SENCE ORGANS Flashcards
1
Q
smell receptors AKA
A
olfactory receptor
2
Q
the receptors of smell are present on ………
A
olfactory epithelium
3
Q
what type of epithelial tissue is the olfactory epithelium
A
pseudostratified
4
Q
3 types of cells of the olfactory epithelium
A
olfactory receptor cells supporting cells basal cells
5
Q
what type of neurons are olfactory receptors cells
A
bipolar neurons
6
Q
shape of olfactory receptor cells
A
spindle
7
Q
terminal knob of olfactory cell has
A
non motile cilia
8
Q
cilia of the olfactory cell AKA
A
olfactory hairs
9
Q
shape and function of supporting cells in olfactory epithelium
A
columnar support receptor cells
10
Q
colour of olfactory epithelium
A
yellow
11
Q
what gives olfactory epithelium its colour
A
a yellow pigment similar to lipofuscin
12
Q
function of basal cells in olfactory epithelium
A
gives rise to new receptor cells to replace the old worn-out ones
13
Q
olfactory cells extend from outisde into the
A
olfactory bulb
14
Q
a pair of broad bean-shaped organs in reference to olfactory receptor
A
olfactory bulb
15
Q
Olfactory bulb is an extension of
A
the brains limbic system
16
Q
olfactory gland AKA
A
bowmans gland
17
Q
when is bowmans gland found
A
below the olfactory epithelium
18
Q
function of bowmans gland
A
secrete mucus to keep olfactory epithelium safe moist
19
Q
function of mucus in relation to olfactory epithelium
A
moisturize
protect from bacteria and dust
20
Q
olfactory receptor cells life span
A
two months
21
Q
what stimulates the olfactory cilia
A
dissolved chemicals in air
22
Q
olfactory fibers synapse with ……… in a complex structure ………..
A
mitral cell
glomeruli
23
Q
on stimulation of the mitral cells the impulse gets carried via …………. to the ……………
A
olfactory tracts
temporal lobe of cerebrum
24
Q
women have keener sense of smell than man especially during
A
ovulation
25
reduction of ability to smell
hyposmia
26
trigeminal nerve is formed by
network of nerve contained in mouth, toungue and nose
27
how does brain identify oudours
combine trigeminal signals with those of smell to identify
28
what helps to disolve substance causing irritating odour
bowmans gland
29
taste receptors AKA
gustatoreceptors
30
taste receptors are found in the
taste buds
31
taste buds are found
tongue
pharynx
epiglotis
proximal part of oesophagus
palate
32
Taste bud number is uneffected with age
TRUE OR FLASE
FLASE
taste bud number decreases with age
33
taste bud consists of 3 types of cells
gustatory receptor cells
supporting cells
basal cells
34
difference between olfactory receptors cells and gustatory receptor cells
olfactory hair is cilia
gustatory hair is microvilli
35
gustatory receptor cells microvilli project into
taste pore
36
how is taste sensed
special proteins receptors for taste producing molecules are present on the microvilli
37
nerve fibers of .......... , ............. and ............ form synapses with gustatory receptor cells
facial (7)
glosopharyngeal (9)
vagus (10)
38
life span of gustatory receptor cells
10 days
39
similarity and differnce between supporting cells and gastatory receptor cells
both have microvilli
but supporting cells does not have nerve endings
40
function of basal cells in taste buds
give rise to new supporting cells whihc later turn into new gustatory receptor cells
41
nerve impulse from gustatory receptor cells travel to which part of brain from interpretation
parietal lobe of the cerebrum
42
particular cranial nerves are associated with taste buds present on certain part
name where the 3 cranial nerves are found
facial - anterior 2/3rd of tongue
glossopharyngeal - posterior 1/3rd of tongue
vagus - pharynx and eppiglotis
43
eyes are located in sockets of the skull called
orbits
44
weight of an eye
7 grams
45
layers of the wall of the eye ball
sclerea
uvea
retina
46
sclera AKA
fibrous tunic
47
uvea AKA
vascular tunic
48
uvea consists of
choroid
ciliary body
iris
49
type of tissue present on sclera
dense connective tissue
