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Dairy Bowl 2021 > Seniors-2021 > Flashcards

Seniors-2021 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of vision do cattle have?

A

Panoramic

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2
Q

What part of the reproductive tract protects the uterus from infection?

A

Cervix

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3
Q

What is it called when there is any deviation from the label directions of a drug under the direction of a veterinarian?

A

Extra Label Drug Use

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4
Q

What are substances or products that do not have a nutritional value, but may be helpful in growth, digestion or health of the animal?

A

Feed additive

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5
Q

What term describes the fertilized egg during the early part of pregnancy?

A

Embryo

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6
Q

What are reproductive cells (egg & sperm), containing only half of the genetic material called?

A

Gamete

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7
Q

What is a cell or organ that selectively removes materials from the blood, concentrates or alters them and secreted them for further use or elimination from the body?

A

Gland

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8
Q

What is when individuals have two different genes in a gene pair?

A

Heterozygous

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9
Q

What is when individuals have the same genes in a gene pair?

A

Homozygous

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10
Q

What term is used when cows cannot eat enough to keep up with their nutritional needs for maintenance and milk production?

A

Negative energy balance

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11
Q

What is an organism that requires another organism to live?

A

Parasite

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12
Q

What are drugs that producers can purchase and use in accordance to the label anytime they feel they are necessary?

A

Over the Counter drugs

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13
Q

What gland stimulates production of Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone?

A

Pituitary gland

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14
Q

What are the membranes in which the calf develops and through which it receives nourishment?

A

Placenta

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15
Q

What is a gene that is not dominant for a characteristic and it must receive one gene from each parent to be expressed?

A

Recessive gene

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16
Q

What is administration of medicine by injecting in just under the skin?

A

Subcutaneous injection

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17
Q

Where is sperm deposited in the female during natural mating?

A

Vagina

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18
Q

What is a single-celled organism form when an egg and sperm unite?

A

Zygote

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19
Q

Where is prostaglandin produced?

A

Uterus, Uterine body

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20
Q

Where is Gonadotrophin releasing hormone produced?

A

Hypothalamus

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21
Q

What is the site of temporary storage and maturation of sperm?

A

Epididymis

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22
Q

Where does milk exit the mammary gland?

A

Streak or teat canal

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23
Q

What has been removed from ultra-filtered milk in order to increase the natural calcium and protein and to decrease lactose?

A

Water

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24
Q

What is the minimum percentage of milkfat in heavy cream?

A

36%

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25
Q

What is a tart yogurt drink that is made from unique culture grains?

A

Kefir

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26
Q

What are combination of alleles at different locations on a chromosome that are transmitted together as a group?

A

Haplotype

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27
Q

What is one component of the gene pair, which is located at a given locus, or position on the chromosome?

A

Allele

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28
Q

What is the region of the chromosome where a particular gene is located?

A

Locus

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29
Q

What are traits that are generally controlled by one pair of genes?

A

Qualitative traits

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30
Q

What are traits that are controlled by many genes?

A

Quantitative traits

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31
Q

What is the average claw vacuum levels?

A

10.5 to 12.5 Hg

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32
Q

What acts as a filter that destroy and remove bacteria from the udder?

A

Supramammary lymph glands, nodes

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33
Q

What part of the teat is located directly above the streak canal?

A

Furstenburg’s rosette

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34
Q

What is the muscular movement in the esophagus that pushes feed along?

A

Peristalsis

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35
Q

In the abomasum, what enzyme is secreted and is important for digesting and breaking down proteins?

A

Pepsin

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36
Q

What enzyme secreted in the small intestines helps digest starch?

A

Amylase

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37
Q

What enzyme secreted in the small intestines helps digest proteins?

A

Peptidase

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38
Q

What enzyme secreted in the small intestines helps digest lipids or fats?

A

Lipase

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39
Q

Insulin and glucagon are secreted by which gland?

A

Pancreas

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40
Q

What is the process called when the liver synthesizes glucose?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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41
Q

In the abomasum, what enzyme is secreted in young animals to help thicken milk so that it can be digested?

A

Rennin

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42
Q

In the rumen, what are cellulose and hemicellulose converted to?

A

Volatile Fatty Acids

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43
Q

What does the acronym CIDR stand for?

A

Controlled Internal Drug Release

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44
Q

What is a process where unfertilized eggs are collected from the cows ovary, are incubated for a day and sperm added so that fertilization will hopefully occur?

A

In Vitro Fertilization, IVF

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45
Q

What is the fluid filled, blister like structure that contain developing eggs?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormones (FSH)

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46
Q

What is the period of time after calving during which we do not breed cows even if they show heat?

A

Voluntary waiting period

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47
Q

What heat detection tool measures that steps cows take throughout the day?

A

Pedometers

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48
Q

What organ in the dairy cow produces urine?

