Seminar: Inequality Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Oxford English Dictionary of sociology?

A

The study of the development, structure and functioning of human society

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2
Q

How is sociology applied to healthcare?

A

The sociology of health and illness (Medical Sociology) applies the methods and theories of sociology to the health field

  • Sociology studies peoples’ interactions with those engaged in medical occupations e.g. healthcare professional-patient relationships
  • Sociology studies the way people make sense of illness e.g. illness versus disease
  • Sociology studies the behaviour and interactions of health care professionals in their work setting e.g. professional values, interactions between health care professionals and other health care staff
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3
Q

Sociologists who studied professions in the 1950s identified what characteristics of professions as opposed to other occupations?

A
  • Systematic theory
  • Authority recognised by its clientele
  • Broader community sanction
  • Code of ethics
  • Professional culture sustained by formal professional sanctions
    Medicine incorporates all the above features
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4
Q

How does sociology play a role in health promotion?

A

Promoting healthy behaviour and preventing ill health is only possible if we understand the ways different groups in society operate e.g. men and women, rich and poor, young and old
Sociology provides health promotion with an analysis of the different groups in society

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5
Q

What is the role of the patient in the sick role?

A

The sick role exempts ill people from their daily responsibilities
Patient is not responsible for being ill and is regarded as unable to get better without the help of a professional
Patient must seek help from a healthcare professional
Patient is under a social obligation to get better as soon as possible to be able to take up social responsibilities again

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6
Q

What is the role of the healthcare professional in the sick role?

A

Professional must be objective and not judge patients morally
Professional must not act out of self-interest or greed but put patient’s interests first
He/she must obey a professional code of practice
Professional must have and maintain the necessary knowledge and skills to treat patients
Professional has the right to examine patient intimately, prescribe treatment and has wide autonomy in medical practice

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7
Q

Why can the sick role become complicated?

A

Role of doctor’s in this is potentially controversial as we are the ones who have to justify any significant level of sickness for e.g. with medical certificates for those needing to be off work.
There is, however, no way of knowing objectively whether someone is sick or not.
We often think of this, however, when someone is said to ‘adopt’ the sick role.
Where they are said to be receiving the benefits but not necessarily engaged with the responsibilities of the sick role.
Can lead to conflict – are they sick enough to miss work?

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8
Q

What are the different social classes according to National Statistics Socio-economic Classification (NS-SEC)?

A

1.1 Large employers and higher managerial and administrative occupations
- Larger numbers of employees and who delegate some of their managerial and entrepreneurial role to salaried staff. Higher managerial role involves general planning and supervision of operations on behalf of employer. Service relationship with the employer
1.2 Higher professional occupations
- Have a service relationship with their employer. Doctor, lawyer, scientist, clergy, teacher, OT, SALT, personnel officer, computer analyst, careers guide. This is regardless of whether employed, self employed or position of management
2 Lower managerial, administrative and professional occupations
- Attenuated service relationship with employer – tend to act under positions above. e.g. sales managers, technicians, nurses, midwives, radiographers, welfare and community workers, ship’s officers and immigration officers
3 Intermediate occupations
- Positions not involving general planning or supervisory powers, in clerical, sales, service and intermediate technical occupations civil service administrative officers and assistants, debt collectors, library assistants, secretaries, telephonists, medical technicians, dental nurses, flight attendants, driving instructors, data processing operators, routine laboratory testers, electrical engineers (not professional), installation and maintenance engineers.
4 Small employers and own account workers
- Small employers who remain essentially in direct control of their enterprises e.g. restaurants, hairdressers, local retail outlets, builders, electricians. Also self employed tradesmen who do not employ others
5 Lower supervisory and technical occupations
- Supervise others in same role e.g. foremen, reception supervisor
- Opportunities for promotion, payment of a salary as opposed to a weekly or hourly wage, greater work autonomy, e.g. electrical maintenance fitters, motor mechanics, cabinet makers, transport operatives
6 Semi-routine occupations
- the work involved requires at least some element of employee discretion and contract typified by short term and direct exchange of money for effort. E.g. educational assistants, security guards, postal workers, hospital porters, cooks, hairdressers, builders, carpenters, dressmakers
7 Routine occupations
- Even less opportunities for promotion, autonomy over work. These positions have the least need for employee discretion. E.g. Waiters and waitresses, bar staff, machinists, sorters, packers, railway station staff, road construction workers, building labourers, dockers, couriers, refuse collectors, car park attendants and cleaners
8 Never worked and long-term unemployed

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9
Q

How has the classification of social class change?

