Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology II > Renal I > Flashcards

Renal I Flashcards

1
Q

what are the indicators for TBW?

A

3H2O, 2H2O, antipyrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the indicators for ICF?

A

none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the indicators for ECF?

A

22Na, Inulin, Mannitol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the indicators for Interstitial Fluid?

A

none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the indicators for intravascular fluid?

A

125 I-albumin, evans blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

equation for total blood volume

A

plasma volume/ (1-Hct)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what percent of adipocyte cells us fluid?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the proper equation for a 100kg pt?

A

(70kg * 0.6)+(30kg * 0.1)= 42+3= 45L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If you adjusted your TBW for obesity then should you use the 40-20(of weight) rule or the 67% and 33%(of TBW) rule?

A

67% and 33% rule bc otherwise it will overestimate the compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where do most volume disturbances occur?

A

the ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do the kidneys regulate body fluid volume?

A

controlling ECF by excreting Na and Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what can the inability to maintain ECF volume cause?

A

hypervolemia- edema (7 L)

hypovolemia- decreased organ perfusion (3L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the normal mOsm?

A

300 mOsm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fluid moves in and out of capillaries via

A

starling forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fluid moves in and out of cells via

A

osmotic forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 4 steps in a Darrow-Yannet Diagram?

A

what happens to volume of ECF compartment?
what happens to the mOsm of ECF compartment?
what happens to volume of ICF compartment?
what happens to mOsm of ICF compartment?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when you sweat do you lose more salt or water?

A

MORE WATER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does hyponatremia cause in the brain

A

diffusion of H2O into brain lowering the mOsm inside brain (BRAIN SWELLING) within minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens within hours of hyponatremia after brain swelling

A

induces transport of Na,K, or solutes OUT OF CELLS (cause water diffusion out of cell)
increased expression of genes encoding intracell osmoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

do you want to correct hyponatremia slowly or quickly?

A

slowly <10mmol/L in 24-48hrs

quickly leads to osmotic demyelination (bc of direct cell damage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the hormonal response to an increased plasma mOsm?

A

POSTERIOR PITUITARY increased ADH and AVP (agrinine vasopressin)
increase water reab in collecting ducts
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the hormonal response to a decrease in ECF volume?

A

RAAS activation
Na and water reab in renal tubules
ISOTONIC SOLUTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the 3 factors that effect filtration?

A

properties of filtered molecules
properties of the glomerular filtration membrane
net filtration pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the 3 things that make up bowmans capsule membrane?

A 
capillary endothelium (with pores)
basement membrane (with negative charge)
podocyte (bowmans epithelium, with filtration slits)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

two main parts of the kidney

A

cortex (outside)

medulla (inside)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

is the nephron in the cortex or the medulla?

A

it is in both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

GFR of both kidneys?

A

125 mL/min

180 L/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how many times is the plasma volume filtered per day?

A

60 times per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what % of volume filtered is reabsorbed?

A

99%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is normal urine output per day?

A

1-2 L/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is dextran

A

exogenous polysaccarides of D-glucose that can be produced at different molecular weights and charges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what would happen if the negative charge on the basement membrane were lost?

A

then all charges would be easily filtered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

do positive or negative charges have a harder time being filtered?

A

negative charged substances have a harder time being filtered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the 3 changes in the glomerular membrane that can effect filtration?

A 
endothelial fenestrations (more open membrane)
basement membrane thickens (harder to filter)
loss of podocytes (lets bigger things through)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is protein urea caused by?

A

loss of podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

NFP equation

A

(PGC-PBS)- (Onc pressure GC - Onc Pressure BC)

38
Q

NFP positive

A

movement into bowmans space

39
Q

NFP negative

A

movement into glomerular capillary

40
Q

what two factors effect glomerular filtration rate

A

permeability of glomerular capillary (Kf)

Net filtration pressure (starling forces)

41
Q

glomerular filtration rate definition

A

rate at which filtrate is formed by both kidneys per minute

key measure of renal health

42
Q

of the 4 parts to NFP which is most important?

A

PGC-

high BP = more filtration

43
Q

what is the first step in urine production?

A

glomerular filtration

44
Q

what is the major difference between filtrate and plasma?

A

a normal healthy kidney (podocytes) will filter small amounts of protein in the filtrate
plasma have lots of protein

45
Q

clearance

A

how much of a substance can be removed from a certain amount of plasma volume in a given amount of time
estimates GFR

46
Q

what substance is the gold standard of GFR?

A

inulin

47
Q

why is inulin ideal?

A 
non toxic 
infusible
freely filtered
not reabsorbed, secreted, metabolized
C inulin= GFR
48
Q

is the clearance of inulin equal to GFR?

