LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT Flashcards
1
Q
Types of movement
A
Ameboid Ciliary Muscular
2
Q
Ameboid movement also called
A
Pseudopodial movement
3
Q
Pseudopodia formed by
A
Cytoplasmic streaming
4
Q
Amoeboid movement is shown by (3)
A
Amoeba WBC Macrophage
5
Q
Movement of viscous substances done by
A
ciliary movements
6
Q
What part of the body is lined by cilia
A
Retrodictive and respiratory tract
7
Q
Movement of spermatozoa, maintenance of water canal system in sponges and movement in euglena done by
A
Flagella
8
Q
The locomotory structure of hydra
A
tentacles
9
Q
locomotry structure of paramoecium
A
cilia
10
Q
Importance of locomotion
A
searching for food a mate migration defense
11
Q
Which germinal layer was muscles derived from
A
mesoderm
12
Q
Structure of muscles
A
Muscle is a bundle of fascicle The fascicle is a bundle of muscle cells (myocyte) Muscle cells have myofibrils in them
13
Q
How many muscles in human body
A
639
14
Q
Muscles properties
A
Contractability Extensibility Excitability elasticity
15
Q
How much % of body weight
A
40-50%
16
Q
Sheath covering the muscles
A
Epimysium
17
Q
Sheath of connective tissue covering fascicle
A
perimysium
18
Q
Sheath covering muscle cells
A
endomysium
19
Q
Types of muscle
A
Skeletal Visceral Cardiac
20
Q
Muscle shape
A
Cylindrical Fusiform cylindrical
21
Q
Muscle branching
A
Unbranched Unbranched Branched
22
Q
Muscle blood supply (in decreasing order)
A
Cardiac > skeletal > visceral
23
Q
Muscle Control
A
Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary
24
Q
Innervated by
A
Cranial and spinal nerves ANS ANS
25
Intercalated disc
absent absent present
26
Striation
Prominent Not present Less prominent
27
Nucleation
multi uni uni
28
Mitochondria presence (decreasing order)
Cardiac \> skeletal \> visceral
29
Myoglobin presence
Abundant poor abundant
30
Contraction
fast slow rhythmic
31
Fatigue
Gets fatigued does not get fatigued does not get fatigued
32
Gap junctions presence
Absent Present in single unit muscle fiber and absent in multi unit Present
33
Anatomical unit of muscle
muscle fiber/cell
34
muscle fiber/cell plasma membrane is
sarcolemma
35
muscle fiber/cell cytoplasm
sarcoplasm
36
sarcolemma invaginates to form
T tubules or transverse tubules
37
1 myofibril consist of
2 types of myofilaments -thick myofilament (mostly myosin) -think myofilament (mostly actin)
38
The endoplasmic reticulum of muscle
sarcoplasmic reticulum
39
sarcoplasmic reticulum is
storehouse of Ca2+ ions
40
dark band of myofibril AKA
A- band (anisotropic band )
41
light band of myofibril AKA
I - band (isotropic band)
42
Center of A-band
H zone
43
H zone AKA
Hensens zone
44
Dark line passing through H zone
M line
45
Zone of partial overlap
O zone (overlap zone)
46
Line passing through I band
Z line
47
Z line AKA
krause membrane
48
Contractile unit of muscle
sarcomere
49
zone between 2 successive Z lines
sarcomere
50
sarcomere is .... (wrt myofibril)
the structural and functional unit of myofibril
51
Thick myofilament made of
polymerized protein called myosin
52
Monomeric protein of myosin is
meromyosin
53
Meromyosin divided into
Globular head with short arm
&
tail
54
Globular head + short arm is called
Heavy meromyosin (HMM)
55
Tail AKA
Light meromyosin (LMM)
56
globular head **ACTS** as an.....
