Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Rat > Seminar - Anesthesia > Flashcards

Seminar - Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between delivery/storage of volatile and non-volatile anesthetics?

A

Volatile requires a precision vaporizer. Non-volatile comes in a tank (CO2, NO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the blood:gas partition coefficient. What does the blood portion include?

A

Ratio of the concentration of blood to the concentration of gas that is in contact with blood. Blood portion includes anesthetic that is undissolved in plasma and portion that is dissolved.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the blood:gas partition coefficient impact?

A

Determines rapidity of induction, rapidity of recovery, response to dose changes on vaporizer for a given agent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does a low blood:gas partition coefficient result in?

A

Low solubility in blood compared to air means anesthetic will move from alveoli to blood to brain faster. Will also move the opposite way faster for recovery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Relative to MAC, what is the Effective Dose 95 comparatively?

A

1.2-1.4x MAC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which species has a higher MAC for isoflurane?

A

Rabbit. MAC is 2.1% instead of around 1.4% (rat) to 1.6% (mouse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do inhalational anesthetics work?

A

Depolarize nerve cell membranes, reducing synaptic transmission. with loss of motor control, depression of cerebral cortex, and loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the primary negative side effects of inhalational anesthesia?

A

Agent-dependent depression of CV system.
Reduced cardiac output, reduced contractility, and systemic hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do mice and rats compare regarding susceptibility to cardiosuppression from inhalational anesthetics?

A

Rats more susceptible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is isoflurane the inhalational choice for intracranial surgery?

A

Neuroprotective - Maybe from reduced sympathetic activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does isoflurane impact the CV, liver, kidney, and GIT?

A

Comparatively little effect on CV function, especially in mice.
Little biotransformation by liver, no hepatic toxicity.
No renal toxicity.
Temp reduction of GI motility in rats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What strain is susceptible to anesthetic complications secondary to isoflurane? What happens?

A

C3H/HeN - Leukopenia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an advantage of halothane use?
Disadvantage?

A

A: Potent bronchodilator
D: Metabolized by hepatic microsomal enzymes.
Malignant hyperthermia.
Increased intracranial pressure problematic for some procedures
Poor analgesia, muscle relaxation, and suppression of visceral reflexes.
Most extensive cardiopulmonary depression of volatile anesthetics with arrhythmogenic.
Repro side effects
Manufacturing d/c in NA and Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the advantages of sevoflurane?

A

More rapid induction and recovery.
Less pungent with lack of toxic effects.
Maintenance of heart rate, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective. Positive effects of pulmonary system.
Maybe good choice for C-section.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the disadvantages of sevoflurane?

A

Breakdown product (Compound A) is toxic to rodents at high concentrations.
Decreases ventilation and BP like isoflurane.
Leukopenia and lymphopenia can persist for days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What inhalational agent is most potent?

A

Methoxyflurane. Most soluble in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What inhalational anesthetic is very effective in neonatal rodents?

A

Methoxyflurane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the vapor pressure of methoxyflurane? Why does this matter?

A

Low (3%), appropriate for mice and rats as an open drop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the disadvantages of methoxyflurane?

A

Potential renal toxicity.
Profound effects on hormone release (ACTH, corticosterone, PTH)
Expensive and difficult to obtain as European and NA manufacturing has been discontinued.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the apneic index? Generally, what is it relative to MAC? What species is unique?

A

The multiple of MAC at which an anesthetized patient ceases spontaneous respirations. In most volatile anesthetics is 2MAC. In rats it is less than MAC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is enflurane not used in rodents?

A

Epileptogenic and has a low apneic index.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the advantages of nitrous oxide? Why is it not more widely used?

A

Little effect on resp or CV parameters, low toxicity, minimal metabolism, and moderate analgesia.
No muscle relaxation and not useful as a sole agent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the only nonvolatile inhalational anesthetics that achieves MAC in normobaric conditions with limited side effects?

A

Xenon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does xenon act as an anesthetic?

