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NEET ZOOLOGY > SENCE ORGANS > Flashcards

SENCE ORGANS Flashcards

1
Q

smell receptors AKA

A

olfactory receptor

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2
Q

the receptors of smell are present on ………

A

olfactory epithelium

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3
Q

what type of epithelial tissue is the olfactory epithelium

A

pseudostratified

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4
Q

3 types of cells of the olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory receptor cells supporting cells basal cells

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5
Q

what type of neurons are olfactory receptors cells

A

bipolar neurons

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6
Q

shape of olfactory receptor cells

A

spindle

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7
Q

terminal knob of olfactory cell has

A

non motile cilia

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8
Q

cilia of the olfactory cell AKA

A

olfactory hairs

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9
Q

shape and function of supporting cells in olfactory epithelium

A

columnar support receptor cells

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10
Q

colour of olfactory epithelium

A

yellow

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11
Q

what gives olfactory epithelium its colour

A

a yellow pigment similar to lipofuscin

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12
Q

function of basal cells in olfactory epithelium

A

gives rise to new receptor cells to replace the old worn-out ones

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13
Q

olfactory cells extend from outisde into the

A

olfactory bulb

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14
Q

a pair of broad bean-shaped organs in reference to olfactory receptor

A

olfactory bulb

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15
Q

Olfactory bulb is an extension of

A

the brains limbic system

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16
Q

olfactory gland AKA

A

bowmans gland

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17
Q

when is bowmans gland found

A

below the olfactory epithelium

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18
Q

function of bowmans gland

A

secrete mucus to keep olfactory epithelium safe moist

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19
Q

function of mucus in relation to olfactory epithelium

A

moisturize

protect from bacteria and dust

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20
Q

olfactory receptor cells life span

A

two months

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21
Q

what stimulates the olfactory cilia

A

dissolved chemicals in air

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22
Q

olfactory fibers synapse with ……… in a complex structure ………..

A

mitral cell

glomeruli

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23
Q

on stimulation of the mitral cells the impulse gets carried via …………. to the ……………

A

olfactory tracts

temporal lobe of cerebrum

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24
Q

women have keener sense of smell than man especially during

A

ovulation

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25
Q

reduction of ability to smell

A

hyposmia

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26
Q

trigeminal nerve is formed by

A

network of nerve contained in mouth, toungue and nose

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27
Q

how does brain identify oudours

A

combine trigeminal signals with those of smell to identify

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28
Q

what helps to disolve substance causing irritating odour

A

bowmans gland

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29
Q

taste receptors AKA

A

gustatoreceptors

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30
Q

taste receptors are found in the

A

taste buds

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31
Q

taste buds are found

A

tongue

pharynx

epiglotis

proximal part of oesophagus

palate

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32
Q

Taste bud number is uneffected with age

TRUE OR FLASE

A

FLASE

taste bud number decreases with age

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33
Q

taste bud consists of 3 types of cells

A

gustatory receptor cells

supporting cells

basal cells

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34
Q

difference between olfactory receptors cells and gustatory receptor cells

A

olfactory hair is cilia

gustatory hair is microvilli

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35
Q

gustatory receptor cells microvilli project into

A

taste pore

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36
Q

how is taste sensed

A

special proteins receptors for taste producing molecules are present on the microvilli

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37
Q

nerve fibers of ………. , …………. and ………… form synapses with gustatory receptor cells

A

facial (7)

glosopharyngeal (9)

vagus (10)

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38
Q

life span of gustatory receptor cells

A

10 days

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39
Q

similarity and differnce between supporting cells and gastatory receptor cells

A

both have microvilli

but supporting cells does not have nerve endings

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40
Q

function of basal cells in taste buds

A

give rise to new supporting cells whihc later turn into new gustatory receptor cells

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41
Q

nerve impulse from gustatory receptor cells travel to which part of brain from interpretation

A

parietal lobe of the cerebrum

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42
Q

particular cranial nerves are associated with taste buds present on certain part

name where the 3 cranial nerves are found

A

facial - anterior 2/3rd of tongue

glossopharyngeal - posterior 1/3rd of tongue

vagus - pharynx and eppiglotis

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43
Q

eyes are located in sockets of the skull called

A

orbits

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44
Q

weight of an eye

A

7 grams

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45
Q

layers of the wall of the eye ball

A

sclerea

uvea

retina

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46
Q

sclera AKA

A

fibrous tunic

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47
Q

uvea AKA

A

vascular tunic

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48
Q

uvea consists of

A

choroid

ciliary body

iris

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49
Q

type of tissue present on sclera

A

dense connective tissue

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50
Q

colour of the sclera

A

white

but transparent at the cornea

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51
Q

function of cornea

A

refract light

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52
Q

how is cornea kept moist

A

by secretions of lacrimal gland and tear gland

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53
Q

layer of the eye concentrated with melanin and supplied with blood vessels

A

choroid

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54
Q

function of choroid

A

prevent reflection within the eye

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55
Q

how is the choroid spread in the eyeball

A

posterior 2/3rd in thin

and becomes thick in the anterior section to form ciliary bodies

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56
Q

cilirary body continues to form

A

iris

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57
Q

the coloured part of the eye is

A

iris

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58
Q

aperture surrounded by the iris

A

pupil

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59
Q

diameter of pupil controlled by

A

iridial muscles

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60
Q

light receptor cells in retina

A

rods and cones

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61
Q

retina contains 3 layers of cells from inside to outside

A

ganglion cells

bipolar neuron

photoreseptor cells

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62
Q

light sensitive proteins of rods and cones are called

A

photopigments

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63
Q

retina divided into 2

A

pigment epithelium and nureal portion

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64
Q

pigment epithelium of retina is present

A

in between the neural layer and the choroid

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65
Q

which one of the followng is continuous through out the coroid, ciliary body and iris

and which one terminates just before the iris

Pigment epithelium

neural layer

A

pigment epithelium

neural portion

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66
Q

point at which the neural portion terminates at the ciliary body is called

A

orra serrata

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67
Q

how many rod cells in each eye

A

100 million

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68
Q

funtion of rods

A

dim light vision

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69
Q

pigment of rods

and whats its colour

A

rhodopsin (visual purple )

purplish red

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70
Q

rhodopsin AKA

A

visual purple

71
Q

rhodopsin is made of

A

opsin and retinal

72
Q

an aldehyde of vitamin A

A

retinal

73
Q

how does rhodopsin aid in sight

A

rhodopsin breaks down into opsin and retinal when hit by light and gets bleached , at this time an impulse is generated.

74
Q

how is rhodopsin resynthasized

A

rhodopsin is resynthasized later on by oxidation of vitamin A

75
Q

vitamin A deficiency leads to

A

night blindness

76
Q

function of cones

A

daylight vision and and colour vision

77
Q

how many types of cones in the eye and what colour pigment do they have

A

3

red , green , blue

78
Q

pigments of cones

A

erythropsin

chloropsin

cyanopsin

79
Q

inner to the sensory cells is the

A

bipolar neuron

80
Q

inner to the bipolar cells is the

A

ganglia

81
Q

whats forms the optic nerve

A

axons of ganglion bundling together

82
Q

point at which the optic nerve leaves the eyeball is called

A

blind spot

83
Q

postition of yellow spot

A

lateral to the blind spot

84
Q

yellow spot AKA

A

macula lutea

85
Q

central pit of the macula lutea is called ……….

A

fovea

86
Q

what sensory cell is densely packed at the macula lutea

A

cones

87
Q

………… is the point of greatest visual acuity

A

fovea

88
Q

iris and lens divides the eye into

A

aqueous and vitreous humor

89
Q

aquous chamber is present between

A

lens are cornea

90
Q

aqueous chamber contains

A

aqueous humor

91
Q

aquous humor (describe it )

A

THIN and WATERY fluid

92
Q

explain summation effect of the rod cells

A

many rod cells associated with one bipolar neuron

93
Q

why do cone cells only respond to dim light

A

becsue one cone cell is associated with only one bipolar neuron

94
Q

how does ciliary body effect the lens

A

contraction causes more curvature

relaxation causes less curvature

95
Q

aquous humor

produced by

gives nutrition to

drained by

A

ciliary bodies

lens and cornea

foramen of schlemn

96
Q

vitorous chamber is present

A

in between the retina and lens

97
Q

vitrous chamber filled with

A

vitrous humor

98
Q

vitrous humor is a (describe it)

A

semi solid gelatinous material

99
Q

function of vitrous humor

A

support the eye

100
Q

vitrous humor gets drained out of the eye

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

it does not drain out of the eye

101
Q

ratio of sensory cell to bipolar cell to ganglion in fovea is

A

1:1:1

102
Q

outside the fovea on the retina what is the relation of sensory cell to bipolar cell to ganglion

A

many receptor cells synapse with one bipolar neuron

many bipolar cells synapse with one ganglion

103
Q

light is absorbed not by opsin but by …………. that undergoes a confirmation change to form ………….

when exposed to light

A

11 cis retinol

11 trans retinol

104
Q

explain how an impulse is produced to sense light

A

light causes conformational change in of 11 cis retinol to 11 trans retinol

this conformational change causes the disociation of of retinol and opsin causing an stimulus thereby causing an impulse

105
Q

nature of light rays for far objects and near objects

A

parallel

diverging

106
Q

refracting in the eye is done by

A

cornea

lens

aqueous and vitorous humor

107
Q

composition of rhodopsin and cones

A

rhodopsin : 1 retinal + 1 opsin

cones : 1 retinal + 3 opsin

108
Q

visual cortex is part of which part of the brain

A

occipital lobe of cerebrum

109
Q

nature of image produced by the lens

A

inverted

110
Q

function of ear

A

hearing

balance

111
Q

human ear divided into

A

outer ear

middle ear

inner ear

112
Q

outer ear divided into

A

pinna

external auditory meatus (canal)

