Acid/Base Flashcards
causes of respiratory alkalosis
hyperventilation anxiety high altitude pregnancy fever hypoxia initial stages of pulm emboli
causes of metabolic alkalosis
loss of gastric juices potassium wasting diuretics overuse of antacids excess mineral corticoid acitivity posthypercapnia
causes of respiratory acidosis
hypoventilation drug overdose pulmonary edema chest trauma neomuscular disease airway obstruction COPD
causes of metabolic acidosis
diabetic ketoacidosis lactic acidosis (anaerobic) salicylate OD (secondary) renal failure diarrhea sepsis shock
how much does a single unit pH change reflect in change in [H+]
10 fold change in H+
physiological pH changes effect what
protein activity (enzymes and transporters) membrane function
what is the normal serum pH
7.4
normal serum [H+]
4.0 * 10^-5 mM
what is the bodies volatile acid?
CO2
make from fuels and produces CO2
combines with H2O to form carbonic acid
what are some metabolic intermediates that are acids
pyruvic acid
lactic acid
ketone bodies
acidic non volatile end products
cannot be made into CO2
excreted in urine (weak acid)
sulfuric and phosphoric acids
metabolic activity generates how much H+ per day
15,000 mmol
what is the primary buffer system we focus on?
bicarbonate-carbonic acid that is used in all extracellular fluid
normal PCO2
40 +/- 5
normal HCO3-
24 +/- 2