A

In 2001 the Office for National Statistics replaced ‘Social Class based on Occupation’ and ‘Socio-economic Groups’ with a new ‘Socio-economic Classification’ (SEC) for all official statistics and surveys.

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10
Q

How does the new SEC define classes?

A

The new SEC is an occupationally based classification but contains rules to provide coverage for the whole adult population. It is concerned not necessarily with income or skill level but relationship within an organisation, level of authority and autonomy as well as opportunity to progress and advance both in learning and within the organisation

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11
Q

Why has the NS-SEC been constructed?

A

The NS-SEC has been constructed to measure the EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS AND CONDITIONS of occupations. These are central to showing the structure of socio-economic positions in modern societies and helping to explain variations in social behaviour and other social phenomena. It has also been reasonably validated both as a measure and as a good predictor of health, educational and many other outcomes.

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12
Q

Different employments offer different labour market situations and work situations. What does labour market situation and work situation mean?

A

Labour market situation equates to source of income, economic security and prospects of economic advancement.
Work situation refers primarily to location in systems of authority and control at work, although degree of autonomy at work is a secondary aspect.

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13
Q

However what is employment not the only determinant of?

A

Not the only determinant of life chances and not the only social influence on health

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14
Q

What are the social/socio-economic influences on our health?

A

A definition would be the collective set of conditions in which people are born, grow up, live and work. These include:

  • Gender
  • Ethnicity
  • Physical environment / housing
  • Education
  • Employment
  • Income / social status / financial security
  • Health system
  • Social environment
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15
Q

How does gender affect medical sociology?

A

Men have a higher mortality at every age
Women have a higher morbidity
Women consult more frequently in General Practice settings
Suicide rates in men are higher
Men more likely to exercise
Men more likely to be admitted to hospital due to alcohol effects
Men more likely to misuse drugs
Females more likely to receive Carer’s Allowance

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16
Q

How does ethnicity affect health?

A

South Asians living in Scotland have substantially higher rates of heart attacks than the general population, but they also have higher survival rates. Higher rates of CHD were seen among Pakistani and Bangladeshi groups, and lower rates among the Chinese population
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes is higher in South Asian populations.
Admissions for each ethnic group relative to the White Scottish group were lower among White Polish and Chinese groups, with higher rates in some Asian groups, White British and White Other.
There is greater prevalence of sickle cell disease in African origin groups.
Scottish data suggest that minority ethnic groups, with some exceptions such as Gypsy/Travellers, have better general health than the majority of the white population. These differences can vary by disease and ethnic group.
Mortality in Scotland is higher in the majority ethnic (white) population than in the black and minority ethnic population.

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17
Q

What is the relationship between ethnicity and alcohol?

A

JRF review of the literature 2010
There is diversity both within and between ethnic groups:
- Most minority ethnic groups have higher rates of abstinence and lower levels of drinking compared to people from white backgrounds
- Abstinence is high amongst South Asians, particularly those from Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Muslim backgrounds. But Pakistani and Muslim men who do drink do so more heavily than other non-white minority ethnic and religious groups
- People from mixed ethnic backgrounds are less likely to abstain and more likely to drink heavily compared to other non-white minority ethnic groups
- People from Indian, Chinese, Irish and Pakistani backgrounds on higher incomes tend to drink above recommended limits
- Over time generational differences may emerge
- Frequent and heavy drinking has increased for Indian women and Chinese men
- Drinking among Sikh girls has increased whilst second generation Sikh men drink less than first generation

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18
Q

People from some ethnic groups are more at risk of alcohol related harm, which?

A

Irish, Scottish and Indian men (and Irish and Scottish women) have higher rates of alcohol related deaths than the national average in England and Wales
Sikh men have higher rates of liver cirrhosis
People from minority ethnic groups have similar levels of alcohol dependence compared to the general population, despite drinking less

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19
Q

What is responsible for these differences between ethnicities?

A

Ethnicity includes social and cultural influences as well as genetic – as such there is some fluidity and change.

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20
Q

What is the relationship between ethnicity and seeking help for alcohol related problems?

What is needed?

A

Minority ethnic groups are under-represented in seeking treatment and advice for drinking problems
Problem drinking may be hidden among women and young people from South Asian ethnic groups in which drinking is proscribed

Greater understanding of cultural issues is needed in developing mainstream and specialist alcohol services

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21
Q

How do we deal with disparities in health?

A

Identify the potential barriers to the use of health services
- Patient level – language concerns, understanding the system, beliefs
- Provider level – understanding of the differences due to ethnicity, provider skills and attitudes
- System level – organisation of appointments and referrals
Culturally Competent Care
- Combination of attitudes, skills and knowledge that allows an understanding and therefore better care of patients with a different backgrounds to our own.
Recognising when we are being culturally incompetent!

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22
Q

How does housing affect health?

A

1 in 4 adolescents living in cold homes is at risk of multiple mental health problems compared to 1 in 20 living in warm homes
Children living in cold homes are more than twice as likely to suffer from a variety of respiratory problems than children living in warm homes
Excess winter deaths are almost 3x higher in the coldest quarter than in the warmest

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23
Q

What does employment provide?

A

Provides income and financial security; this obviously varies and relates in part to social class. (Deprivation is a major determinant of health inequalities)
Provides social contacts
Provides status in society
Provides a purpose in life

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24
Q

What is unemployment associated with?

A

Increased morbidity and premature mortality

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25
Q

What has the WHO stated with regards to finance and medical sociology?

A

The WHO argues that governments should protect people against financial risk in matters of health, whether the system is publically or privately financed
“And it should assure not only that the healthy subsidise the sick….., but also that the burden of financing is fairly shared by having the better-off subsidise the less well-off. This generally requires spending public funds in favour of the poor” (WHO 2000)
The WHO report judged each country’s health system against the most that it estimated could be achieved with its level of health service expenditure. It was possible for a relatively poor country to achieve a better result than a comparatively rich one

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26
Q

What is the relationship between wealth and health expenditure?

A

Direct linear

27
Q

What is the relationship between health expenditure and outcomes?

A

Logarithmic curve

28
Q

What is the UK health expenditure?

A

UK total expenditure on health per capita 2014 $3377.

Total GDP per capita 2014 $46783.

29
Q

What does the WHO state with regards to expenditure?

A

WHO summary – ‘Many countries need to use available funds more efficiently and raise more funds from domestic sources, but these measures would be insufficient to fill the current gap in the poorest countries. Only an increased and predictable flow of donor funding will allow them to meet basic health needs in the short to medium term.’

30
Q

Does the distribution of GPs across Scotland reflect the levels of deprivation?

A

No

31
Q

How do services designed to improve whole population health affect inequalities?

A

There is evidence that services designed to improve whole population health e.g. eye checks, cancer screening, may widen health inequalities if uptake is lowest in those who would derive the greatest benefit

32
Q

Are there higher levels of need in deprived areas?

A

Access to other primary care services reflects higher levels of need in deprived areas

33
Q

What is the effect of incentives?

A

Since 2007, dentists practising in the most deprived areas of Scotland have received a Deprived Areas Allowance of up to £9,000 a year.
Between 2007 and 2012, the number of dentists based in the most deprived areas more than doubled, compared to an increase of one-fifth in the least deprived area.

34
Q

How does transport affect health?

A

There can be adverse effects on health from the expansion of car use e.g. RTAs, pollution (often worse in deprived areas with poor urban planning).
Active travel such as cycling and walking have a number of health benefits e.g. improved mental health, reduced risk of premature death, prevention of chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, depression, dementia and cancer. Walking and cycling are also effective ways of integrating, and increasing, levels of physical activity into everyday life for the majority of the population, yet there has been a lack of investment in walking and cycling infrastructure.
Combining public transport and active travel can help people achieve recommended daily activity levels. Public transport is the most sustainable for longer journeys, yet it can be more expensive and less convenient. In rural areas travel infrastructure and public transport may present challenges.

35
Q

How does media affect health?

A

Shapes and stereotypes our views
Shapes our expectations
Consider the change in media attitude to mental health in recent years, aiming to reduce the previous stigma associated with mental illness

36
Q

What is the definition of health inequalities?

A

The WHO states that health inequalities can be defined as the differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups

37
Q

What were the outcomes of Health Inequalities in Scotland - Audit Scotland, December 2012?

A
  • The Scottish Government allocated around £170million (1.5% of overall NHS Scotland budget) to NHS boards to directly address health related issues associated with inequalities in 2011/12, and in its spending review of 2012/13 reiterated its commitment to addressing health inequalities. As yet it is not clear how NHS boards and councils allocate resources to target local areas with the greatest need
  • Overall health has improved over the past 50 years, average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy has increased, but average life expectancy is lower than any other part of UK for men and women. Women tend to live longer than men but have more years of living in poorer health. People living in rural areas tend to live longer than those in urban areas
  • Deprivation is the key determinant of health inequalities although age, gender and ethnicity are also factors
  • Deprivation in Scotland is concentrated in the west but health inequalities vary widely within local areas

See diagrams.

38
Q

What are the health inequalities in Scotland?

A

See diagram.

39
Q

What are the health inequalities in Aberdeen?

A

There are substantial variations in life expectancy estimates in different areas of Aberdeen City (based on Intermediate Zones).
- For males, life expectancy at birth ranges from a low of 68.2 years in Woodside to a high of 84.9 years in Braeside, Mannofield, Broomhill & Seafield – a difference of 16.7 years.
- For females it ranges from a low of 74.9 years in Woodside to a high of 87.0 years in Balgownie and Donmouth East – a difference of 12.1 years.
(Aberdeen City Council Report-life expectancy and healthy life expectancy March 2017)

40
Q

What were the findings of The Scottish Burden of Disease Study 2016 Deprivation Report?

A

The disease burden in the most deprived areas in Scotland was more than double that found in the least deprived areas (14.1% v. 6.7%), and the burden increased with each level of deprivation
In deprived areas, early death contributed more burden than living with ill health (57.9% of burden due to early death)
In the least deprived areas people were more likely to live with ill health (45.4% of burden due to early death) but there were still fewer people living with, or dying early from, ill health in the least deprived areas than there were in the most deprived areas
The fatal burden rate was three times higher in the most deprived areas in Scotland compared with the least deprived area

41
Q

How are DALY’s affected by deprivation?

A

The least deprived areas in Scotland experienced only half of the burden experienced by the most deprived areas, and the combined fatal (YLL) and non-fatal burden (YLD) in the least deprived areas was lower than just the fatal burden in the most deprived areas (as shown by the solid black line in Figure 1).
Over 50% of the total burden experienced by the most deprived deciles is excess when compared with individuals in the least deprived decile. The non-fatal contribution to the overall burden in each decile increased with decreasing levels of deprivation (see broken line in Figure 1)
Almost none of the differences in DALYs across deprivation deciles in Scotland are explained by age and gender

42
Q

How are DALY’s affected by age and deprivation?

A
The rate of burden increased with age (Figure 2), coinciding with the onset of many chronic and age-related conditions, and the gap between deciles varied across the life course. 
The largest (three-fold) inequalities in burden across deprivation deciles were in people aged between 25 and 64 years – productive working years.
Non-fatal burden was higher at 45–64 years in the most deprived areas than at 65 and above in the least deprived areas, reflecting the earlier onset of disease and injury in deprived areas.
43
Q

How are DALY’s for different conditions affected by deprivation?

A

See diagrams.

44
Q

What is the function of DALY?

A

Highlight the significant differences in level of disability caused by the different conditions.

45
Q

What can lead to these inequalities?

A

Consider the amount of illness that is related to modifiable risk factors and lifestyle
However, the level of time taken to deal with mental health, drug misuse, alcohol dependence

46
Q

hat are the leading causes of burden in the most and least deprived areas of Scotland?

A

See diagram.
And yet, apart from sense organ disease and migraine, other conditions contributing to burden in least deprived areas are still causing more of a burden in the most deprived areas.

47
Q

What needs to be considered when providing care in settings that have different deprivation?

A

Not just about dealing with increased levels of morbidity and early mortality, the conditions that are being seen are different. What does this mean for training and provision of health services in these areas?

48
Q

What does deprivation affect/lead to?

A
Education
Homelessness  / poor quality homes
Unemployment
Family breakdown
Anti social behaviour
Hopelessness
Multi-morbidity
Ambition / aspiration / opportunity
49
Q

What is the effect of being in a vulnerable group on health?

The Homeless

A
  • Average age of death of longer-term homeless is 47 years for men and 43 years for women
  • Death by unnatural causes has been found to be four times more common than average amongst rough sleepers, and suicide 35 times more likely
  • Rough sleepers are more likely to be assaulted than the average person
  • Alcohol and drug problems are very high amongst rough sleepers, and people being resettled from the streets are more likely to face problems sustaining a tenancy if they have these problems
  • The prevalence of infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, HIV and hepatitis C, is significantly higher than in the general populations
  • This population experiences poorer oral health than the general population.
  • Access to health care for this population is different to that of the general population: one third of rough sleepers are not registered with a GP; attendance at accident and emergency is at least eight times higher than the housed population.
50
Q

What is the effect of being in a vulnerable group on health?

