SEMI-SOLID Flashcards
● Dosage form where Skin is the site of application
Semi-solid Dosage
Forms
– Largest, heaviest organ
SKIN
– Accessible and can maintain an applied drug
intact for prolonged period of time
Skin
Semi-solid Dosage Forms Can provide both ____&____ effect
local and systemic
Semi-solid preparations intended for
external application to the skin or mucus
membrane
Ointments
Ointments can either be:
Medicated & Unmedicated
Other names for ointments
● Unguents ● Chrisma ● Oculentum
Non- medicated ointments use
● Emollient
▪ Protective
▪ Vehicle
Classes of Ointment bases
● Oleaginous base
● Absorption base
● Water-removable base
● Water-soluble base
Hydrocarbon bases
Oleaginous Base
Oleaginous Base characteristics:
▪ Anhydrous and insoluble in water
▪ Difficulty to wash/remove
▪ Occlusive
▪ Emollient
Examples of Oleaginous Base
Petrolatum, white petrolatum, White
ointment, USP and yellow ointment, USP, mineral oil
Petrolatum, USP
– AKA
Yellow petrolatum, petroleum jelly
Yellow Ointment, USP composition
Yellow wax and petrolatum
a.k.a. Simple ointment
Yellow Ointment, USP
Absorption bases:
A) Anhydrous
B) w/o emulsion (Emulsion bases)
absorbs aqueous solution = w/o
Anhydrous
Anhydrous Absorption base example:
Hydrophilic petrolatum
Wool fat (anhydrous lanolin)
Hydrophilic petrolatum composition:
cholesterol, white wax, stearyl
alcohol, white petrolatum
wool fat a.k.a.
(anhydrous lanolin)
wool fat– (anhydrous lanolin), composition:
cholesterol, esters and
alcohols, not more than 0.25%
water
W/O emulsion (emulsion bases) characteristics
emollient, minimal occlusive, not
removed with water
W/O emulsion (emulsion bases) examples:
■ hydrous wool fat (lanolin)
■ cold cream
25-30% water
hydrous wool fat (lanolin)
cold cream composition
white wax,
spermaceti, almond oil,
sodium borate
Brands of hydrophilic petrolatum
aquaphor, polysorb,
nivea cream, eucerin
water washable, absorb water,
non-greasy and non occlusive
Emulsion bases (o/w type)
Emulsion bases (o/w type) examples:
hydrophilic ointment
vanishing cream
hydrophilic ointment composition:
methyl
and propyl parabens, SLS,
propylene glycol, stearyl
alcohol, white petrolatum,
purified water, can absorb
30-50% w/w
vanishing cream composition:
water,
humectant, stearic acid
“greaseless”, absorb water to
the extent of solubility
● Used for incorporating solid substances
Water-washable
Suitable contamination of high and low MW
PEG yield products having an ointment
consistency, which softens or melts when
applied onto the skin
Water-washable
PEG ointment, NF –
PEG
3350 (40%), PEG 400 (60%)
PEGs with mol wt of <600 are
PEGs with mol wt of >1000
are
Liquid
Solid
SELECTING OINTMENT BASE
● Desired release rate of the drug
● Topical or percutaneous drug absorption
● Desirability of occlusion of moisture
● Stability of the drug
● Desire for water washable
● Drug–base interaction
● Characteristics of the surface to which it is
applied
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL
OINTMENT
● Non-irritating
● Easily removed
● Non-staining
● Stable
● Non-pH dependent
● Widely compatible
PREPARATION OF OINTMENTS
Incorporation
Fusion
Incorporation of ointments could either be thru:
○ By spatulation, using mortar and
pestle
○ Electronic mortar and pestle mixer
PREPARATION OF OINTMENTS By melting together
Fusion
COMPENDIAL REQUIREMENTS
● Microbial Content
● Minimum Fill
● Toxicity Test
● Irritancy Test
Ointments are Packaged in
large-mouth ointment jars or
tubes (well closed)
Standard sizes of empty tubes:
1.5, 2, 3.5, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60,
120 g
Ophthalmic ointments are typically packaged in _____ or ______
holding ____ g
small aluminum; collapsible plastic tubes; 3.5
Labels should indicate what type of ____ was used
base
MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS
They should always be _____, _____
and free from _____
homogenous; smooth; grittiness
MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS
They should never be dispensed if they have
the slight evidence of
rancidity or mold
MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS
Ointments containing ____, ____, ____, _____ should not be rubbed with
iron or steel spatula on account of chemical reaction with metal
free acids, iodine,
mercury or tannin
MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS
In removing ointments from the stock jar always scrape from the _____. Digging into the ointment jar leaves a greater area exposed,
thus increasing the possibility of _____,
growth of mold and water loss
surface; rancidity
MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS
should be of
recent preparation, dispensed in moderate
amounts in glass containers with good
closures
Water-containing ointments
MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS
Use of _____/_____ for the sake
of appearance and to avoid contact of the
ointment with the cap or liner
spatula or finishing blade
MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS
● They should be dispensed in _____/_____ or so much better in collapsible tube
● Ointments on prescription are always directed by _____
opal glass or porcelain jars
weight
semi solid emulsions containing
suspensions or solution of medicinal
agents intended for external
application.
