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, formerly neutral stimulus.

Answer 42

classical (or Pavolivian) conditioning