Learning Disability

What barriers are there in accessing healthcare?

A
  • People with a learning disability have worse physical and mental health than people without a learning disability.
  • On average, the life expectancy of women with a learning disability is 18 years shorter than for women in the general population; and the life expectancy of men with a learning disability is 14 years shorter than for men in the general population (NHS Digital 2017).

Barriers that stop people with a learning disability from getting good quality healthcare:

  • a lack of accessible transport links
  • patients not being identified as having a learning disability
  • staff having little understanding about learning disability
  • failure to recognise that a person with a learning disability is unwell
  • failure to make a correct diagnosis
  • anxiety or a lack of confidence for people with a learning disability
  • lack of joint working from different care providers
  • not enough involvement allowed from carers
  • inadequate aftercare or follow-up care
51
Q

What is the effect of being in a vulnerable group on health?

Refugees

A

Challenges for refugees arriving in a new country (U.S. study)

  • Family integrity and social adjustments trump medical issues for most arriving refugees
  • Competing demands of distinct services such as: social welfare, education, housing, transportation, public health, mental health, primary care, and specialty care encountered by refugees may overwhelm them and limited resources
  • Language barriers impede the adjustment process
  • Some refugees with urgent and complex medical conditions are unable to establish care and specialty referrals in a timely manner
  • Underdeveloped or eroding health care systems in the countries of origin or first asylum leave many refugees with poorly controlled or undiagnosed chronic medical conditions
  • Most refugees are unfamiliar with the biomedical practice of preventive medicine and primary health care
  • Public health’s infectious disease screening results are not communicated to those providing ongoing medical care
  • Exposure to violence, torture, warfare, and internment is common, even among children
  • Loss upon loss is the nature of refugee life and so depression, PTSD, and anxiety are prevalent and often unrecognized
  • Anti-immigrant sentiments further burden refugee life in the U.S.
52
Q

What is the effect of being in a vulnerable group on health?

Prisoners

A
  • 50% of prisoners surveyed stated that they were drunk at the time of their offence and 38% report that their drinking affected their relationship with their family. This is in contrast to 14% of men and 9% of women in the Scottish population saying they had an alcohol problem
  • 76% of Scottish prisoners report being smokers compared to the national average of approximately 24%. However, 56% of those surveyed stated that they wished to give up
  • Prisoners surveyed reported ‘feeling interested in people’, ‘feeling loved’ and ‘feeling close to other people’ (57%, 43%, 56%) only ‘some of the time’ or ‘rarely’
  • 44% of surveyed prisoners reported being under the influence of illicit drugs at the time of their offence and 39% reported that drug use was a problem for them on the outside
  • In general, prisoners, both before and on liberation from prison, live in the poorest areas of Scotland. Their health inequalities are further exacerbated by the even higher rates of premature death that ex-prisoners experience, related to violence, accidents, substance misuse and suicide. Those in and out of prison also experience poor continuity of health care.
53
Q

What is the effect of being in a vulnerable group on health?

LGBT

A
  • Studies have found higher rates of depression among gay men, lesbians, people who are bisexual or transgender than the general population. A study in Glasgow suggests that young LGBT people may be particularly vulnerable to depression and anxiety
  • In a Stonewall survey which reported on the experiences and concerns of more than 6,000 lesbian and bisexual women respondents reported that: one in five respondents had deliberately harmed themselves in the last year, compared to 0.4 per cent of the general population and half of respondents under the age of 20 had self-harmed, compared to one in fifteen of teenagers generally
  • In relation to the NHS half of the respondents reported that: they ‘are not out to their GP’, and of those who had attended a consultation with a partner, only 10% felt the partner had felt welcome
  • A 2008 Scottish survey of over 70 transgender people in Scotland noted particular issues with mental health services e.g. lack of understanding
  • In the First Out survey, 1 in 4 respondents had experienced ‘inappropriate advice or treatment due to sexual orientation or gender identity’ while 24% had experienced ‘homophobic staff’ in the NHS. Reluctance to disclose - due to a (real or perceived) fear that doing so may have unwanted repercussions - is an issue for too many LGBT people
54
Q

What is the Inverse Care Law?

A

In 1971, a GP Dr Julian Tudor Hart proposed the Inverse Care Law, published in the Lancet. This described that those who most need medical care are least likely to receive it and conversely, those with least need of health care tend to use health services more, and more effectively

55
Q

What were the key outcomes from “Equally Well” Scottish Government 2008 document?