A

Antagonizes NDMA receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the advantages and disadvantages of xenon anesthesia?
Cardioprotective and neuroprotective May potentiate gas emboli formation in rats undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass
26
How does ketamine function? What is its MOA? When is it preferred?
NMDA antagonist. Schedule III. Used with xylazine +/- acepromazine when equipment for inhalant anesthesia is not available.
27
Describe the anesthetic state produced by ketamine.
Cataleptic state characterized by CNS excitement rather than depression. Analgesia, immobility, dissociation from the environment, and amnesia.
28
What are the disadvantages of ketamine?
Insufficient analgesia and muscle relaxation when administered alone. Increases salivation and can cause hypertension. Occasionally produces a prolonged pause after inhalation.
29
Describe anesthetic effects of xylazine.
Bradycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, promote hypothermia. Analgesia Reduces sensitivity to insulin leading to hyperglycemia in increased urine output. Can influence thrombin time.
30
How does atipamezole and yohimbine differ?
Atipamezole is 200x more selective for a-2 receptor.
31
How does dexmedetomidine/medetomidine differ from xylazine for rodent anesthesia?
"Cleaner" - 10x more specific for a-2 receptor. Faster onset, shorter duration, and costs more.
32
Describe ketamine + diazepam anesthesia.
Good muscle relaxation with minimal CV effects. Can potentiate the action of anesthetics and opioid analgesics. More of a restraint combination than surgical.
33
What is the anesthetic level of ketamine + promazine or acepromazine?
Light sedation, not much application.
34
Why is acepromazine added to ketamine-xylazine anesthesia?
Potentiates anesthesia and analgesic effects, produces a longer, deeper anesthesia.
35
What are butyrophenones?
Neuroleptic agents that include azaperone, droperidol, and haloperidol. Can be combined with ketamine.
36
Describe telazol anesthesia.
Tiletamine-zolazepam. Schedule III Combo of tiletamine (dissociative) and zolazepam (benzo) 1:1. Does not produce surgical anesthesia. May prolong duration in combo with xylazine. High doses may cause resp distress and death.
37
How do barbiturates cause anesthesia?
Interact with GABA receptors and block excitatory transmitters at all levels of the CNS. Results in CNS depression, reduced blood pressure, body temp, renal filtration/function, and peripheral vasodilation.
38
Do barbiturates produce analgesia?
Only if the patient is unconscious.
39
What is the concern of subcutaneous or perivascular injection of barbiturates?
Inflammation and necrosis.
40
Describe recovery from barbiturates.
Cumulative effects, recovery can be prolonged.
41
Describe thiopental anesthesia.
Schedule III. Ultrashort-acting with 20-60 second induction. IV use preferred, may be given IP but is not advised and may not be effective. Resp depression and increase in heart rate.
42
What are the advantages of pentobarbital anesthesia?
Short acting. Doesn't affect glucose, little effect on heart rate. Generally more reliable in rats than mice Can be administered IP
43
What are the disadvantages of pentobarbital anesthesia?
Severe CV and resp depression in rats and mice. Narrow margin of safety. Poor analgesia and anesthetic quality. Assessment of pedal reflex is a poor indicator of depth. Decreased availability and high cost.
44
What are the brand names of Thiobutabarbital and Ethylmalonyl Urea?
Thiobutabarbital = Inactin Ethylmalonyl Urea = EMTU
45
What are the advantages of anesthesia with Thiobutabarbital and Ethylmalonyl urea?
Smooth induction of anesthesia after IV with prolonged duration. IV or IP. Suitable plane of anesthesia for 3-4 hours post-injection. Useful for measurements of cardiovascular parameters.
46
What are the disadvantages of use of thiobutabarbital and ethylmalonyl urea?
No pharm grade drug. Variable analgesia activity, variable depth and duration of anesthesia. May impact liver function. Anesthesia of variable depth and duration.
47
What is the method of action of propofol? How is it mixed?
Alkyl phenol hypnotic. 1% emulsion containing soy oil, egg phosphatide, and glycerol.
48
What are the effects of propofol on the brain? Cardiovascular?
Decreases CBF, CSF, and intracranial pressure. Heart rate and cardiac output stable, but hypotension due to peripheral vasodilation.
49
Does propofol accumulate?
No
50
What is the method of action of chloral hydrate? How is it metabolized in the body?
Sedative/hypnotic with effects similar to barbiturates Metabolized in liver to active metabolite trichloroethanol
51
Describe anesthesia, analgesia, and primary use for chloral hydrate.
Peak anesthesia for 60-90 minutes. Dose that provides effective analgesia approaches LD50. Primarily for neurological studies
52
What side effect can chloral hydrate cause in rats? How can this be reduced?
Fatal paralytic ileus and/or gastric ulceration. Decrease severity by using a dilute solution.
53
What agents produce neuroleptanalgesia?
Fentanyl-droperidol. 15-30 minutes. Not available in US
54
Describe alpha chloralose anesthesia.
Hypnotic with long-lasting depressant effects on CNS. Causes minimal physiological disturbances, but results in a prolonged (6-10 hr), difficult recovery so is generally limited to non-recovery experiments. Little to no analgesia. Given IP.
55
Describe urethane anesthesia.
Long-acting CNS depressant with activity similar to chloralose except it has no CNS stimulant properties, better muscle relaxation and analgesia, and quicker onset. Alters coagulation profiles, carcinogenic and mutagenic absorbed through the skin. Use advised against. Non-recovery only, given IP.
56
Describe tribromoethanol (Avertin).
Inexpensive, not controlled, and duration is approx. 45min. Breakdown products are highly irritating to tissues causing peritonitis, intestinal disorders, and death. Must store away from light, check prior to use for evidence of breakdown products, and not be used two weeks after preparation.
57
Describe alphaxalaone anesthesia.
Good analgesia and muscle relaxation. Rapid and smooth recovery, even after prolonged anesthesia. Usage of alphazalone/alphadolone product was removed due to reactions to the vehicle cremophor.
58
What are pancuronium, rocuronium, vecuronium, and succinylcholine? How are they reversed?
NMBA. Reversed with neostigmine and physostigmine.
59
What species has hepatic atropine esterase?
Rats
60
When are neonatal rodents poikilotherms?
Until 3 weeks of age.
61
At what temperatures is neural conduction velocity and synaptic transmission w/i the CNS depressed?
Below 20C
62
How long does hypothermia anesthesia last?
10 minutes
63
How should pups be recovered from hypothermia anesthesia?
20-30 minutes, incubator preferred to head pad or lamp
64
How do lidocaine and bupivacaine compared?
Lidocaine has a faster onset, shorter duration. Bupivacaine has a slower onset and longer duration (4-7h)
65
What does EMLA cream contain?
Lidocaine and prilocaine. Takes 45-60 minutes for full onset.

Rat (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions