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the pharmacist > semi solid preparation > Flashcards

semi solid preparation Flashcards

1
Q

where do epidermal semi solids work?

A

locally at the skin’s surface

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2
Q

uses of epidermal semi solids:

A

antimicrobials, astringents, lubrication, moisturising, UV protection

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3
Q

where do endodermal semi solids work?

A

work locally in dermis or lower (Second layer under epidermal)

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4
Q

uses of an endodermal semi solid:

A

anti-inflammatory, local anaesthetic, anti itching

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5
Q

where do ttransdermal semi solids work?

A

absorb through the skin, but they work systemically (below all dermal layers)

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6
Q

uses of transdermal semi solids:

A

heart medicines, hormone replacement therapy. for transdermal delivery systems, patches are more common than demi solids

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7
Q

different types of semi-solid formulations?

A

creams, gels, ointments, pastes

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8
Q

what is more greasy, ointments or creams?

A

ointments due to their oily vehicle (liquid paraffin, soft paraffin, paraffin wax)

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9
Q

when may an ointment contain a surfactant?

A

when used as a wash

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10
Q

uses of ointments:

A

emollients, local and systemic drug delivery, eyes. highly occlusive therefore good for dry skin

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11
Q

how does a cream feel on the skin?

A

cool on the skin

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12
Q

why does a cream require a preservative?

A

its hydrous, high water content,

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13
Q

uses of a cream:

A

emollient (skin softening) and local drug delivery

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14
Q

what’s more occlusive, ointments or cream? what is the benefit for each

A

ointments are more occlusive so good for dry skin.

creams are less occlusive so good for macerated skin

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15
Q

what doe a paste feel like?

A

stiff

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16
Q

how does a paste relate to an ointment?

A

its an ointment with up to 50% powder

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17
Q

what are pastes used for:

A

lesions, skin protectants, sun block. it provides a v precise localised treatment.

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18
Q

how does a paste work?

A

it forms a thick impermeable layer on the skin

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19
Q

which semi solid is a 2 component semi solid?

A

gel

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20
Q

which semi solids have a high water content?

A

gels, creams

21
Q

what are gels used for?

A

lubrication, delivering a drug (drug diffuses through the gel for delivery to site of action). use in the mouth (bongela)

22
Q

List excipients found in semi solids

A

oily vehicles, water miscible vehicles, gelling agents, emulsifying agents (surfactants), humectants, solids, preservatives, anti-oxidants

23
Q

list types of oily vehicles:

A

mineral oils, vegetable oils, synthetic oils. all are occlusive

24
Q

what is liquid paraffin, soft paraffin, paraffin wax

A

oily vehicles

25
Q

list some water water miscible vehicles:

A

water, alcohols and macrogols

26
Q

what part does alcohol play in excipients?

A

it is a water miscibile vehicle. it is used for cooling via evaporation

27
Q

list some aqueous gel gelling agents:

A

tragacanth, alginates, pectin, gelatine. they vary in viscosity.

28
Q

what do emulsifying agents (surfactants) do?

A
  • help oil and water to form a stable uniform mix.

- will also increase the penetration of the drug

29
Q

list some emulsifying agents for water in oil:

A

lanolin, beeswax

30
Q

what is beeswax?

A

an emulsifying agents used in water in oil semi solids

31
Q

list some emulsifying agents (Surfactants):

A

polyethylene glycols, non ionic surfactants, emulsifying waxes

32
Q

what do humectants do?

A

reduce water loss from creams and gels.

33
Q

examples of humectants

A

glycerol, propylene glycol

34
Q

examples of preservatives:

A

EDTA, parabens.

35
Q

what is a disadvantage of using preservatives?

A

they can cause allergy / skin sensitisation

36
Q

what affects the stability of semi solids?

A

heat, light, microorganism growth

37
Q

what can happen to oils over time?

A

turn rancid

38
Q

What composition must a semi solid have to be most stable?

A

products low in water are most stable (ointments and pastes)

39
Q

which semi solids are the most stable?

A

ointment and pastes

40
Q

Advantages of ointments and pastes:

A

they are more stable than creams and gels, they are occlusive and protective so good for dry skin, less need for preservatives, some ointments can be used as washes.

41
Q

Disadvantages of ointments and pastes:

A

they are greasy and sticky so less appealing, they absorb slower into the kin, not to be used on macerated skin, high oil content so can be flammable

42
Q

Advantages of creams and gels:

A

Non greasy so more accepted by patients, absorb rapidly into the skin, they have a cooling effect on evaporation, can be used on macerated skin, gels have less additives

43
Q

disadvantages of creams and gels:

A

susceptible to microbial contamination so require preservative which could cause sensitiation, they are less stable and creams can crack (short expiry). short duration of action due to rapid absorption

44
Q

why must you shake the aerosol?

A

to disperse the propellant and drug

45
Q

give 3 examples of propellants

A

Hyroflouro-alkanes (HFAs) Vs Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs)

Butane

46
Q

why do you need to grind and sieve powder?

A

to increase surface area and reduce clumping

47
Q

what is trituration?

A

Method of incorporation of liquids or powders into a semi-solid base using a ceramic tile
Powders – doubling up and mixed using levigation
Liquids – making a small well and then mixed in gradually

48
Q

what is levigation?

A

Applying pressure to incorporate a powder into a semisolid

Avoids a gritty product

49
Q

what are some things that you need to check about the product during the final check?

A

uniformity, correct final weight, appearance, clean jar

the pharmacist (8 decks)

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