50
colour of the sclera
white
but transparent at the cornea
51
function of cornea
refract light
52
how is cornea kept moist
by secretions of lacrimal gland and tear gland
53
layer of the eye concentrated with melanin and supplied with blood vessels
choroid
54
function of choroid
prevent reflection within the eye
55
how is the choroid spread in the eyeball
posterior 2/3rd in thin
and becomes thick in the anterior section to form ciliary bodies
56
cilirary body continues to form
iris
57
the coloured part of the eye is
iris
58
aperture surrounded by the iris
pupil
59
diameter of pupil controlled by
iridial muscles
60
light receptor cells in retina
rods and cones
61
retina contains 3 layers of cells from inside to outside
ganglion cells
bipolar neuron
photoreseptor cells
62
light sensitive proteins of rods and cones are called
photopigments
63
retina divided into 2
pigment epithelium and nureal portion
64
pigment epithelium of retina is present
in between the neural layer and the choroid
65
which one of the followng is continuous through out the coroid, ciliary body and iris
and which one terminates just before the iris
Pigment epithelium
neural layer
pigment epithelium
neural portion
66
point at which the neural portion terminates at the ciliary body is called
orra serrata
67
how many rod cells in each eye
100 million
68
funtion of rods
dim light vision
69
pigment of rods
and whats its colour
rhodopsin (visual purple )
purplish red
70
rhodopsin AKA
visual purple
71
rhodopsin is made of
opsin and retinal
72
an aldehyde of vitamin A
retinal
73
how does rhodopsin aid in sight
rhodopsin breaks down into opsin and retinal when hit by light and gets bleached , at this time an impulse is generated.
74
how is rhodopsin resynthasized
rhodopsin is resynthasized later on by oxidation of vitamin A
75
vitamin A deficiency leads to
night blindness
76
function of cones
daylight vision and and colour vision
77
how many types of cones in the eye and what colour pigment do they have
3
red , green , blue
78
pigments of cones
erythropsin
chloropsin
cyanopsin
79
inner to the sensory cells is the
bipolar neuron
80
inner to the bipolar cells is the
ganglia
81
whats forms the optic nerve
axons of ganglion bundling together
82
point at which the optic nerve leaves the eyeball is called
blind spot
83
postition of yellow spot
lateral to the blind spot
84
yellow spot AKA
macula lutea
85
central pit of the macula lutea is called ..........
fovea
86
what sensory cell is densely packed at the macula lutea
cones
87
............ is the point of greatest visual acuity
fovea
88
iris and lens divides the eye into
aqueous and vitreous humor
89
aquous chamber is present between
lens are cornea
90
aqueous chamber contains
aqueous humor
91
aquous humor (describe it )
**THIN** and **WATERY** fluid
92
explain summation effect of the rod cells
many rod cells associated with one bipolar neuron
93
why do cone cells only respond to dim light
becsue one cone cell is associated with only one bipolar neuron
94
how does ciliary body effect the lens
contraction causes more curvature
relaxation causes less curvature
95
aquous humor
produced by
gives nutrition to
drained by
ciliary bodies
lens and cornea
foramen of schlemn
96
vitorous chamber is present
in between the retina and lens
97
vitrous chamber filled with
vitrous humor
98
vitrous humor is a (describe it)
semi solid gelatinous material
99
function of vitrous humor
support the eye
100
vitrous humor gets drained out of the eye
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
it does not drain out of the eye
101
ratio of sensory cell to bipolar cell to ganglion in fovea is
1:1:1
102
outside the fovea on the retina what is the relation of sensory cell to bipolar cell to ganglion
many receptor cells synapse with one bipolar neuron
many bipolar cells synapse with one ganglion
103
light is absorbed not by opsin but by ............. that undergoes a confirmation change to form .............