A

Kidneys

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49
Q

What organ stores and release bile in the cow?

A

Gall bladder

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50
Q

When a cow chews her cud what is produced that acts as a natural buffer in the rumen?

A

Saliva

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51
Q

A deficiency of Hemoglobin, iron or red blood cells that prevents adequate transport of oxygen by blood to tissue is known as what?

A

Anemia

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52
Q

Which month has been designated as cheese month?

A

October

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53
Q

What is the one word term given to the measure of a farm’s available assets which can be readily converted to cash?

A

Liquidity

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54
Q

Which mineral when severely deficient in the cow’s diet, often results in calves born with thin hair, hairless, stillborn or enlarged thyroids?

A

Iodine

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55
Q

Which kind of bedding supports the least amount of bacteria?

A

Sand

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56
Q

The A2 beta-casein gene is more prominent in which breed of dairy cattle?

A

Guernsey

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57
Q

If the farm price received for milk is $14 per hundredweight, what is the price received per pound of milk

A

14 cents

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58
Q

The parotid, submaxillary, buccal and palatine are what type of glands?

A

Salivary glands

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59
Q

The kjedahl test can be used to indirectly determine the protein content in feed or milk. What element does it measure?

A

Nitrogen

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60
Q

What is the scientific term for antibodies?

A

Immunoglobins

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61
Q

What is the primary simple sugar in semen?

A

Fructose

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62
Q

What hormone secreted by the uterus inhibits FSH release?

A

Inhibin

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63
Q

If a cow has produced 3 bull calves, what is the chance that her next calf will be a heifer?

A

50%

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64
Q

What is the term that means no oxygen is present?

A

Anaerobic

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65
Q

What is the name of the national dairy processor education program?

A

MilkPEP

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66
Q

What is the term for the condition when bacteria from a local infection enter the blood stream and have systemic effects?

A

Sepsis

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67
Q

Conception rates are typically lowest for cows during which season?

A

Summer

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68
Q

What nutrient comprises approximately 75% of a cow by weight?

A

Water

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69
Q

What is the term for different pathogenic types of bacteria?

A

Serotypes

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70
Q

How many cells are there in an embryo after 4 cell divisions?

A

16

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71
Q

What is the name of the technology which removes an undesirable section of DNA an replaces it with more desirable DNA?

A

CRISPR

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72
Q

What is the process called when Edward Jenner used the cowpox virus to prevent smallpox in humans?

A

Vaccination

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73
Q

What is the technical term for the eversion of the teat orifice?

A

Hyperkeratosis

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74
Q

What tissue is monitored for residual drug levels at slaughter?

A

Kidneys

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75
Q

What is the official breed magazine of the Jersey breed?

A

Jersey Journal

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76
Q

What is the official breed magazine of the Milking Shorthorn breed?

A

Milking Shorthorn Journal

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77
Q

What is the official breed magazine for the Red & White?

A

The Red Bloodlines

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78
Q

What accounts for 55-60 percent of the total cost of raising dairy replacement heifers?

A

Feed costs

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79
Q

What percentage of crude protein should a calf starter contain?

A

18-22%

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80
Q

What is the main criterion used for deciding when to wean a calf?

A

Grain intake

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81
Q

What type of calf housing is when the environmental temperature is controlled?

A

Warm calf housing

82
Q

What type of calf housing is when the temperature varies with the outside temperature?

A

Cold calf housing

83
Q

At what age does a calf begin to chew its cud?

A

2-3 weeks

84
Q

What is a substance that has a pH below 7.0?

A

Acid

85
Q

What is a substance that has a pH above 7.0?

A

Alkaline

86
Q

What is a system to evaluate the thinness or fatness of dairy cattle?

A

Body condition scoring

87
Q

What is any substance that can reduce changes in pH when an acid or alkaline is added?

A

Buffer

88
Q

What is feed material found in the small intestine?

A

Chyme

89
Q

What are the tiny, finger-like projections that line the wall of the rumen?

A

Papillae

90
Q

What are small projections that line the small intestine?

A

Villi

91
Q

What is the period of time from three weeks prior to calving to three weeks after calving?

A

Transition period

92
Q

What secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine?

A

Pancreas

93
Q

What is the first organ to receive blood from the small intestines?

A

Liver

94
Q

What are the three segments of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

95
Q

What volatile fatty acid is the primary precursor for glucose?

A

Propionic acid

96
Q

What volatile fatty acid is the primary source of energy and milkfat?

A

Acetic acid

97
Q

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen are the basic elements contained in what nutrient?

A

Carbohydrates

98
Q

What is the mineral needed by the dairy cow in the largest quantity?

A

Potassium

99
Q

Carbon, Hydrogen Oxygen and Nitrogen are the basic elements contained in what nutrient?

A

Protein

100
Q

What vitamin is known as ascorbic acid?

