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NEET ZOOLOGY > LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT > Flashcards

LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT Flashcards

1
Q

Types of movement

A

Ameboid Ciliary Muscular

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2
Q

Ameboid movement also called

A

Pseudopodial movement

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3
Q

Pseudopodia formed by

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

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4
Q

Amoeboid movement is shown by (3)

A

Amoeba WBC Macrophage

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5
Q

Movement of viscous substances done by

A

ciliary movements

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6
Q

What part of the body is lined by cilia

A

Retrodictive and respiratory tract

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7
Q

Movement of spermatozoa, maintenance of water canal system in sponges and movement in euglena done by

A

Flagella

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8
Q

The locomotory structure of hydra

A

tentacles

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9
Q

locomotry structure of paramoecium

A

cilia

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10
Q

Importance of locomotion

A

searching for food a mate migration defense

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11
Q

Which germinal layer was muscles derived from

A

mesoderm

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12
Q

Structure of muscles

A

Muscle is a bundle of fascicle The fascicle is a bundle of muscle cells (myocyte) Muscle cells have myofibrils in them

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13
Q

How many muscles in human body

A

639

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14
Q

Muscles properties

A

Contractability Extensibility Excitability elasticity

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15
Q

How much % of body weight

A

40-50%

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16
Q

Sheath covering the muscles

A

Epimysium

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17
Q

Sheath of connective tissue covering fascicle

A

perimysium

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18
Q

Sheath covering muscle cells

A

endomysium

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19
Q

Types of muscle

A

Skeletal Visceral Cardiac

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20
Q

Muscle shape

A

Cylindrical Fusiform cylindrical

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21
Q

Muscle branching

A

Unbranched Unbranched Branched

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22
Q

Muscle blood supply (in decreasing order)

A

Cardiac > skeletal > visceral

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23
Q

Muscle Control

A

Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary

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24
Q

Innervated by

A

Cranial and spinal nerves ANS ANS

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25
Q

Intercalated disc

A

absent absent present

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26
Q

Striation

A

Prominent Not present Less prominent

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27
Q

Nucleation

A

multi uni uni

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28
Q

Mitochondria presence (decreasing order)

A

Cardiac > skeletal > visceral

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29
Q

Myoglobin presence

A

Abundant poor abundant

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30
Q

Contraction

A

fast slow rhythmic

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31
Q

Fatigue

A

Gets fatigued does not get fatigued does not get fatigued

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32
Q

Gap junctions presence

A

Absent Present in single unit muscle fiber and absent in multi unit Present

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33
Q

Anatomical unit of muscle

A

muscle fiber/cell

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34
Q

muscle fiber/cell plasma membrane is

A

sarcolemma

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35
Q

muscle fiber/cell cytoplasm

A

sarcoplasm

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36
Q

sarcolemma invaginates to form

A

T tubules or transverse tubules

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37
Q

1 myofibril consist of

A

2 types of myofilaments -thick myofilament (mostly myosin) -think myofilament (mostly actin)

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38
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum of muscle

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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39
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum is

A

storehouse of Ca2+ ions

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40
Q

dark band of myofibril AKA

A

A- band (anisotropic band )

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41
Q

light band of myofibril AKA

A

I - band (isotropic band)

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42
Q

Center of A-band

A

H zone

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43
Q

H zone AKA

A

Hensens zone

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44
Q

Dark line passing through H zone

A

M line

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45
Q

Zone of partial overlap

A

O zone (overlap zone)

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46
Q

Line passing through I band

A

Z line

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47
Q

Z line AKA

A

krause membrane

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48
Q

Contractile unit of muscle

A

sarcomere

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49
Q

zone between 2 successive Z lines

A

sarcomere

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50
Q

sarcomere is …. (wrt myofibril)

A

the structural and functional unit of myofibril

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51
Q

Thick myofilament made of

A

polymerized protein called myosin

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52
Q

Monomeric protein of myosin is

A

meromyosin

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53
Q

Meromyosin divided into

A

Globular head with short arm

&

tail

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54
Q

Globular head + short arm is called

A

Heavy meromyosin (HMM)

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55
Q

Tail AKA

A

Light meromyosin (LMM)

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56
Q

globular head ACTS as an…..