A

yes

49
Q

what is the less good substance to measure GFR?

A

creatinine

50
Q

why is creatinine used to measure GFR?

A

metabolite produced by creatine phosphate metabolism (no infusion needed)
freely filterable
not reabsorbed

51
Q

what is the normal rate of production of creatinine?

A

50mg/day

52
Q

is creatine secreted?

A

yes 10% but usually measurement is balanced out by error

53
Q

how are plasma Creatinine (Cr) and GFR related?

A

inversely

a 50% reduction in GFR correlated to a 100% increase in plasma Cr

54
Q

normal plasma Cr level

A

1mg/dL

55
Q

at what plasma Cr do you have stage 4 CKD?

A

4mg/dL

56
Q

if you decrease GFR by half what does that do to plasma Cr?

A

increased by 2

57
Q

if you decrease GFR to 1/4 of normal what does that do to plasma Cr?

A

increased by 4

58
Q

What if you donate a kidney and lose half of your nephrons? will your plasma Cr levels always be high?

A

no, they will gradually return to normal if you are a young healthy individual

59
Q

Does GFR decline as you age?

A

yes
-1mL/min/yr from age 40
for healthy person this is enough for proper filtraiton

60
Q

what does CKD do to GFR?

A

accelerates the decline in GFR

lower GFR=higher mortality

61
Q

GFR>90

A

CKD stage 1

kidney damage with normal GFR

62
Q

GFR 30-15

A

CKD stage 4

63
Q

GFR <15 or dialysis

A

CKD stage 5

kidney failure

64
Q

clearance < GFR

A

reabsorbtion

65
Q

clearance > GFR

A

secretion

66
Q

clearance = GFR

A

no net secretion or re-absorption

67
Q

is high renal blood flow for filtration or metabolism?

A

filtration

O2 consumption relative to RBF is not high O2 is not critical

68
Q

what do the kidneys need O2 for?

A

to make ATP for transporting salts

69
Q

CO

A

5-6L/min

70
Q

Renal Fraction (RBF/CO)

A

20%

71
Q

RBF

A

3.5mL/min/g (

72
Q

filtration fraction (FF)

A

% plasma filtered into the renal tubules

= GFR/RPF) = 20%

73
Q

what is the marker for renal plasma flow?

A

para-amino hippuric acid (PAH)

74
Q

why is PAH an ideal marker of renal plasma flow?

A

majority excreted
freely filtered 10mg/min
highly secreted 50mg/min

75
Q

If we constricted only the afferent arterial (AA) what would happen to:Blood Flow, Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (PGC), and GFR?

A

BF- decrease
PGC- decrease
GFR- decrease

76
Q

If we constricted only the efferent arterial (EA) what would happen to:Blood Flow, Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (PGC), and GFR?

A

BF- decrease
PGC- increase
GFR- STABILIZES (tends to maintain the GFR)

77
Q

If we dilated the AA what would happen to:Blood Flow, Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (PGC), and GFR?

A

BF- increase
PGC- increase
GFR- increase

78
Q

If we dilated the EA what would happen to:Blood Flow, Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (PGC), and GFR?

A

BF- increase
PGC- decrease
GFR- decrease

79
Q

what is the autoregulation range for RBF and GFR?

A

80-180mmHg MAP

80
Q

what are the two ways the kidney protects RBF and GFR from changes in MAP?

A 
neuroendocrine regulation (vasoconstrictors and dilators)
intrinsic autoregulation of RBF
81
Q

without these protective mechanisms what would happen if there was a 25% increase in BP?

A

25% increase in GFR and high workload on the kidneys

82
Q

what two things regulate the autoregulation of the kidneys?

A

myogenic

JGA: tubuloglomerular feedback

83
Q

angII, ADH/AVP effect on RBF

A

constrict EA
decrease RBF
countered in AA via NO and PG

84
Q

ATP/adenosine effect on RBF

A

constrict AA
decrease RBF
release by macula densa during increased tubular flow

85
Q

NO and Renal Prostaglandins effect on RBF

A

Dilate AA
increase RBF
helps keep GFR constant despite constrictors

86
Q

myogenic mechanism of autoregulation

A 
stretch vascular wall of vessel
open Calcium channels
contraction of smooth muscle in vessel
minimizes changes in AA BF
minimizes changes in GFR
87
Q

where are granular cells located

A

on AA

88
Q

when Na in distal tubule is high what does the nephron do?

A

lower GFR

89
Q

what is the macula densa?

A

where the distal tubule comes into connection with the granular cells of the AA at the glomerulus

90
Q

why is there no bowmans capsule colloid osmotic pressure?

A

there are no proteins in the filtrate

Physiology II (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions