NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION Flashcards
1
Q
maintenance of the steady and stable internal environment is called
A
homeostasis
2
Q
neural organization in hydra
A
neurons lick to form a plexus
3
Q
neural organization insects
A
brain + ganglia + neural tissue
4
Q
nervous system divided into
A
CNS & PNS
5
Q
site of information processing
A
CNS
6
Q
CNS divided into
A
brian and spinal cord
7
Q
nerve is
A
collection of nerve fibers
8
Q
Component of the PNS
A
nerves
9
Q
Types of nerve fibers
A
afferent sensory neuron efferent motor neuron
10
Q
Division of PNS
A
Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system
11
Q
SNS relays impulse from CNS to
A
voluntary muscles
12
Q
ANS realyas impulse from CNS to
A
involuntary organs
13
Q
ANS divided into
A
sympathetic and parasympathetic
14
Q
neurotransmitter in sympathetic NS
A
adrenaline and noradrenaline
15
Q
neurotransmitter in parasympathetic NS
A
acetylcholine
16
Q
Sympathetic NS is (excitatory or inhibitory)
A
excitatory
17
Q
Parasympathetic NS is (excitatory or inhibitory)
A
inhibitory
18
Q
Human brain has how many nuerons
A
100 billion
19
Q
funtional unit of nervous system
A
neurons
20
Q
Parts of the neuron
A
21
Q
what is Nissl’s granules
A
RER and ribosomes
22
Q
cytoplasm of axon
A
axoplasm
23
Q
Types of neurons
A
Multipolar
pseudo polar
bipolar
unipolar
24
Q
Where is multipolar neuron found
A
cerebral cortex
25
Where are bipolar neurons found
Retinal layer of eye
26
Unipolar neurons are found
in embryonic stage
27
Where are pseudo polar neurons found
dorsal root ganglion of spinal chord
28
neurons are surrounded by
glial cells
29
types of glial cells and function
astrocyte (provide nutrition)
microglia(phagocytic)
neurolemmocyte (form myelin sheath in PNS)
30
What forms myelin sheath in CNS
oligodendrocyute
31
What forms mylein sheath in PNS
Schwan cells
32
Schwan cells AKA
meurolemmo cells
33
Nervous system is derived from which germinal layer
Ectoderm
34
Microglial cells are dervived from
mesoderm
35
types of axons
myelinated and non myelinated
36
Myelinated neurons are found in
spinal and cranial nerves
37
What is discontinuous at the node of ranvier
myelin sheath
38
myelin sheath acts as an
insulator
39
Schwann cells produces .......in the non myelinated axon
nuerilemma
40
Neurilemma is absent in CNS
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
41
Unmyelinated neurons mostly found in
ANS and SNS
42
Extracellular fluid is has high amount of
Na+ ion
43
Intercellular(axoplasm) fluid has higher concentration of
K+ ions
and negatively charged protiens
44
types of ion channels
voltage gated channels
and leakage channels
45
Resting membrane potenial
varies from -40 to -90
Typical value is -70 mV
46
Threshold potential
-60 mV
47
explain the polarized state
Axoplasm -ve charge with K+ ions in high conc and negatively charger proteins
Extracellular fluid =ve charge with Na+ ions in high conc
48
What causes opening of Na+ channels
threshold stimulus
49
explain depolarized state
Axoplasm +ve charge with high conc of Na+ and K+ ions and
ESF -ve charged because of low Na+ conc
50
How is depolarized state acheived
stimulus opens Na+ voltage gated channels
51
explain repolarized state
axoplasm -ve charge with high conc of Na+ ion and negatively charged proteins
ECF is +ve charge with high conc of K+ ion
52
how is repolarized state achieved
K+ channels open and K+ moves to ECF
53
How is polarized state achieved
Na+ K+ pumps
3Na+ to ECF from axoplasm
2Ka+ to axoplasm from ECF
for 1 ATP molecule
54
Saltatory conduction
myelin sheath is impervious to ions
so impulse jumps from one node of ranvier to the next
55
axon terminals can be in association with
dendrite
cell body