Creams
Creams belong to the _____ type
bases and generally classified under
______
emulsion; ointments
They are preferred over ointments
because of their ease in application
and ease in removal
Creams
Method of preparation for creams
Fusion
semi solid systems consisting of
dispersions of small or large
molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle
rendered jelly-like by the addition of
gelling agents
Gels
2 Phases of Gels
● Single Phase Gels – organic gels
● Two Phase Gels – inorganic gels or MAGMAs
Two Phase Gels exhibits?
thixotropy
Gelling agents are at a concentration of:
0.5% to 2.0% in water
GELS
● Sometimes called
“jellies”
Semisolid system consisting of either
suspension made up of small inorganic
particles or large organic molecules
interpenetrated by a liquid
GELS
macromolecules are
distributed so that no apparent
boundaries exit
Single Phase
small distinct
particles or MAGMAS
Two phase system
● Transparent or translucent semi-solid or solid
preparation, consisting of solution or
dispersions of one or more active ingredients
in suitable hydrophilic or hydrophobic bases
● It is non-greasy and generally applied
externally
Gels
The gel contains small discrete particles – the
gel is called a
two phase system
If it does not appear to have discrete particles,
it is called as a
one phase system
one phase system
thixotropy
As a vehicle for the presentation of water
soluble medicaments, it is ideal because of
their high water content
Gels
Gels are colloidal dispersion:
1 nm – 0.5 micron
TYPES and METHOD OR PREPARATION for Gels
Types:
○ Inorganic hydrogels
○ Organic
○ Hydrogels
○ Organogels
● Method or Preparation
○ Fusion
○ Dispersion
are ointment like preparation, which is
usually stiffer, less greasy and more absorptive
than ointments due to higher proportions
(25%) of powdered ingredients
PASTES
Pastes absorb_______and are
preferred for acute lesions having the
tendency to ooze.
serous secretions
Pastes are less _____
and less ______ than ointments
penetrating; macerating
Solid or semi solid adhesive masses spread on
a backing of paper, fabric, moleskin, plastic;
intended for external application
PLASTERS
are plastic masses intended
for topical application and containing gelatin,
glycerin and water in addition to the medicinal
substance.
GLYCEROGELATINS
are used by first melting and
applying on the skin surface with a brush, after
which, it will harden and is usually covered
with a bandage.
Glycerogelatins
Dermatological Preparations
○ Drug penetration depends on the:
■ Physicochemical properties of drugs
■ Vehicle
■ Condition of the skin
OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS
● Major route is the
cornea, the other route is
conjunctive and sclera
OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS
Nature of the drug is limited by:
○ Short residence time
○ Small surface area of the cornea
○ Natural resistance to drug penetration
provide longer residence
time
Ointments and gels
Ointment base are carefully selected
○ Should not cause irritation
○ Permits diffusion
○ Softens at near body temperature
○ Common bases: mineral oil and white
petrolatum; polyethylene glycol and
mineral oil
Dermatological preparations requires what tests?
sterility test and metal particles
● Local effects (decongestant)
● Absorption to systemic circulation through
highly venous nasal lining
NASAL PREPARATIONS
RECTAL PREPARATIONS
● Local effects
● Bases used:
PEG 330 and 3350
RECTAL PREPARATIONS
Container is equipped with
applicator or
perforated plastic tips
Local or contraceptive effects
VAGINAL PREPARATIONS
Tested for possible contamination of common
pathogenic organisms
Vaginal preparations
Vaginal preparations Packaged in ____/_____ equipped with an ___
tubes or aerosol canisters; applicator
