Semester Test study guide Flashcards
Charge of an Electron
Negative
Charge of a Proton
Positive
Charge of a Neutron
Neutral / no charge
Positively charged particles made of protons and neutrons located at the center of an atom
Nucleus
Cloud around the nucleus that contains electrons
Electron cloud
States that electrons move in set orbits around the nucleus, like planets
Bohrs model
Between 1-8 and is found in the outermost shell of an atom
Valence electrons
an atom that has the same number of protons as other atoms but that has a different number of neutrons
Isotope
a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
Elements
a group of atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons and has a positive or negative charge
Ion
Horizontal rows in the periodic table
Periods
Vertical rows in the periodic table
Groups
states that when elements are listed in order of number of protons, similarities in their properties occur in a regular pattern
Periodic law
the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element
atom
The arrangement of atoms in a substance
Chemical structure
The angle formed by two bonds of the same atom
Bond angle
The average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms
Bond length
Represents bond lengths and angles
ball and stick model
Only chemical symbols are used to represent the atoms
structural formula model
Shows the space occupied by atoms in a 3D space
Space-filling model
A substance made of atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically combined
Compound
How things are alike
Compare
How things are different
Contrast
A possible explanation or answer that can be tested
Hypothesis
Describes something with numbers (n=numbers)
Quantitative statement
Describes something with letters (l=letters)
Qualitative statement
Is useful for comparing data for several individual items or events
Bar graph
Is useful or showing continuous change
line graph
A prescribed decimal place that determines the amount of rounding off the be done based on the precision of the measurement
Significant figures
Step 1-Make an Observation Step 2-Research and Investigate Step 3- Make a Hypothesis Step 4- Plan Experiment Step 5- Do the Experiment Step 6- Analyze and collect data Step 7-Report Data
Scientific method and order
Microscopes Telescopes Spectroscopes Particle Accelerator Computers
Scientific Tools
A method of expressing a quantity as a number multiplied by 10 to the appropriate power,
EX.- 1.56x10^18
Scientific Notation
The ability and willingness to assess claims critically and to make judgments on the basis of objective and supporting reasons. (facts)
Critical Thinking
Biological Science
Physical Science
Earth Science
Branches of NATURAL SCIENCE
Physics and Chemistry
Branches of PHYSICAL SCIENCE
The application of science for practical purposes
Technology
Evaporation- Liquid to a gas Condensation- Gas to a liquid Freezing- Liquid to a solid Melting- Solid to a liquid Deposition- gas to a solid Sublimation- solid to a gas
Changes in states of matter
The energy of motion
Kinetic energy
States that for a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure, the volume of the gas decreases as its temperature increases, likewise the volume of a gas increases as its temp increases (deals with temperature and volume)
Charles Law
States that the pressure of a gas increases as the temperature increases if the volume of the gas does not change
Gay-Lussacs Law
The scientific study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
Chemistry
The smallest unit of a substance that keeps all the physical and chemical properties of that substance
Molecule
A combination of chemical symbols and numbers to represent a substance
Chemical formula
The temperature and pressure at which a solid becomes a liquid
Melting point
The temperature and pressure at which a liquid becomes a gas
Boiling point
The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of a substance
Density
Substances AREN’T mixed uniformly and are NOT evenly distributed
Heterogeneous mixture
Substances ARE evenly distributed, and the mixture IS the same throughout
Homogeneous mixture
A representation of an object or event that can be studied to understand the real object or event.
Model
32e 4th 18e 3rd 8e 2nd 2e 1st NUCLEUS
Electron levels
Is a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons
Orbitals
are formed between oppositely charged ions
Ionic bond
a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
Covalent bond
a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them
Metallic bond
an ion made of two or more atoms
Polyatomic ion
Bonds in which atoms share electrons equally
Nonpolar covalent bond
forms an unequal sharing of electrons
Polar covalent bond
positively charged ion
Cation
negatively charged ion
Anion
Gram- Mass
Mole- Amount of Substance
Liter- Volume
Meter- Length
Units of Measurement