A

ATPase enzyme (remember ACTS)

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57
Q

Head has binding site for

A

ATP and actin

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58
Q

thin myofilament made of

A

3 proteins : actin, tropomyosin and troponin

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59
Q

actin in 2 forms

A

G actin and F actin

globular and filamentous

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60
Q

G actin is

A

monomeric

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61
Q

F actin is

A

polymerized G actin, insoluble, double-helical

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62
Q

What causes polymerization of G actin to form F actin

A

Mg2+ ion

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63
Q

What blocks the binding site of actin

A

tropomyosin

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64
Q

Troponin is present

A

at regular intervals of tropomyosin

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65
Q

3 units of toponin

A

Troponin I

Troponin T

Troponin C

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66
Q

Troponin I function

A

inhibits actin myosin interaction

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67
Q

Troponin T function

A

binding site of tropomyosin

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68
Q

Troponin C function

A

Binds to Ca2+

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69
Q

a muscle fiber is under the control of

A

ONE NEURON

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70
Q

Sliding Filament theory

A

Andrew Huxley , Ralph Niedergerke

Jean Hanson, Hugh Huxley

71
Q

Resting potential in sarcolemma of resting muscle

A

-90 mV

72
Q

How does the sarcoplasmic reticulum get back its Ca2+ ions

A

With help of Ca+ pumps

73
Q

Role of Ca2+ ion

A

Attaches to troponin C and causes troponin complex to move away from myosin binding site

74
Q

Calcium binding protein in sarcoplasmic reticulum is

A

Calsequestron

75
Q

relaxation is bought about by two steps

A

1) unbinding of acetylcholine from binding site with help of acetylcholine esterase
2) pumping of calcium into Sarcoplasmic reticulum

where calcium binding protein (CALSEQUESTRIN)

76
Q

Types of muscle fibers

A

red muscle fiber and white muscle fiber

77
Q

Diameter differnce in RMF and WMF

A

smaller ; larger

78
Q

Myoglobin in RMF and WMF

A

more ; less

Myoglobin gives colour

79
Q

Mitochondria in RMF and WMF

A

More ; less

80
Q

Blood supply in RMF and WMF

A

More ; less

81
Q

Sarcoplamic reticulum in RMF and WMF

A

less ; more

82
Q

oxidation in RMF and WMF

A

Aerobic ; anaerobic

83
Q

Contraction in RMF and WMF

A

slow for long period ; fast for short period

84
Q

RMF and WMF found

A

Extensor muscles of human back and flight muscles of kites

Muscles of eyeball and flight muscles of sparow

85
Q

Difference between Chondroblast and chondroclast

A

chondroblast: cartilage forming cell

Chondroclast: cartilage disolving cells

86
Q

Differnce between osteoblast and osteoclast

A

osteoblast is bone forming cells

osteoclast is bone dissolving cells

87
Q

Type of skeletal system

A

endoskeleton and exoskeleton

88
Q

hwo many bones in human adult

A

206

89
Q

Human skeletal system divided into (and how many bones in each )

A

Axial (80)

Appendicular (126)

90
Q

Axial skeleton divided into (and how many bones)

A

Skull (29)

Vertebrae(26)

ribs+sternum (24 + 1)

91
Q

Skull divided into

A

Facial bones (14)

Cranial bones (8)

Ear ossicles (6)

hyoid bone (1)

92
Q

Facial bone

also state whether paired or not

A

Nasal (2)

maxilla (2)

zygomatic (2)

mandible (1)

inferior nasal conchea (2)

vomer (1)

palatine (2)

lacramal (2)

93
Q

Cranial bone

also state weather paired or not

A
94
Q

Human skull is

on basis of condyls

A

dicondylic

95
Q

Keystone cranial bones is…. and what does it mean

A

sphenoid

connects all cranial bones

96
Q

pitutary gland present in which canvity

Cavity is part of….

A

sella turcica

97
Q

Back bone fits into …….. to connect to skull

A

Foramen magnum

98
Q

Ear ossicles are

A

Malleus (hammer)

Incus (anvil)

Stapes (stirrup)

99
Q

Strongest and largest facial bone

A

mandible

100
Q

position of hyoid bone

A

base of the tongue and above the larynx

101
Q

what is hyoid apparatus

A

hyoid bone + tongue

102
Q

what makes hyoid bone unique

A

only bone to not articulate with another bone

103
Q

Functions of skull

A

Protect brain

mastication of food

osciles amplify sound

104
Q

How many bones in vertebral column of adult and infant

A

26 and 33

105
Q

what is present between adjacent vertebrae

A

Intervertebral disc

106
Q

structure through which spinal chord passes through in the vertebral column

A

Neural canal

107
Q

Vertebral column divided into (state number as well)

A

Cervical (7)

Thoracic (12)

lumbar (5)

sacrum (1) (5 in infants)

coccyx (1) (4 in infants)

108
Q

First and second vertebrae

A

Atlas and axis

109
Q

depression of atlas is

A

odontoid fossa

110
Q

odontoid process arises from

A

axis

111
Q

compared to male sacrum , female sacrum is

A

WIder and shorter

112
Q

the anterior convex curves are …..