113
Q

wax secreting cells AKA

A

ceruminous gland

114
Q

wax glands are modified

A

modified apocrine sweat glands

115
Q

sweat glands AKA

A

sudoriferous glands

116
Q

Wax AKA

A

cercumen

117
Q

function of the fine hairs and ceruminous glands

A

trap dust particles, insects or other irritants

118
Q

external auditory canal ends at the

A

tympanum

119
Q

tympanum AKA

A

tympanic membrane

ear drum

120
Q

the tympanic membrane is covered by what on each side

A

outer side - skin

inner - mucous membrane

121
Q

middle ear composed of

A

maleus

incus

stapes

122
Q

which year ossicle attached to tympanum

A

maleus

123
Q

stapes attached to which membrain

A

oval window

124
Q

oval window AKA

A

fenestra ovalis

125
Q

“the door” to the inner ear is called

A

oval window

126
Q

function of ear ossicles

A

transmit sound and also amplify the sounds

127
Q

cavity of middle ear is called

A

tympanic cavity

128
Q

inner ear AKA

A

labyrinth

129
Q

fluids present inside the inner ear

A

endolymph and perilymph

130
Q

inner year divided into ……….. & …………

also divided as …………& ………….

A

bony labyrinth and membraneous labyrinth

cochlea and vestibular aparatus

131
Q

how many times is the cochlea coiled

A

2 3/4 times

132
Q

the bony labyrinth is divided into campartments by

A

cochlea

133
Q

membranes present in the cochlea

A

reisners membrane & basilar membrane

134
Q

memebranes of the cochlea divide the bony labyrinth into

A

scale vestibuli

scala media (membraneous labyrinth)

scala tympany

135
Q

fluid present in each division of the cochlea

A

perilymph (scala vestibuli)

endolymph (scala media)

perilymph (scala tympany)

136
Q

inner ear connected to middle ear by

A

oval and round window

137
Q

the scala tympany terminates at the

A

round window

138
Q

round window AKA

A

fenestra Rotanda

139
Q

the scala vestibuli and scala tympany are connected …….

A

at the apex of the cochlea by the helicotrema

140
Q

sensory structure of ear

A

organ of corti

141
Q

basal cells and supporting cells of the organ of corti are called

A

dieter cells and hensens cells

142
Q

at the apex of the hair cells present on the organ of corti are

A

stereo cilia

143
Q

the sensory hair cells of organ of corti are connected to ………… on its basal end

A

afferent neurons

144
Q

the afferent neurons connecting to the hair cells of the organ of corti is part of which nerve

A

cochlear branch of the auditory nerve

145
Q

above the hair cells of the organ of corti is present a membrane called

A

tectorial memebrane

146
Q

vestibular aparatus divided into

A

semicircular canals and otolith organs

147
Q

function of vestibular aparatus

A

dynamic and static balance

148
Q

how many semicircular canals in one ear

A

3

149
Q

otolith organ divided into

A

saccule and urticule

150
Q

which part of the semicircular canals acts as the sensory receptor to sense change in position

A

crista ampularis

151
Q

swollen base of semicircular canal is called

A

ampula

152
Q

projecting ridge of ampulla

A

crista ampularis

153
Q

basal ends of the hair cells present on the crista ampularis is connected to which nerve

A

vestibular branch of the auditory nerve

154
Q

projecting ridge of utricule and saccule is called

A

macula

155
Q

hair cells of the macula are in close association with which nerve

A

vestibular branch of the auditory nerve

156
Q

function of vestibular canal and otolith canal respectively

A

dynamic balance

static balance

157
Q

which membrane allows us to discriminate between different pitches of sound

A

basilar membrane

158
Q

short-sightedness

A

myopia

159
Q

in myopia where is the image formed

A

in front of the macula lutea

160
Q

how is myopia corrected

A

concave lens

161
Q

longsightedness

A

hypermetropia

162
Q

in hypermetropia where is the image formed

A

behind the yellow spot

163
Q

correction for hypermetropia

A

convex lens

164
Q

what causes myopia and hypermetropia

A

anteroposterior elongation

anteroposterior shortening

165
Q

presbyopia

A

loss of elasticity of lens

166
Q

correction for presbyopia

A

convex lens

167
Q

astigmatism

A

rough curvature of cornea or lens

168
Q

correction from astigmatism

A

cylindrical lens

169
Q

cataract

A

lens becomes opaque

170
Q

cataract correction

A

surgical removal of defective lens

171
Q

glaucoma

A

foramen of schlemn is blocked

therefor aqueous humor does not get drained

this puts pressure on the optic nerve

and can cause permanent blindness

172
Q

infection of middle ear

A

otitis media

173
Q

vertigo

A

diziness when there is a feeling of motion when one is stationary

174
Q

ostalgia

A

pain in the ear

NEET ZOOLOGY (3 decks)

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