ATPase enzyme (remember **ACTS**)
57
Head has binding site for
ATP and actin
58
thin myofilament made of
3 proteins : actin, tropomyosin and troponin
59
actin in 2 forms
G actin and F actin
globular and filamentous
60
G actin is
monomeric
61
F actin is
polymerized G actin, insoluble, double-helical
62
What causes polymerization of G actin to form F actin
Mg2+ ion
63
What blocks the binding site of actin
tropomyosin
64
Troponin is present
at regular intervals of tropomyosin
65
3 units of toponin
Troponin I
Troponin T
Troponin C
66
Troponin I function
inhibits actin myosin interaction
67
Troponin T function
binding site of tropomyosin
68
Troponin C function
Binds to Ca2+
69
a muscle fiber is under the control of
ONE NEURON
70
Sliding Filament theory
Andrew Huxley , Ralph Niedergerke
Jean Hanson, Hugh Huxley
71
Resting potential in sarcolemma of resting muscle
-90 mV
72
How does the sarcoplasmic reticulum get back its Ca2+ ions
With help of Ca+ pumps
73
Role of Ca2+ ion
Attaches to troponin C and causes troponin complex to move away from myosin binding site
74
Calcium binding protein in sarcoplasmic reticulum is
Calsequestron
75
relaxation is bought about by two steps
1) unbinding of acetylcholine from binding site with help of acetylcholine esterase
2) pumping of calcium into Sarcoplasmic reticulum
where calcium binding protein (CALSEQUESTRIN)
76
Types of muscle fibers
red muscle fiber and white muscle fiber
77
Diameter differnce in RMF and WMF
smaller ; larger
78
Myoglobin in RMF and WMF
more ; less
Myoglobin gives colour
79
Mitochondria in RMF and WMF
More ; less
80
Blood supply in RMF and WMF
More ; less
81
Sarcoplamic reticulum in RMF and WMF
less ; more
82
oxidation in RMF and WMF
Aerobic ; anaerobic
83
Contraction in RMF and WMF
slow for long period ; fast for short period
84
RMF and WMF found
Extensor muscles of human back and flight muscles of kites
Muscles of eyeball and flight muscles of sparow
85
Difference between Chondroblast and chondroclast
chondroblast: cartilage forming cell
Chondroclast: cartilage disolving cells
86
Differnce between osteoblast and osteoclast
osteoblast is bone forming cells
osteoclast is bone dissolving cells
87
Type of skeletal system
endoskeleton and exoskeleton
88
hwo many bones in human adult
206
89
Human skeletal system divided into (and how many bones in each )
Axial (80)
Appendicular (126)
90
Axial skeleton divided into (and how many bones)
Skull (29)
Vertebrae(26)
ribs+sternum (24 + 1)
91
Skull divided into
Facial bones (14)
Cranial bones (8)
Ear ossicles (6)
hyoid bone (1)
92
Facial bone
also state whether paired or not
Nasal (2)
maxilla (2)
zygomatic (2)
mandible (1)
inferior nasal conchea (2)
vomer (1)
palatine (2)
lacramal (2)
93
Cranial bone
also state weather paired or not
94
Human skull is
on basis of condyls
dicondylic
95
Keystone cranial bones is.... and what does it mean
sphenoid
connects all cranial bones
96
pitutary gland present in which canvity
Cavity is part of....
sella turcica
97
Back bone fits into ........ to connect to skull
Foramen magnum
98
Ear ossicles are
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)
99
Strongest and largest facial bone
mandible
100
position of hyoid bone
base of the tongue and above the larynx
101
what is hyoid apparatus
hyoid bone + tongue
102
what makes hyoid bone unique
only bone to not articulate with another bone
103
Functions of skull
Protect brain
mastication of food
osciles amplify sound
104
How many bones in vertebral column of adult and infant
26 and 33
105
what is present between adjacent vertebrae
Intervertebral disc
106
structure through which spinal chord passes through in the vertebral column
Neural canal
107
Vertebral column divided into (state number as well)
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacrum (1) (5 in infants)
coccyx (1) (4 in infants)
108
First and second vertebrae
Atlas and axis
109
depression of atlas is
odontoid fossa
110
odontoid process arises from
axis
111
compared to male sacrum , female sacrum is
WIder and shorter
112
the anterior convex curves are .....