A

secondary

cervical curve and lumbar curve

113
Q

Human ribs are

A

Bicephalic

because it has 2 articulation points

114
Q

types of ribs

A

vertebrosternal ribs (1-7)

vertebrochondral ribs (8-10)

vertebral ribs (11 & 12)

115
Q

Ribs connected to sternum by

A

hyaline cartilage

116
Q

function of floating ribs

A

protect kidneys

117
Q

how many bones in appendicular skeleton

A

126

118
Q

appendicular skeleton divided into (state number of bones too)

A

girldes (6)

limb bones (4x30)

119
Q

girdles divided into

A

pectoral girdle (4)

pelvic girdle (2)

120
Q

bones of pectoral girdle

A

scapula(2) and clavicle (2)

121
Q

scapula present in

A

between 2nd and 7th vertebrae

122
Q

humorous fits into the

A

glenoid cavity

123
Q

clavicle is attached to

A

acromion process at one end and sternum at the other

124
Q

high point of shoulder is

A

acromion clavicle joint

125
Q

pelvic girdle posteriorly attached to

A

sacrum

126
Q

pelvic girdle divided into 2

A

coxal bones

127
Q

coxal bone formed by

A

3 bones

ilium

pubis

ischium

128
Q

2 coxal bones meet at the

A

pubic symphysis

129
Q

point where ilium, pubis, and ischium meet

A

acetabulum

130
Q

femur articulates with

A

acetabulum

131
Q

Bones or the arm

A

humerus

outer radius

inner ulna

132
Q

bones of the palm

A

carpels (8)

metacarples (5)

phalenges (14)

133
Q

name the carples

A
134
Q

longest bone of body

A

femur

135
Q

Bones of the legs

A

femur

inner tibia

outer fibula

136
Q

bones of the feet

A

tarsals

metatarsals

phalanges

137
Q

name the tarsals

A
138
Q

Types of joints

A

Fibrous joints

Cartiliganeous

Synovial

139
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

Hinge

ball and socket

pivot

gliding

saddle

angular or ellipsoid

140
Q

other names of the 3 types of joints

A

synarthrose

amphiarthrose

diarthrose

141
Q

Fibrous joints held by

give eg

A

fibrous cartilage

Sutures connecting the cranial bones

142
Q
A
143
Q

example of cartilaginous joint

A

vertebrae joint by cartilaginous pads

144
Q

bones of synovial joint are covered by

A

synovial membrane

145
Q

Inisde synovial membrane is called

A

synovial cavity

146
Q

synovial cavity filled with

A

synovial fluid

147
Q

function of synovial fluid

A

lubricate, nourish, and acts as shock absorber

148
Q

ends of two bones of a joint is covered by

A

hyalin cartilage

149
Q

hyaline cartilage at end of bones is AKA

A

articular cartilage

150
Q

Eg of ball and socket

A

shoulder and hip joints

151
Q

eg pivot

A

joint between the radius and ulna just below the elbow

axis and atlas

152
Q

example of hinge

A

elbow and knee joint

153
Q

eg of glinding

A

tarsals and carples

154
Q

eg saddle joint

A

joint between metacarpals of thumb and carpels

155
Q

eg angular or condyloid joint or ellipsoid joint

A

between radius and carples

156
Q

which is the simplest synovial joint

A

gliding joint

157
Q

Name two autoimmune disease

A

myasthenia gravis and rheumatoid arthritis

158
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors on sarcolemma

No contraction

muscles become weak

paralysis

159
Q

genetic disease

A

muscular dystrophy

160
Q

in Muscular dystrophy

A

protein dystrophin is not formed

leads to progressive degeneration of muscles

161
Q

tetany

A

rapid spasm becuse of low Ca2+ ions

162
Q

osteoperosis

A

bone loses minerals and fibers from matrix

163
Q

Cause of osteoperosis

A

hormone imbalance

  • calcitonin
  • parathormone hormone
  • oestrogen

deficiency in

Vit D and Ca

164
Q

Arthritis

A

inflamation of joints

165
Q

gout

A

accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints

166
Q

uric acid get deposited as

A

monosodium salts

167
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

joints inflammation

synovial membrane produces PANNUA

causing erosion

leads to joints getting ossified, thereby becoming immovable

168
Q

osteoarthritis

A

degeneration or articular cartilage

169
Q

parts affected by osteoarthritis

A

Knees , spine , hands

170
Q

name Lever system

A

First class

second class

third class

171
Q

lifting head is an example of

A

first class lever

172
Q

lifting heel is

A

example of second class lever

173
Q
A
174
Q

bicep lifting is

A

third class lever

NEET ZOOLOGY (3 decks)

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