axon
muscle
secretory cells
56
synapse =
pre synaptic membrane
synaptic cleft
post synaptic membrane
57
Types of synapse
electrical synapse
chemical synapse
58
pre and post synaptic membrane in Electrical synapse
both are in close proximity
Membranes connected by gap juntions
59
electric and chemical synapse , speed comparison
electric synapse \> chemical synapse
60
Pre and post synaptic membrane in chemical synapse
are far apart
61
Impulse transmission in chemical synapse is done with the help of
Neurotransmitters
62
Chemical synapse impulse transmission
impulse reaches axon terminals
causes voltage gated Ca+ channels to open
enter synaptic knob
and attaches to synaptic vesicles
and cause neurotransmitter to release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft by exocytosis
63
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine, adrenaline , noradrenaline and glutamate
64
Adrenaline and nor adrenaline AKA
epinephrine and nor epinephrin
65
inhibitory neurotransmitters
Dopamine, serotonin, GABA, Glycine
66
Acetylcholine inactivated by
acetylcholineesterase
67
Norepinephrine is inactivated by
monoamine oxidase
68
The brain is divided into
prosencephalon (fore)
mesencephalon (mid)
rhombencephalon (hind)
69
The prosencephalon is divided into
diencephalon
telencephalon
70
the diencephalon is divided into
thalamus
epithalamus
hypothalamus
71
telencephalon is divided into
cerebral cortex
corpus striatum
limbic system
72
limbic system consists of
hippocampus and amygdala
73
rhombencephalon divided into
Myelencephalon
metencephalon
74
What is the myelencephalon
the medulla
75
metencephalon is divided into
pons and cerebellum
76
Name the cranial meninges
## Footnote
**(iPAD)**
piamater (inner)
arachnoidmater
duramater (outer)
77
Duramater is made of
tough connective tissue
78
Arachnoid is made of
delicate connective tissue
79
Thin and highly vascular meninx is
Piamater
80
space between duramater and arachnoid
sub-dural space
81
space between arachnoid and piamater
sub-arachnoid space
82
CSF is present in
Subdural space or subarachnoid space
subarachnoid space
83
funtions of brain
Voluntary movement
body balance
thermoregulation
functioning of vital organs
maintains the circadian rhythm
controls endocrine glands
hunger and thirst
84
cerebrum divided into
left and right cerebral hemispsheres
85
each cerebral hemisphere is divided into
frontal , parietal , occiptal and temporal lobe
86
Cerebral hemispheres are connected by
corpus callosum
87
length of the corpus calosum
10 cm
88
Corpus callosum made of how many nerve fibers
200 million
89
bundle of nerve fibers are called ........ in CNS
tract
90
Anterior and posterior part of the corpus callosum
Genu and Splenium
91
thickness of cerebral cortex
2-4 milli meter
92
how many neurons in cerebral cortex
10 billion
93
shapes of neurons in cerebral cortex
pyramid , spindle , satellite
94
cerebral cortex AKA
gray matter
95
why is cerebral cortex called gray matter
because the neurons are greyish brown in appearance
96
convolutions of the brain
sulci (grooves)
fissures (deep grooves)
gyri (bulges between grooves)
97
how do convulsions help
increase surface area for more neurons
98
by how much do convulsions increase the surface area in the brain
by 3 times
99
region below the cerebral cortex is called
white matter
100
why is white matter called so
high concentrations of myelin gives white colour
101
3 area of the cerebral cortex
motor area
sensory area
association area
102
Function of association area of cerebral cortex
intersensory association
Memory
Communication
103
explain intersensory association
Different sensations like touch , smell and sight are interconnected for proper interpretation.