when exposed to light
11 cis retinol
11 trans retinol
104
explain how an impulse is produced to sense light
light causes conformational change in of 11 cis retinol to 11 trans retinol
this conformational change causes the disociation of of retinol and opsin causing an stimulus thereby causing an impulse
105
nature of light rays for far objects and near objects
parallel
diverging
106
refracting in the eye is done by
cornea
lens
aqueous and vitorous humor
107
composition of rhodopsin and cones
rhodopsin : 1 retinal + 1 opsin
cones : 1 retinal + 3 opsin
108
visual cortex is part of which part of the brain
occipital lobe of cerebrum
109
nature of image produced by the lens
inverted
110
function of ear
hearing
balance
111
human ear divided into
outer ear
middle ear
inner ear
112
outer ear divided into
pinna
external auditory meatus (canal)
113
wax secreting cells AKA
ceruminous gland
114
wax glands are modified
modified apocrine sweat glands
115
sweat glands AKA
sudoriferous glands
116
Wax AKA
cercumen
117
function of the fine hairs and ceruminous glands
trap dust particles, insects or other irritants
118
external auditory canal ends at the
tympanum
119
tympanum AKA
tympanic membrane
ear drum
120
the tympanic membrane is covered by what on each side
outer side - skin
inner - mucous membrane
121
middle ear composed of
maleus
incus
stapes
122
which year ossicle attached to tympanum
maleus
123
stapes attached to which membrain
oval window
124
oval window AKA
fenestra ovalis
125
"the door" to the inner ear is called
oval window
126
function of ear ossicles
transmit sound and also amplify the sounds
127
cavity of middle ear is called
tympanic cavity
128
inner ear AKA
labyrinth
129
fluids present inside the inner ear
endolymph and perilymph
130
inner year divided into ........... & ............
also divided as ............& .............
bony labyrinth and membraneous labyrinth
cochlea and vestibular aparatus
131
how many times is the cochlea coiled
2 3/4 times
132
the bony labyrinth is divided into campartments by
cochlea
133
membranes present in the cochlea
reisners membrane & basilar membrane
134
memebranes of the cochlea divide the bony labyrinth into
scale vestibuli
scala media (membraneous labyrinth)
scala tympany
135
fluid present in each division of the cochlea
perilymph (scala vestibuli)
endolymph (scala media)
perilymph (scala tympany)
136
inner ear connected to middle ear by
oval and round window
137
the scala tympany terminates at the
round window
138
round window AKA
fenestra Rotanda
139
the scala vestibuli and scala tympany are connected .......
at the apex of the cochlea by the helicotrema
140
sensory structure of ear
organ of corti
141
basal cells and supporting cells of the organ of corti are called
dieter cells and hensens cells
142
at the apex of the hair cells present on the organ of corti are
stereo cilia
143
the sensory hair cells of organ of corti are connected to ............ on its basal end
afferent neurons
144
the afferent neurons connecting to the hair cells of the organ of corti is part of which nerve
cochlear branch of the auditory nerve
145
above the hair cells of the organ of corti is present a membrane called
tectorial memebrane
146
vestibular aparatus divided into
semicircular canals and otolith organs
147
function of vestibular aparatus
dynamic and static balance
148
how many semicircular canals in one ear
3
149
otolith organ divided into
saccule and urticule
150
which part of the semicircular canals acts as the sensory receptor to sense change in position
crista ampularis
151
swollen base of semicircular canal is called
ampula
152
projecting ridge of ampulla
crista ampularis
153
basal ends of the hair cells present on the crista ampularis is connected to which nerve
vestibular branch of the auditory nerve
154
projecting ridge of utricule and saccule is called
macula
155
hair cells of the macula are in close association with which nerve
vestibular branch of the auditory nerve
156
function of vestibular canal and otolith canal respectively
dynamic balance
static balance
157
which membrane allows us to discriminate between different pitches of sound
basilar membrane
158
short-sightedness
myopia
159
in myopia where is the image formed
in front of the macula lutea
160
how is myopia corrected
concave lens
161
longsightedness
hypermetropia
162
in hypermetropia where is the image formed
behind the yellow spot
163
correction for hypermetropia
convex lens
164
what causes myopia and hypermetropia
anteroposterior elongation
anteroposterior shortening
165
presbyopia
loss of elasticity of lens
166
correction for presbyopia
convex lens
167
astigmatism
rough curvature of cornea or lens
168
correction from astigmatism
cylindrical lens
169
cataract
lens becomes opaque
170
cataract correction
surgical removal of defective lens
171
glaucoma
foramen of schlemn is blocked
therefor aqueous humor does not get drained
this puts pressure on the optic nerve
and can cause permanent blindness
172
infection of middle ear
otitis media
173
vertigo
diziness when there is a feeling of motion when one is stationary
174
ostalgia
pain in the ear