secondary
cervical curve and lumbar curve
113
Human ribs are
Bicephalic
because it has 2 articulation points
114
types of ribs
vertebrosternal ribs (1-7)
vertebrochondral ribs (8-10)
vertebral ribs (11 & 12)
115
Ribs connected to sternum by
hyaline cartilage
116
function of floating ribs
protect kidneys
117
how many bones in appendicular skeleton
126
118
appendicular skeleton divided into (state number of bones too)
girldes (6)
limb bones (4x30)
119
girdles divided into
pectoral girdle (4)
pelvic girdle (2)
120
bones of pectoral girdle
scapula(2) and clavicle (2)
121
scapula present in
between 2nd and 7th vertebrae
122
humorous fits into the
glenoid cavity
123
clavicle is attached to
acromion process at one end and sternum at the other
124
high point of shoulder is
acromion clavicle joint
125
pelvic girdle posteriorly attached to
sacrum
126
pelvic girdle divided into 2
coxal bones
127
coxal bone formed by
3 bones
ilium
pubis
ischium
128
2 coxal bones meet at the
pubic symphysis
129
point where ilium, pubis, and ischium meet
acetabulum
130
femur articulates with
acetabulum
131
Bones or the arm
humerus
outer radius
inner ulna
132
bones of the palm
carpels (8)
metacarples (5)
phalenges (14)
133
name the carples
134
longest bone of body
femur
135
Bones of the legs
femur
inner tibia
outer fibula
136
bones of the feet
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
137
name the tarsals
138
Types of joints
Fibrous joints
Cartiliganeous
Synovial
139
Types of synovial joints
Hinge
ball and socket
pivot
gliding
saddle
angular or ellipsoid
140
other names of the 3 types of joints
synarthrose
amphiarthrose
diarthrose
141
Fibrous joints held by
give eg
fibrous cartilage
Sutures connecting the cranial bones
142
143
example of cartilaginous joint
vertebrae joint by cartilaginous pads
144
bones of synovial joint are covered by
synovial membrane
145
Inisde synovial membrane is called
synovial cavity
146
synovial cavity filled with
synovial fluid
147
function of synovial fluid
lubricate, nourish, and acts as shock absorber
148
ends of two bones of a joint is covered by
hyalin cartilage
149
hyaline cartilage at end of bones is AKA
articular cartilage
150
Eg of ball and socket
shoulder and hip joints
151
eg pivot
joint between the radius and ulna just below the elbow
axis and atlas
152
example of hinge
elbow and knee joint
153
eg of glinding
tarsals and carples
154
eg saddle joint
joint between metacarpals of thumb and carpels
155
eg angular or condyloid joint or ellipsoid joint
between radius and carples
156
which is the simplest synovial joint
gliding joint
157
Name two autoimmune disease
myasthenia gravis and rheumatoid arthritis
158
Myasthenia gravis
antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors on sarcolemma
No contraction
muscles become weak
paralysis
159
genetic disease
muscular dystrophy
160
in Muscular dystrophy
protein dystrophin is not formed
leads to progressive degeneration of muscles
161
tetany
rapid spasm becuse of low Ca2+ ions
162
osteoperosis
bone loses minerals and fibers from matrix
163
Cause of osteoperosis
hormone imbalance
- calcitonin
- parathormone hormone
- oestrogen
deficiency in
Vit D and Ca
164
Arthritis
inflamation of joints
165
gout
accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints
166
uric acid get deposited as
monosodium salts
167
rheumatoid arthritis
joints inflammation
synovial membrane produces PANNUA
causing erosion
leads to joints getting ossified, thereby becoming immovable
168
osteoarthritis
degeneration or articular cartilage
169
parts affected by osteoarthritis
Knees , spine , hands
170
name Lever system
First class
second class
third class
171
lifting head is an example of
first class lever
172
lifting heel is
example of second class lever
173
174
bicep lifting is
third class lever