A

Vitamin C

101
Q

What vitamin has a similar function as selenium?

A

Vitamin E

102
Q

What acid is the most desirable acid produced during ensiling?

A

Lactic acid

103
Q

What is the desired pH of properly fermented corn silage?

A

4.0 or less

104
Q

What is considered the best material for covering a bunker silo?

A

Plastic

105
Q

What alters rumen fermentation by boosting the production of propionic acid and reducing the production of acetic acid?

A

Ionophores

106
Q

What is the most reliable way of knowing the nutrient content of forages?

A

Forage testing

107
Q

What does the Acronym DCAD stand for?

A

Dietary Cation-Anion Difference

108
Q

What test shows how well nitrogen and fermentable carbohydrates are balanced in the ration?

A

MUN, Milk urea nitrogen

109
Q

What is the process by which udder tissue goes back to a non-milk producing state after drying off?

A

Involution

110
Q

What is mastitis that continues over a long period of time with progressive development of scar tissue and simultaneous reduction in milk yield?

A

Chronic mastitis

111
Q

What are small electric currents that flow through the electrical grounded-neutral system and that pass through a cow’s body?

A

Stray voltage

112
Q

What is mastitis with no detectable change in the udder itself and no observable abnormality of the milk?

A

Subclinical mastitis

113
Q

What is the part of the milking system that prevents the vacuum level from exceeding a prescribed level?

A

Vacuum regulator, Vacuum controller

114
Q

What hormone is critical in the initiation and maintenance of lactation?

A

Prolactin

115
Q

What is the recommended temperature of water for washing the bulk tank, lines and other equipment?

A

160 degrees F

116
Q

Where was the first dairy cooperative in the United States established?

A

Connecticut

117
Q

Where was the first commercial cheese factory established?

A

New York

118
Q

White blood cells and epithelial cells from milk producing tissues make up what?

A

Somatic cells

119
Q

What does the acronym COOL stand for?

A

Country of Origin Labeling

120
Q

What is the test that detects rancidity in milk?

A

Acid degree value

121
Q

What enzyme is needed by humans to digest lactose?

A

Lactase

122
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down butterfat?

A

Lipase

123
Q

What simple sugars make up lactose?

A

Glucose, Galactose

124
Q

What method of pasteurization heats milk to 161 degrees F for 15 seconds?

A

High Temperature, Short Time

125
Q

What method of pasteurization heats milk to 145 degrees F for not less than 30 minutes?

A

Batch or Holding method

126
Q

What is often added to fat free milk to whiten it?

A

Titanium dioxide

127
Q

How many tablespoons are in a stick of butter?

A

8

128
Q

How much is deducted from every dairy producers check to pay for the dairy checkoff?

A

15 cents per hundredweight

129
Q

How much is voluntarily deducted from farms who invest in the Cooperatives Working Together program?

A

4 cents per hundredweight

130
Q

Where was the first AI cooperative in the United States established?

A

New Jersey

131
Q

Where was the first commercial robotic milkier installed?

A

Wisconsin

132
Q

What hormone is released by the pineal gland in response to longer day length?

A

Melatonin

133
Q

What initiative is a producer-led effort to build consumer trust and confidence in the dairy industry’s commitment to animal well-being?

A

The National Dairy Animal Well-Being Initiative

134
Q

What program’s purpose is to show customers that the dairy industry is taking the very best care of cows and the environment, producing safe and wholesome milk and adhering to the highest standards of workforce development?

A

The National Dairy Farmers Assuring Responsible Management (FARM) Program

135
Q

What is the temporary gland that forms on the ovary after the ovum is released?

A

Corpus luteum, Yellow body

136
Q

What is the process where the uterus returns to normal size after calving?

A

Involution

137
Q

What is an infection of the uterus?

A

Metritis

138
Q

What describes an animal that is neither normally fertile nor totally sterile?

A

Infertility

139
Q

What is the act of giving birth?

A

Parturition

140
Q

What is a fertilized ovum?

A

Zygote

141
Q

What describes an animal that cannot reproduce?

A

Sterile

142
Q

What is the structure that holds the uterus and ovaries in their proper position?

A

Broad Ligament

143
Q

What hormone stimulates the growth of follicles?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormones (FSH)

144
Q

What hormone causes the follicle to rupture and then cause the corpus luteum to replace the follicle?

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

145
Q

What hormone causes the regression of the corpus luteum?

A

Prostaglandin

146
Q

What hormone is necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

147
Q

What is the duration of standing heat?

A

2 to 12 hours

148
Q

What hormone is release prior to calving that enables the cervix to soften and stretch in preparation for expelling the calf?

A

Relaxin

149
Q

What hormone does the calf trigger in response to stress to initial parturition?

A

Cortisol

150
Q

What is the temperature of liquid nitrogen?