A

Health inequalities remain a significant challenge in Scotland
The poorest in our society die earlier and have higher rates of disease, including mental illness
Healthy life expectancy needs to be increased across the board to achieve the Scottish Government’s overall purpose of sustainable economic growth
Tackling health inequalities requires action from national and local government and from other agencies including the NHS, schools, employers and third sector
Priority areas are children, particularly in the early years, “killer diseases” such as heart disease, mental health and the harm caused by drugs, alcohol and violence
Radical cross-cutting action is needed to address Scotland’s health gap to benefit its citizens, communities and the country as a whole

56
Q

What range of factors can reduce health inequalities?

A

Effective partnership across a range of sectors and organisations e.g. to promote health, improve patient education about health
Evaluate and refine integration of health and social care
Government policies and legislation e.g. smoking ban, Keep Well campaign
Time to invest in the more vulnerable patient groups
Improve access to health and social care services and professionals
Reduction in poverty
Social inclusion policies
Improved employment opportunities for all
Ensuring equal access to education in all areas
Improved housing in deprived areas

57
Q

What is the role of the third sector?

A

Equally Well-Third Sector Contribution
The Task Force (Ministerial taskforce on health inequalities) has noted that Third Sector organisations can be very effective in addressing the wider factors underlying health inequalities. Where Third Sector services demonstrate that they contribute to meeting local outcomes and priorities, they should be given the resources by their funders and commissioners to allow services to be maintained, developed and made more financially sustainable
Basically they can have access to public money to provide services that are recognised to be needed within particular areas.

58
Q

In the Health Inequalities in Scotland-Audit Scotland 2012, what was included with regards to the voluntary sector organisations?

A

Provide a means of engaging effectively with communities and individuals
Deliver a range of services which may help to reduce health inequalities, including:
– Promoting healthy living to groups of people who may not use mainstream services
– Supporting people to access relevant services NHS Health Scotland

59
Q

What are the benefits of volunteering?

A

Volunteer Scotland list a number of benefits of volunteering. Patients may not only benefit from the support of a third sector organisation but may also gain benefit from volunteering
Gain confidence.
- Volunteering can help you gain confidence by giving you the chance to try something new and build a real sense of achievement
Make a difference.
- Volunteering can have a real and valuable positive affect on people, communities and society in general
Meet people.
- Volunteering can help you meet different kinds of people and make new friends
Be part of a community.
- Volunteering can help you feel part of something outside your friends and family
Learn new skills.
- Volunteering can help you learn new skills, gain experience and sometimes even qualifications
Take on a challenge.
- Through volunteering you can challenge yourself to try something different, achieve personal goals, practice using your skills and discover hidden talents
Have fun!
- Most volunteers have a great time, regardless of why they do it.

60
Q

Citizens Advice:

A

Help people directly with negotiating difficult problems e.g. debt, finances, benefits, consumer rights
Support witnesses in courts
Advocacy work - help improve how big organisations work to improve the lot of normal people
Help millions of people every year
Save money - 2017/18 advice delivered saved the government and public services at least £435 Million

61
Q

Alcohol and Drugs Action:

A

7 day access to support, advice and targeted interventions for anyone affected by substance misuse and related issues
Telephone helpline, drop in service, needle exchange, ongoing support
Harm reduction service, support for families, services for women and girls including those at risk of sexual exploitation or those engaged in prostitution
Group work to target specific needs

62
Q

CLAN:

A

Local charity providing emotional and practical support to people affected by cancer across NE Scotland, Orkney and Shetland
Aims to help people live with and beyond cancer and improve the quality of life of everyone who turns to them for help
Includes information and support, counselling, complementary therapies, social and wellbeing activities and dedicated support for children and families

63
Q

Somebody Cares:

A

Somebody Cares is the leading organisation in Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire providing free food, furniture, clothing and much more to the poor, the vulnerable and the marginalised people of the area
Their claim and aim is that no-one in this area need go without
Where there is a need… to meet that need,
Where hope is gone… to help restore hope,
Where love is needed… to demonstrate love

64
Q

Penumbra:

A

One of Scotland’s largest mental health charities. Support around 1600 adults and young people every week and employ 400 staff
Work to promote mental health and wellbeing for all, prevent mental ill health for people who are at risk, and to support people with mental health problems
Wide range of services which offer hope and practical steps towards recovery including schools work, young peoples services, self harm services, supported living and wellbeing workshops
Campaign to increase public knowledge about mental health and to influence national and local government policy