104
smallest part of the diencephalon
epithalamus
105
position of the epithalamus
posterior end of the third ventricle
106
epithalamus consists of
pineal gland and habenula
107
the cerebrum wraps around a structure called
thalamus
108
what is the relay center of the brain cortex
thalamus
109
Position of the hypothalamus
base of the thalamus
110
function of hypothalamus
control body temp
controls urge to eat and drink
sexual drive
emotions
endocrine functions
111
hormones of hypothalamus are produced by
neurosecretory cells
112
what are neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus
hypothalamic neurons
113
hormones produced by hypothalamus are called
hypothalamic hormones
114
Name the hypothalamic hormones
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
ADH
oxytosin
115
What brain structures are responsible for human behaviour
Hypothalamus and limbic system
116
Shape of amygdala
almond shape
117
Amygdala is associated with what emotion
rage and anger
118
Hippocampus is associated with what funtions
memory recalling
conversion of long term memory to short term memory
119
position of the mid brain
between hypothalamus and pons
120
midbrain consists of
4 lobes collectively called **corpora quadrigemina**
121
Arrangement of the 4 lobes of midrain
2 on on the upper side
2 on the lower side
122
upper 2 lobes of midbrain is called
superior colliculi
123
lower two lobes of midbbrain are called
inferior colliculi
124
inferior colliculi funtion
receives impulse from ears and muscles of the head
controls auditory reflex
Coordinated movement of head to detect source of sound
125
superior colliculi function
receives impulse from eyes and muscles of the head
control visual reflex
Controls coordinated movement of eyes and head to focus on an object
126
Hindbrain consists of
pons
cerebellum
medula oblongata
127
which part's tract connects to various parts of the brain
pons
128
function of pons
neural link between cerebral cortex and cerebellum
129
pneumotaxic center is present in
pons
130
function of pneumotaxic center
regulate respiratory rhythm center
131
respiratory rhytem center present in
132
2nd largest part of the brain
cerebellum
133
Cerebellum constituted of
cerebellar hemisphere and vermis
134
function of cerebellum
coordinate locomotry activity
135
what is important for rapid muscular actvity
cerebellum
136
medulla oblongata controls
respiration, cardiovascular reflex, and gastric secretions
137
what center of the medulla oblongata controls respiration
respiratory rhythm center
138
how does medulla oblongata control the cardiovascular reflex
it has a center than controls the ANS
which provides sympathetic and parasympathetic supply to the heart
139
brain stem =
mid brain + hind brain
140
what connects the brain and spinal cord
Brain stem
141
reflex pathway
sensory receptor
sensory neuron
interneuron
motor neuron
effector organ
142
the organization of sensory , inter and motor neuron is **NOT** a simple 1:1:1 ratio
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
143
In knee jerk reflex the sensory neuron enter the spinal cord from the _____ side via the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
dorsal
dorsal root ganglion
144
interneuron present in which part of the spinal cord
gray matter
145
funtion of interneuron
serves as a connection between sensory and motor neuron
146
In knee jerk relfex is interneuron involved
No
Only one synapse is formed between a sensory and motor neuron
147
what is the result during knee jerk reflex
contraction of quadriceps
and inhibition of contraction of hamstring
148
types of interneurons
stimulatory and inhibitory
149
knee jerk
salivation on tasting food
peristalisis
closing eyes when objects come close
are examples of
unconditioned rflex
150
salivating on seeing food
knitting
playing an instrument
writing
are examples of
conditioned reflex
151
Types of reflex (on basis of synapse)
monosynaptic reflex
polysynaptic reflex
152
example of monosynaptic reflex
knee jerk reflex
153
Name 4 neurological disease
Parkinson's DIsease
Alzheimer's
Schizophrenia
Huntingtons Chorea
154
Cause of parkinsons disease
low dopamine
155
cause of Alzheimer's
low acetylcholine
156
cause od schizophrenia
high dopamine
157
casue of hintingtons chorea
low GABA
low acetylcholine
158
symptoms of parkinsons
tremors in body
causing slow voluntary movement
159
sympotoms of alzhiemers
memory loss
160
symptoms of schizophrenia
hallucinations
behavioral disorder
161
symptoms of huntingtons chorea
flicking movements
severe dementia
