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PDDS > SEMI-SOLID > Flashcards

SEMI-SOLID Flashcards

1
Q

● Dosage form where Skin is the site of application

A

Semi-solid Dosage
Forms

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2
Q

– Largest, heaviest organ

A

SKIN

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3
Q

– Accessible and can maintain an applied drug
intact for prolonged period of time

A

Skin

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4
Q

Semi-solid Dosage Forms Can provide both ____&____ effect

A

local and systemic

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5
Q

Semi-solid preparations intended for
external application to the skin or mucus
membrane

A

Ointments

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6
Q

Ointments can either be:

A

Medicated & Unmedicated

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7
Q

Other names for ointments

A

● Unguents ● Chrisma ● Oculentum

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8
Q

Non- medicated ointments use

A

● Emollient
▪ Protective
▪ Vehicle

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9
Q

Classes of Ointment bases

A

● Oleaginous base
● Absorption base
● Water-removable base
● Water-soluble base

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10
Q

Hydrocarbon bases

A

Oleaginous Base

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11
Q

Oleaginous Base characteristics:

A

▪ Anhydrous and insoluble in water
▪ Difficulty to wash/remove
▪ Occlusive
▪ Emollient

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12
Q

Examples of Oleaginous Base

A

Petrolatum, white petrolatum, White
ointment, USP and yellow ointment, USP, mineral oil

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13
Q

Petrolatum, USP
– AKA

A

Yellow petrolatum, petroleum jelly

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14
Q

Yellow Ointment, USP composition

A

Yellow wax and petrolatum

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15
Q

a.k.a. Simple ointment

A

Yellow Ointment, USP

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16
Q

Absorption bases:

A

A) Anhydrous
B) w/o emulsion (Emulsion bases)

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17
Q

absorbs aqueous solution = w/o

A

Anhydrous

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18
Q

Anhydrous Absorption base example:

A

Hydrophilic petrolatum
Wool fat (anhydrous lanolin)

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19
Q

Hydrophilic petrolatum composition:

A

cholesterol, white wax, stearyl
alcohol, white petrolatum

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20
Q

wool fat a.k.a.

A

(anhydrous lanolin)

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21
Q

wool fat– (anhydrous lanolin), composition:

A

cholesterol, esters and
alcohols, not more than 0.25%
water

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22
Q

W/O emulsion (emulsion bases) characteristics

A

emollient, minimal occlusive, not
removed with water

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23
Q

W/O emulsion (emulsion bases) examples:

A

■ hydrous wool fat (lanolin)
■ cold cream

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24
Q

25-30% water

A

hydrous wool fat (lanolin)

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25
Q

cold cream composition

A

white wax,
spermaceti, almond oil,
sodium borate

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26
Q

Brands of hydrophilic petrolatum

A

aquaphor, polysorb,
nivea cream, eucerin

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27
Q

water washable, absorb water,
non-greasy and non occlusive

A

Emulsion bases (o/w type)

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28
Q

Emulsion bases (o/w type) examples:

A

hydrophilic ointment
vanishing cream

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29
Q

hydrophilic ointment composition:

A

methyl
and propyl parabens, SLS,
propylene glycol, stearyl
alcohol, white petrolatum,
purified water, can absorb
30-50% w/w

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30
Q

vanishing cream composition:

A

water,
humectant, stearic acid

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31
Q

“greaseless”, absorb water to
the extent of solubility
● Used for incorporating solid substances

A

Water-washable

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32
Q

Suitable contamination of high and low MW
PEG yield products having an ointment
consistency, which softens or melts when
applied onto the skin

A

Water-washable

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33
Q

PEG ointment, NF –

A

PEG
3350 (40%), PEG 400 (60%)

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34
Q

PEGs with mol wt of <600 are

PEGs with mol wt of >1000
are

A

Liquid

Solid

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35
Q

SELECTING OINTMENT BASE

A

● Desired release rate of the drug
● Topical or percutaneous drug absorption
● Desirability of occlusion of moisture
● Stability of the drug
● Desire for water washable
● Drug–base interaction
● Characteristics of the surface to which it is
applied

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36
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL
OINTMENT

A

● Non-irritating
● Easily removed
● Non-staining
● Stable
● Non-pH dependent
● Widely compatible

37
Q

PREPARATION OF OINTMENTS

A

Incorporation
Fusion

38
Q

Incorporation of ointments could either be thru:

A

○ By spatulation, using mortar and
pestle
○ Electronic mortar and pestle mixer

39
Q

PREPARATION OF OINTMENTS By melting together

A

Fusion

40
Q

COMPENDIAL REQUIREMENTS

A

● Microbial Content
● Minimum Fill
● Toxicity Test
● Irritancy Test

41
Q

Ointments are Packaged in

A

large-mouth ointment jars or
tubes (well closed)

42
Q

Standard sizes of empty tubes:

A

1.5, 2, 3.5, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60,
120 g

43
Q

Ophthalmic ointments are typically packaged in _____ or ______
holding ____ g

A

small aluminum; collapsible plastic tubes; 3.5

44
Q

Labels should indicate what type of ____ was used

A

base

45
Q

MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS

They should always be _____, _____
and free from _____

A

homogenous; smooth; grittiness

46
Q

MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS

They should never be dispensed if they have
the slight evidence of

A

rancidity or mold

47
Q

MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS

Ointments containing ____, ____, ____, _____ should not be rubbed with
iron or steel spatula on account of chemical reaction with metal

