Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Papa Lima 1011 Echo > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing?

A

Bottom-up: the brain’s use of incoming signals to construct perceptions

Top-down: perceiving stimuli using knowledge gained from prior experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 6 components of the eye?

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Iris
  3. Lens
  4. Retina
  5. Rods and Cones
  6. Optic disk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the characteristics and function of rods?

A
  1. no information on colour
  2. no sharp/clear image
  3. sensitive to light
  4. excel at dim light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the characteristics and function of cones?

A
  1. ability to see colour
  2. ability to see sharp images
  3. functions best under bright light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are optic nerves, optic chiasm and optic tracts?

A
  1. When rods and cones absorb light, a response is triggered in four additional layers of neurons within the retina.
  2. Ganglion cells (axons from the final layer of cells), leave the back of the eye to form the optic nerve.
  3. The optic nerves (from both eyes) crosses over to the other hemisphere at midline at the optic chiasm.
  4. The optic nerves (visual pathways) beyond the optic chiasm are called optic tracts.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the trichromatic theory of visual perception and recognition?

A
  1. There exists three types of cones in our retina.
  2. Each type responds best to a certain wavelength (short, medium, long), each corresponding to a primary colour (blue, medium, red)
  3. Experience of colour comes form comparisons among the response of all three types of cones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Opponent Process theory of visual perception and recognition?

A
  1. We have colour channels of red-green and blue-yellow

2. Activity in one colour group in a channel reduces activity of the other colour group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the Hierarchical Model of object recognition imply?

A

Implies a reality built out of individual bars and edges.

Our visual systems might perform mathematical analysis of visual field, suggesting that we analyse patterns of lines - with gratings as the simplest pattern - taking into account frequency and contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Gestalt psychology viewpoint? Explain the three principles mentioned.

A
  1. Humans are born with built in tendencies to organise incoming sensory information in certain ways in order to simplify the problem of object recognition.
  2. We spontaneously divide a scene into a main figure and background. It is frequently assumed that the figures stand before the background and have more substance and shape.
  3. Principle of similarity, continuity and simplicity.
    a. Similarity: similar stimuli are grouped together
    b. Continuity: assumes that points that form a smooth lines when connected belong together
    c. Simplicity: we use the simplest solution to a perceptual problem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the monocular approach to depth recognition?

A

Using of one eye and monocular cues.

  1. Linear perspective
  2. Texture gradients: closer objects have more
  3. Shading and highlights: indicate a curved surface
  4. Occlusion: blocking of a distant object by closer objects
  5. Relative size
  6. Motion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the binocular approach to depth recognition?

A

Using of two eyes and binocular cues.

  1. When two eyes are facing front, we see two overlapping scenes
  2. Disparities as differences between images projected on each eye provide information about relative distance between two objects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the functions of the Outer Ear?

A
  1. Collects and focuses sounds

2. Localise sounds as above or below the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Specialised receptor cells that respond to vibrations transmitted to inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the pathway traveled by sound?

A
  1. Sound waves travel through the cochlea
  2. The basil membrane responds with a wavelike motion like a crack of a whip
  3. This movement causes the organ of Corti to move back and forth within the fluid of cochlear duct
  4. Stimulates the release of neuro transmitters onto cells of auditory nerve to the medulla
  5. Medulla to midbrain, to thalamus, to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the place theory for pitch perception and what is the limitation and temporal theory?

A

The frequency of a sound is correlated with the part of the basilar membrane showing peak response

  1. The base of the basilar membrane (closer to oval window) is narrow and stiff, while the furthest point is wide and flexible
  2. Maximum movement near the base indicates high frequency
  3. Maximum movement near the apex indicates low frequency

Works well only for sounds above 4000Hz, because below 4000Hz, the response of the basilar membrane does not allow precise localisation.
Hence, temporal theory is used - patterns of neural firing match frequency of sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do we localise sound?

A

In the vertical plane, the outer ear (pinna) localises the sound as above or below our heads.

In the horizontal place, the arrival time of sound at each ear is compared

  1. infront/behind = no differenc
  2. perpendicular = 0.6ms

The differences in intensity can be compared, given that the head physcially blocks soundwaves as well.

Influence of vision

17
Q

How do we keep our posture and balance?

A

Through the vestibular system in the inner ear.

  1. Receptors provide information about our head position (relative to ground), linear acceleration and rational movements.
  2. Sensitive hair cells are bent back and forth, producing signals in the auditory nerve.
  3. Axons form connections with the medulla and cerebellum
  4. The medulla also receives inputs from visual system, cerebellum and somatosenses, forming connections directly with the spinal cord to adjust posture and balance
18
Q

How do we feel pain?

A
  1. Free nerve endings that respond to pain are triggered by a number of stimuli associated with tissue damage. Some respond to mechanical damage, some respond to temperature change or chemicals.
  2. Information about pain is carried centrally to the brain. Myelinated axons travel faster, resulting in a sharp sensation of pain while unmyelinated axons travels lower, resulting in a dull aching sensation
19
Q

What is the Gate theory of pain?

A
  1. Pain messages travelling to brain may be modified by competing incoming sensory signals
  2. Input from touch fibres competes with input from pain receptors for activation of cells in spinal cord
  3. This effectively dilute amount of pain information reaching brain
20
Q

How is pain an actively constructed experience?

A

It involves expectations and past experiences

Papa Lima 1011 Echo (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions