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Chemistry A > Seneca 7.2 > Flashcards

Seneca 7.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula for alkenes

A

A homologous series is a series of compounds with the same general formula.

Alkenes are a homologous series with the general formula CnH2n.

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2
Q

What are the properties of alkenes

A

. Unsaturated
. More reactive than alkenes
. Contain a double bond

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3
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated

A

they contain a double bond between two of their carbon atoms (C=C).

This means that an alkane and alkene with the same length of carbon chain will have different numbers of hydrogen atoms - the alkane will have two more hydrogen atoms.

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4
Q

What are alkenes

A

Alkenes are hydrocarbons with the functional group C=C. This means that alkenes have a carbon-carbon double
bond.

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5
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes

A

The presence of the C=C functional group means that alkenes have greater reactivity than alkanes.

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6
Q

What are the four shortest alkenes in ascending order

A

.Ethene C2H4
.Propene C3H6
.Butene C4H8
.Pentene C5H10

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7
Q

Addition reaction

A

When a double bond opens up allowing new atoms to bond.

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8
Q

Functional group

A

A collection of atoms that impact the reactions of an organic compound.

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9
Q

Alkenes and oxygen

A

Alkenes can be involved in combustion reactions with oxygen. The outcome of these reactions is similar to when other hydrocarbons react with oxygen

Ethene (C2H4) + oxygen (O2) → carbon monoxide (CO) + carbon (C) + water (H2O)

Because their combustion is incomplete, they burn with smoky flames.

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10
Q

Alkenes and halogens

A

Alkenes, unlike alkanes, will react if mixed with bromine water and shaken. This causes the solution to change color from orange-brown to colorless.

This is an effective test for distinguishing between alkenes and alkanes

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11
Q

Alkenes and hydrogen

A

When a nickel catalyst is present, alkanes can be formed by combining hydrogen with an alkene

Adding hydrogen atoms across a carbon-carbon double bond is called hydrogenation.

Ethene (C2H4) + hydrogen (H2) → ethane (C2H6)

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12
Q

Alkenes and water

A

When a phosphoric acid catalyst is present, alcohols can be formed by reacting alkenes with steam

Ethene (C2H4) + steam (H2O) → ethanol (C2H5OH)

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13
Q

What happens during an alkene addition reaction

A

A carbon - carbon double bond opens up

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14
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes

A

C=C

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15
Q

What do you need for alkenes to react with water

A

. The water to be in a gaseous state
. A phosphoric acid catalyst

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16
Q

What is the general series (homologous series) of alcohols

A

The homologous series of alcohols have the general formula
CnH2n+1 OH.

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17
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols

A

The functional group of alcohols is a hydroxyl group (-OH).

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18
Q

What are the 4 smallest alcohols in ascending size order

A

.Methanol CH3OH
.Ethanol CH3CH2OH
.Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH
.Butanol CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

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19
Q

What are the properties of alcohol

A

. Hydroxyl group
. General formula is CnH2n+1 OH.

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20
Q

What happens when alcohols and sodium react together

A

When alcohols and sodium react together, hydrogen is produced.

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21
Q

What happens when alcohols and water react together

A

When alcohols are added to water, they dissolve to give neutral solutions.

22
Q

What happens when alcohols and oxidizing agents react together

A

When alcohols react with a strong oxidizing agent, a carboxylic acid is produced.

23
Q

What happens when alcohols and air (and heat) react together

A

When alcohols react with air (and heat), carbon dioxide and water are produced.

24
Q

What is fermentation

A

Fermentation is a common method for producing ethanol

25
Q

What is the process of fermentation

A

The process of fermentation involves adding yeast to a sugar solution. The resulting reaction gives:

An aqueous solution of ethanol.
Carbon dioxide.

26
Q

What are the conditions for fermentation

A

The ideal conditions for the fermentation of sugar using yeast are:

A temperature of 37°C.
A solution that is slightly acidic.
In the absence of oxygen (anaerobic).

27
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids

A

The general formula for the homologous series of carboxylic acids is CnH2n+1COOH.

28
Q

What property do carboxylic acids have

A

Carboxylic acids only partially ionize (form an ion) in water, meaning they are weak acids.

29
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids

A

The functional group of carboxylic acids is a carboxyl group (-COOH).

30
Q

What are the four smallest carboxylic acids in ascending order

A

. Methanoic acid HCOOH.
. Ethanoic acid CH3COOH
. Propanoic acid CH3CH2COOH
. Butanoic acid CH3CH2CH2COOH

31
Q

What happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with carbonates

A

When carboxylic acids react with carbonates, the products are:

A salt
Carbon dioxide
Water

32
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids react with water

A

When carboxylic acids react with water, they dissolve to give solutions with an acidic pH.

33
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids react with alcohols ( and an acid catalyst)

A

When carboxylic acids and alcohols react together (using an acid catalyst), an ester and water are produced

34
Q

What is needed for carboxylic acids to react and produce esters?

A

Alcohol
Acid catalyst

35
Q

What is addition polymerization

A

Addition polymerisation is the joining of short-chain monomers to produce one long-chain polymer.

36
Q

What are the monomers in addition polymerisation?

A

Alkenes are the monomers used in addition polymerisation.

This is because the carbon-carbon double bonds in alkenes can open up to allow multiple alkenes to join together.

37
Q

What are the products of addition polymerization?

A

In addition polymerisation, the polymer is the only product of the reaction.

This means that the repeating unit has exactly the same atoms as the monomer.

38
Q

How do we name addition polymers

A

Naming addition polymers is very simple. Start with ‘poly’ and then put brackets around the name of the monomer.

39
Q

Poly(ethane)

A

When ethene monomers undergo addition polymerisation, poly(ethene) is the product.

40
Q

Poly(propene)

A

When propene monomers undergo addition polymerisation, poly(propene) is the product.

41
Q

Why are alkenes used in addition polymerization

A

This is because the carbon-carbon double bonds in alkenes can open up to allow multiple alkenes to join together.

42
Q

What is condensation polymerisation

A

Condensation polymerization describes the joining together of monomers with 2 functional groups to produce larger polymers, as well as small molecule by-products

43
Q

How is the simplest type of condensation polymer produced

A

The simplest type of condensation polymer is produced by combining 2 monomers that each have 2 identical functional groups

44
Q

What are the products of condensation polymerization

A

. A small by - product
. A large polymer

45
Q

What are the functional groups of amino acids?

A

Amine group (-NH2)
Carboxyl group (-COOH)

46
Q

Polymerization of amino acids

A

Amino acids can be combined by condensation polymerization. The products of this reaction are a polypeptide and water.

47
Q

What are the bonds that form to connect the amine and carboxyl groups of amino acids in polypeptides

A

Peptide links

48
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

49
Q

What is the role of DNA

A

DNA encodes (produces) the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of living organisms and viruses.

50
Q

What is the shape of DNA

A

Most DNA molecules are made up of 2 polymer chains arranged in the form of a double helix.

51
Q

What are the main components of DNA

A

The polymers are made from monomers known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains 1 of the following 4 nitrogenous bases
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

52
Q

What are other naturally occurring polymers

A

. Proteins
. Starch and cellulose

Chemistry A (25 decks)

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