A

free acids, iodine,
mercury or tannin

48
Q

MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS

In removing ointments from the stock jar always scrape from the _____. Digging into the ointment jar leaves a greater area exposed,
thus increasing the possibility of _____,
growth of mold and water loss

A

surface; rancidity

49
Q

MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS

should be of
recent preparation, dispensed in moderate
amounts in glass containers with good
closures

A

Water-containing ointments

50
Q

MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS

Use of _____/_____ for the sake
of appearance and to avoid contact of the
ointment with the cap or liner

A

spatula or finishing blade

51
Q

MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS

● They should be dispensed in _____/_____ or so much better in collapsible tube
● Ointments on prescription are always directed by _____

A

opal glass or porcelain jars

weight

52
Q

semi solid emulsions containing
suspensions or solution of medicinal
agents intended for external
application.

A

Creams

53
Q

Creams belong to the _____ type
bases and generally classified under
______

A

emulsion; ointments

54
Q

They are preferred over ointments
because of their ease in application
and ease in removal

A

Creams

55
Q

Method of preparation for creams

A

Fusion

56
Q

semi solid systems consisting of
dispersions of small or large
molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle
rendered jelly-like by the addition of
gelling agents

A

Gels

57
Q

2 Phases of Gels

A

● Single Phase Gels – organic gels
● Two Phase Gels – inorganic gels or MAGMAs

58
Q

Two Phase Gels exhibits?

A

thixotropy

59
Q

Gelling agents are at a concentration of:

A

0.5% to 2.0% in water

60
Q

GELS
● Sometimes called

A

“jellies”

61
Q

Semisolid system consisting of either
suspension made up of small inorganic
particles or large organic molecules
interpenetrated by a liquid

A

GELS

62
Q

macromolecules are
distributed so that no apparent
boundaries exit

A

Single Phase

63
Q

small distinct
particles or MAGMAS

A

Two phase system

64
Q

● Transparent or translucent semi-solid or solid
preparation, consisting of solution or
dispersions of one or more active ingredients
in suitable hydrophilic or hydrophobic bases
● It is non-greasy and generally applied
externally

A

Gels

65
Q

The gel contains small discrete particles – the
gel is called a

A

two phase system

66
Q

If it does not appear to have discrete particles,
it is called as a

A

one phase system

67
Q

one phase system

A

thixotropy

68
Q

As a vehicle for the presentation of water
soluble medicaments, it is ideal because of
their high water content

A

Gels

69
Q

Gels are colloidal dispersion:

A

1 nm – 0.5 micron

70
Q

TYPES and METHOD OR PREPARATION for Gels

A

Types:
○ Inorganic hydrogels
○ Organic
○ Hydrogels
○ Organogels
● Method or Preparation
○ Fusion
○ Dispersion

71
Q

are ointment like preparation, which is
usually stiffer, less greasy and more absorptive
than ointments due to higher proportions
(25%) of powdered ingredients

A

PASTES

72
Q

Pastes absorb_______and are
preferred for acute lesions having the
tendency to ooze.

A

serous secretions

73
Q

Pastes are less _____
and less ______ than ointments

A

penetrating; macerating

74
Q

Solid or semi solid adhesive masses spread on
a backing of paper, fabric, moleskin, plastic;
intended for external application

A

PLASTERS

75
Q

are plastic masses intended
for topical application and containing gelatin,
glycerin and water in addition to the medicinal
substance.

A

GLYCEROGELATINS

76
Q

are used by first melting and
applying on the skin surface with a brush, after
which, it will harden and is usually covered
with a bandage.

A

Glycerogelatins

77
Q

Dermatological Preparations
○ Drug penetration depends on the:

A

■ Physicochemical properties of drugs
■ Vehicle
■ Condition of the skin

78
Q

OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS
● Major route is the

A

cornea, the other route is
conjunctive and sclera

79
Q

OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS
Nature of the drug is limited by:

A

○ Short residence time
○ Small surface area of the cornea
○ Natural resistance to drug penetration

80
Q

provide longer residence
time

A

Ointments and gels

81
Q

Ointment base are carefully selected

A

○ Should not cause irritation
○ Permits diffusion
○ Softens at near body temperature
○ Common bases: mineral oil and white
petrolatum; polyethylene glycol and
mineral oil

82
Q

Dermatological preparations requires what tests?

A

sterility test and metal particles

83
Q

● Local effects (decongestant)
● Absorption to systemic circulation through
highly venous nasal lining

A

NASAL PREPARATIONS

84
Q

RECTAL PREPARATIONS
● Local effects
● Bases used:

A

PEG 330 and 3350

85
Q

RECTAL PREPARATIONS
Container is equipped with

A

applicator or
perforated plastic tips

86
Q

Local or contraceptive effects

A

VAGINAL PREPARATIONS

87
Q

Tested for possible contamination of common
pathogenic organisms

A

Vaginal preparations

88
Q

Vaginal preparations Packaged in ____/_____ equipped with an ___

A

tubes or aerosol canisters; applicator

PDDS (6 decks)

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