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Physiology II > Sensation and Pain > Flashcards

Sensation and Pain Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 things that effect sensory coding?

A

modality (type of energy)
location
intensity
duration

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2
Q

modality

A

type of energy transmitted by stimulus
mechanical, thermal, chemical
graded potential & adequate stimuli

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3
Q

location

A

site on the body of space where stimulus is originated

  • 2 pt discrimination
  • lateral inhibition
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4
Q

hyperalgesia

A

sensitization of pain

enhanced by lateral inhibition

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5
Q

intensity

A

response amplitude or frequency of action potential generation

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6
Q

summation of signals

A

and activity of nerve fibers

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7
Q

duration

A

time from start to end of a response in the receptor

attribute of stimuli and receptor type

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8
Q

how is the magnitude of the graded potential related to the intensity

A

proportional

graded potential must reach threshold of the axon for action potential

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9
Q

what is lateral inhibition?

A

where the primary neuron senses the stimuli and inhibits neighboring neurons
this enhances the contrast/precise location

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10
Q

what are the two ways that gradations in signal intensity can be achieved?

A

spatial summation

temporal summation

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11
Q

spatial summation

A

increase # of fibers stimulated to increase AP

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12
Q

temporal summation

A

increase the rate of firing in a given number of fibers to increase AP

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13
Q

hyperalgesia

A

increased sensitivity of nociceptive afferent fibers by chemical factors associated with inflammation
-increases firing frequency

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14
Q

where does hyperalgesia occur

A

peripheral nerve and dorsal horn

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15
Q

what causes pain enhancement?

A

PG

substance P

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16
Q

what causes pain induction?

A 
bradykinin
serotonin
histamine
K
acids
nerve growth factor
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17
Q

what does substance p do?

A

increases capillary permeability

causes mast cells to release histamine

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18
Q

where is hyperalgesia important?

A

deep tissue afferents

bc they are insensitive normally

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19
Q

how does bradykinin, substance p and nerve growth factor work?

A

activate TRPV1 and induce depol of nociceptive axons via Na and Ca entry

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20
Q

how do prostaglandins work?

A

open TTX resistant VGNC

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21
Q

tonic receptors

A

slow adaptation

respond for duration of stimulus

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22
Q

phasic receptors

A

rapid adaptation

they fire once when stimuli starts and once when ends

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23
Q

what does the duration of the action potentials depend on?

A

the duration of the stimuli

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24
Q

what does the amplitude of the action potential depend on

A

stimuli intensity

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25
Q

what are the 3 afferent nerve fiber types? and their NT?

A

a-beta: glutamate
a-delta: glutamate
c fibers: substance P

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26
Q

a-beta

A 
large diameter(low res), myelinated (high conduct) 
FAST
APs from mechanoreceptors nonnoxious
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27
Q

a delta

A 
fast sharp localized pain
thin myelinated 
MODERATE SPEED
APs from nociceptors (mechanical, thermal)
crude touch and temp
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28
Q

c fibers

A 
slow dull, aching, burning throbbing
thin, unmylen 
SLOW
APs from nociceptors (mech, therm, chem)
warm and cold
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29
Q

speed of abeta

A

30-70m/s

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30
Q

speed of a delta

A

2-10m/s

31
Q

speed of c fiber

A

1 m/s

32
Q

hair follicles receptor

A

g hair (long a beta), d hair (short a delta)

33
Q

3 short adapting receptors

A

hair follicles
meissner corpuscle
pacinian corpuscle

34
Q

what are the 2 pathways for sensory information

A 
dorsal column- medial lemniscal system (touch and vibration)
anterolateral system (PAIN)
35
Q

what is homunculus

A

a monkey hanging by its feet on the side of the brain

36
Q

where is the somatosensory cortex

A

in the postcentral gyrus

37
Q

where is the motor cortex

A

in the precentral gyrus

38
Q

when you feel something on your right hand what side of your brain does that signal get sent to?

A

left side

39
Q

nerual pathway for touch and pressure A beta receptors

A

2nd order cross over at medulla

high degree of spatial fidelity (somatosensory cortex)

40
Q

neural pathway for pain and temp A delta & c fibers

A

2nd order cross at the spinal cord level immediately

low spatial fidelity and more loss to regions lower than thalamus

41
Q

fast sharp pain? fibers, NT, localization, termination pt, spinal tract

A

a delta
glutamate
localized well
neospinothalmic tract

42
Q

slow dull pain? fibers, NT, localization, termination pt, spinal tract

A 
c fibers
substance p
terminate in lower brain region
poor localization
paleospinothalmic tract
43
Q

hemineglect

A

failure to be aware of one side of the body

44
Q

astereognosis

A

inability to identify an object by touch

45
Q

agraphesthesia

A

inability to know where ones body is in space

46
Q

destruction of somatosensory area 1,2,3 in brodmann area causes?

A 
loss vibration,fine touch, proprioception
localization
degree of pressure
determine weight
texture judgement
47
Q

destruction of somatosensory association area 5,7 in brodmann area causes?

A

inability to recognize complex objects

neglect of contralateral world

48
Q

nociceptor

A

pain receptor

widely distributed

49
Q

what is the threshold for nociceptors?

A

high

must pose risk of tissue damage

50
Q

do nociceptors adapt to the stimulation?

A

NO

“dont do that again”

51
Q

what are the 4 distinct process of nociception?

A

transduction- cell damage that release chems and activate nociceptors
transmission- AP to cortex for process
perception- conscious experience of pain
modulation- inhibit nociceptive impulses

52
Q

what is the gate control theory?

A

the same pain can be interpreted differently depending on what the nerves from the brain and other peripheral fibers are doing in accordance with the pain fiber

53
Q

what is an example of gating

A

when you rub someones arm while injecting propofol

54
Q

physiological pain acute

A

reflexive avoidance

little or no tissue injury

55
Q

pathological pain chronic

A

tissue or nerve injury

inflammation in area

56
Q

what are the two types of pain

A

physiological acute

pathologival chronic

57
Q

how do we go from pain and touch to hot and cold?

A

transient receptor potential (TRP) channels

58
Q

what are the 3 types of TRP channels

A

plasma membrane
v vanilloid
a ankyrin
non selectively perm for na, ca, mg

59
Q

cold fibers

A

a delta

c fibers

60
Q

hot fibers

A

c fibers

61
Q

are there more cold or hot sensitive spots?

A

4-10x more cold

62
Q

capsaicin cream

A

chili peppers, depletes presynaptic substance P

63
Q

what is the heat activated Na/Ca channel?

A

TRPVI
opens between 37-45C
capcaicin binds and heat is felt

64
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin supplied by sensory neurons that arise from spinal nerve ganglion

65
Q

clinical significance of dermatomes

A

localizing cord leision
shingles
referred pain
causes of visceral pain

66
Q

4 types of analgesics

A

antiinflammatory drugs
local anesthetics
alpha 2 agonists
opiods

67
Q

antiinflammatory drugs

A

inhibit PNS transduction by inhibiting the formation of PG

68
Q

local anesthetics

A

Na+ channel blockade interrupt transduction or transmission

69
Q

alpha 2 agonists

A

block PNS and CNS transmission by inhib NE release and preventing further impulses

70
Q

opiods

A

inhibiting afferent nerve transmission

and help gate pain

71
Q

what are the glutamate receptors?

A

AMPA

NMDA

72
Q

naloxone

A

opioid receptor antagonist

could eliminate placebo effect

73
Q

what 3 things do opiates do?

A

reduce cAMP, Ca influx and AP
reduce Ca influx and NT release
hyperpolarized via K efflux

Physiology II (10 decks)

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