A

Negative 320 degrees F

151
Q

Where are mature sperm stored?

A

Epididymis

152
Q

How long does it take for sperm to become capacitated?

A

6 hours

153
Q

What type of cyst are thick-walled and secrete low levels of progesterone?

A

Luteal cysts

154
Q

What type of cyst are thin-walled and secrete variable amounts of estrogen?

A

Follicular cysts

155
Q

What is the number one reason for culling in US dairy herds?

A

Reproductive failure

156
Q

How long does sperm live after being deposited in the cow’s reproductive tract?

A

24-30 hours

157
Q

What is the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression?

A

Epigenetics

158
Q

What is the process of determining where genes are located on individual chromosomes?

A

Gene mapping

159
Q

What is the study of genes or gene products in an organism?

A

Genomics

160
Q

What is the study of all of the proteins that genes create?

A

Proteomics

161
Q

Who publishes the US dairy genetic evaluations?

A

Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding

162
Q

How often are genomic evaluations released?

A

Monthly

163
Q

The genetic base for genetic evaluations is updated every how many years?

A

Five

164
Q

What is the name of the International Bull Evaluation Service?

A

INTERBULL

165
Q

What term is used to describe a bull’s tendency to sire calves that are born easily?

A

Service Sire Calving Ease

166
Q

What does the Acronym VFD stand for?

A

Veterinary Feed Directive

167
Q

What is a protein that acts as a catalyst in starting or speeding up specific chemical reactions?

A

Enzyme

168
Q

What is the only type of cells that have no nucleus?

A

Red blood cells, Erythrocytes

169
Q

What is the number of dead animals during a specified period of time?

A

Mortality rate

170
Q

What is the number of sick animals during a specified period of time

A

Morbidity rate

171
Q

What is the process by which white blood cells engulf microorganisms?

A

Phagocytosis

172
Q

What hormone produced by the pancreas promotes cell growth and division?

A

Insulin

173
Q

What gland is responsible for mobilizing calcium from the bone?

A

Parathyroid

174
Q

What type of orgasm causes blackleg, overeating disease and tetanus?

A

Clostridial organisms

175
Q

What is the major artery supplying blood to the udder?

A

External pudic artery

176
Q

What is a retrovirus that infects lymphoid tissue in cattle?

A

Bovine Leukosis Virus

177
Q

What is an acute, fever producing disease of cattle that is cause by the bacterium Clostridium chauvoeli?

A

Blackleg

178
Q

What is a disease when a cow gains too much weight during late lactation or the dry period?

A

Fat Cow Syndrome

179
Q

What is fed or administered to cows to treat ketosis?

A

Propylene glycol

180
Q

What is used to intravenously treat milk fever?

A

Calcium glutamate

181
Q

What are toxins produced by a fungus?

A

Mycotoxins

182
Q

What disease causes abortions and occasionally causes birth of weak “dummy” calves?

A

Neosporosis

183
Q

What is the most economically detrimental parasite of cattle?

A

Brown stomach worm

184
Q

What does the acronym EPA stand for?

A

Environmental Protection Agency

185
Q

What is the movement of nutrients across the surface of soils to surface water?

A

Runoff

186
Q

What is the movement of nitrates through soils to groundwater?

A

Leaching

187
Q

What type of pollution originates from multiple and diffuse sources which are not readily identified?

A

Non-point Source pollution

188
Q

What are practices that protect water quality while improving profitability of the farm?

A

Best management practices

189
Q

What is a financial incentive from the state or federal government to the farmer to help pay for equipment or practices that reduce pollution?

A

Cost-share

190
Q

The three numbers on a fertilizer label represent what three elements?

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

191
Q

What are the four Dairy Records Processing Centers in the US

A

Agritech Analytics, AgSource, Amelicor, Dairy Records Management Systems

192
Q

What are the three dairy commodities that are traded at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange daily?

A

Block and barrel cheese, Butter futures, Class III & Class IV milk futures

193
Q

Who is the worlds largest private exporter of dairy products?

A

New Zealand Dairy Board

194
Q

The American Dairy Association, National Dairy Council and US Dairy Export Council make up what nonprofit organization?

A

Dairy Management, Inc.

195
Q

What organization oversees approval of dairy records system standards?

A

Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding

196
Q

Who is the worlds largest yogurt maker?

A

Danone

197
Q

The Journal of Dairy Science is published by what organization?

A

American Dairy Science Association

198
Q

What is the official breed magazine of the Ayrshire breed?

A

Ayrshire Digest

199
Q

What is the official breed magazine of the Brown Swiss breed?

A

Brown Swiss Bulletin

200
Q

What is the official breed magazine of the Guernsey breed?

A

Guernsey Breeders Journal

201
Q

What is the official breed magazine of the Holstein breed?

A

The Pulse

Dairy Bowl 2021 (3 decks)

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