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Chemistry A > Seneca 7.1 > Flashcards

Seneca 7.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of resource is crude oil

A

Non - renewable (finite)

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2
Q

Where is crude oil found

A

Crude oil is found in rocks and is used to produce fuels and other important chemicals.

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3
Q

What is crude oil made from

A

Crude oil is made from the fossilised remnants of ancient plankton.

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4
Q

What makes up crude oil

A

Crude oil is a mixture of lots of different compounds that are not chemically combined.
Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons.

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5
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Hydrocarbons differ in their size, which can change the properties of the hydrocarbon.

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6
Q

What are the properties of long chain hydrocarbons

A

. Higher boiling points
. Higher viscosity
. Less flammable

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7
Q

What are two uses of crude oil

A

. Tarmac
. Fuels

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8
Q

What is the structure of alkanes

A

In alkanes, carbon atoms bond to four atoms (hydrogen or carbon).
We call them saturated hydrocarbons as all their bonds with other atoms are single bonds.

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9
Q

What are the uses of alkanes

A

Alkanes have quite low reactivity, but they combust quite well.
This makes them useful as fuels.

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10
Q

What is the formula for alkanes

A

Alkanes have the general formula CnH(2n+2

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11
Q

What are the 4 smallest alkanes in ascending order

A

Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)

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12
Q

What is fractional distillation

A

Fractional distillation is the process of separating crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms. We call these groups of hydrocarbons “fractions”.

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13
Q

Short - chain hydrocarbons

A

Hydrocarbons with few carbon atoms are called ‘short-chain hydrocarbons’.

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14
Q

Long - chain hydrocarbons

A

Hydrocarbons with lots of carbon atoms are called ‘long-chain hydrocarbons’.

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15
Q

What are the steps of fractional distillation

A

Evaporation
Condensation
Collection

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16
Q

Fractional distillation - Evaporation

A

We evaporate the crude oil by heating it.

Crude oil vapor is put into a fractionating column at the bottom and rises upwards.

17
Q

Fractional distillation - Condensation

A

The temperature is highest at the bottom of the column. Long-chain hydrocarbons condense at the bottom and are collected as liquids.

Short-chain hydrocarbons have lower boiling points. They pass up the column and condense at lower temperatures nearer the top.

18
Q

Fractional distillation - Collection

A

The fractions are collected. They are then processed to create end products:
Fuels (e.g. petrol, diesel) are a common end product.

The petrochemical industry can use some fractions as feedstock (material used in an industrial process) to make products such as solvents, detergents, lubricants etc.

19
Q

What are organic compounds

A

Carbon - containing compounds

20
Q

What are homologous series

A

A family of similar compounds

21
Q

What happens if we burn hydrocarbons with a lack of oxygen

A

If alkanes are burned without enough oxygen, then carbon monoxide can be created:
2C + O2 → 2CO

22
Q

What are the properties of carbon monoxide

A

. Colorless
. Toxic
. Odorless

23
Q

What happens if we burn hydrocarbons with plenty of oxygen

A

The combustion (burning) of hydrocarbons when there is a good air supply involves:

The release of energy.
The oxidation of carbon and hydrogen to create carbon dioxide and water.

24
Q

Why do heavy fractions of crude oil not make good fuels

A

Because they :
. Have high boiling points
. Have low volatility
. Don’t ignite easily

25
Q

What is cracking

A

Cracking is the process that breaks down long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter-chain molecules that are more useful

26
Q

What is cracking an example of

A

Cracking is an example of a thermal decomposition reaction

27
Q

What are the two methods of cracking

A

. Steam cracking
. Catalytic cracking

28
Q

Steam cracking

A

Vaporized heavy hydrocarbons are combined with steam in a high temperature environment.

Alkanes and alkenes are produced by this reaction.

E.g. decane → octane + ethene

29
Q

Catalytic cracking

A

Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are passed over the top of a heated catalyst.

Alkanes and alkenes are produced by this reaction.

E.g. hexane → butane + ethene

30
Q

What are the products of cracking

A

Alkane
Alkene

31
Q

What are the uses of alkenes

A

. Starting materials for many chemicals
. Being combined to make polymers

Chemistry A (25 decks)

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