Childrens' Health & Health Promotion Flashcards
What is health promotion? (simply)
Any planned activity designed to enhance health or prevent disease.
What is health affected by?
From these what is affected by health promotion?
Genetics,
Access,
Environment and
Lifestyle.
The last 3 areas
To be an appropriate use of resource what does health promotion need to be?
Evidence based
What is health promotion?
It promotes health through a combination of legislation, the provision of preventative services such as immunisation and the development of activities to promote and maintain change to a healthier lifestyle.
What are the theories of health promotion action?
Educational
Socioeconomic
Psychological
What is the educational theory?
Provides knowledge and education to enable necessary skills to rate informed choices re health – may be one –to-one or group workshop
e.g. smoking, diet, diabetes
What is the socioeconomic (radical) theory?
‘Makes healthy choice the easy choice’
National policies e.g. re unemployment, redistribute income, taxation of commodities to move people to make the healthier choice
What is the psychological theory?
Complex relationship between behaviour, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. Activities start from an individual attitude to health and readiness to change. Emphasis on whether individual is ready to change. (e.g. smoking, alcohol).
What is the definition of health promotion?
An overarching principle/activity which enhances health and includes disease prevention, health education and health protection. It may be planned or opportunistic.
What is the definition of health education?
An activity involving communication with individuals or groups aimed at changing knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour in a direction which is conducive to improvements in health.
What is health protection?
Involves collective activities directed at factors which are beyond the control of the individual. Health protection activities tend to be regulations or policies, or voluntary codes of practice aimed at the prevention of ill health or the positive enhancement of well-being.
Why is healthcare promotion relevant?
Consider poor lifestyles, exercise, diet etc and the cause / burden of chronic disease and the effect of the aging population on the NHS.
Why is Health Promotion an essential tool for modern healthcare provision?
Growing healthcare costs managing disease and its complications.
Benefits of prevention of disease rather than treating established disease.
What advantages do we have in the UK to enable effective health promotion?
Consider the organised primary care system, health visitors, chronic disease clinics, network of pharmacies – all able to deliver health promotion. Also use of media and ability to organize and advertise national programmes
Are there any disadvantages to a Health Promotion program?
May include medicalising healthy individuals, possible increased worry, may not effectively target the most at risk groups e.g. those in more deprived areas less likely to respond unless health promotion meaningful / accessible for them – this can widen the care gap.
It may not deliver the required benefits leading to further increased cost. Difficult to assess impact.
What is empowerment?
Empowerment refers to the generation of power in those individuals and groups which previously considered themselves to be unable to control situations nor act on the basis of their choices.
What are the number of benefits that empowerment results in?
An ability to resist social pressure.
An ability to utilise effective coping strategies when faced by an unhealthy environment.
A heightened consciousness of action.
What is the Cycle of Change?
See diagram.
What are examples of health promotion in primary care?
Planned – Posters, Chronic disease clinics, vaccinations, QOF (much of the QOF work is ongoing despite this no longer being necessary as seen as good clinical care). Also would include things like travel clinic and then disease prevention measures such as smears, bowel screening.
Opportunistic – Advice within consultation e.g. re smoking, diet, taking BP, Alcohol brief intervention. Delivered by the GP but also increasingly by the practice nursing team.
What are examples of health promotion by the government?
Legislation – Legal age limits, Smoking ban, Health and safety, Clean air act, Highway code
Economic – Tax on cigarettes and alcohol
Education – HEBS (ask students to recall adverts they’ve seen)
What is Primary Prevention?
Measures taken to prevent onset of illness or injury
Reduces probability and/or severity of illness or injury
e.g. Smoking cessation or immunisation
What is Secondary Prevention?
“Detection of a disease at an early (preclinical) stage in order to cure, prevent, or lessen symptomatology”
Earliest opportunity is when a disease becomes evident or detectable. Ends when disease becomes symptomatic.
What are the requirements for screening?
Illness – important, natural history understood, pre-symptomatic stage
Test – easy, acceptable, cost effective, sensitive and specific
Treatment – acceptable, cost effective, better if early
What is the Wilson and Jugner criteria for screening?
Knowledge of disease:
- The condition should be important public health concern.
- There must be a recognizable latent or early symptomatic stage.
- The natural course of the condition, including development from latent to declared disease, should be adequately understood.
Knowledge of test:
- Suitable test or examination.
- Test acceptable to population.
- Case finding should be continuous (not just a ‘once and for all’ project).
- Test sensitive (definitely) and specific
Treatment for disease:
- Accepted treatment for patients with recognized disease.
- Facilities for diagnosis and treatment available.
- Agreed policy concerning whom to treat as patients.
Cost considerations:
- Costs of case finding (including diagnosis and treatment of patients diagnosed) economically balanced in relation to possible expenditures on medical care as a whole.
