Semester Exam Flashcards
Behavioral Psychology
how we learn observable responses
Positive Correlation
+1.00
Mode
most frequent
Median
middle (50th percentile)
APA Guidelines
1) Informed Consent
2) Protection
3) Confidentiality
4) Debrief
Normal Distribution
bell curve
Hindsight Bias
believe, after learning the outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (i-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)
Cognitive Psychologists
study how we perceive, think, and solve problems
Standard Deviation
1) 68%
2) 95%
3) 99%
Independent Variable
factor that is being manipulated/studied
Experimental Studies
explore cause and effect
Placebo Effect
experimental results caused by expectation alone
Statistical Interference
?
Operational Definiton
statement of the procedures used to define research variables
Neurons
nerve cell; basis of nervous system
Acetylcholine and Dopamine
A: muscle action, learning; depletes memory= Alzheimer’s
D: movement, attention, and emotion; increased amounts cause schizophrenia, decreased= Parkinson’s
Reuptake
sending neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter
Parasympathetic/ Sympathetic Nervous System
S: Arouses body; increased heart rate, blood pressure; decreased digestion
P: calms body; increased digestion, decreased heart rate and blood pressure.
Divisions of Nervous System
Central(brain+spinal cord) and Peripheral(somatic and autonomic(symp/para))
Experiments
?
Occipital Lobe
vision
Endocrine System
secretes hormones
Spinal Cord
pain reception; hand jerks before brain receives info of pain
PET Scan
radioactive glucose
Sleep Apnea
temporarily stop breathing while sleeping
Hypnosis
one person suggests to another that certain feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Alcohol Effects
slowed thinking, memory disruption, decreased self-awareness, organ damage
Selective Attention
awareness focuses on one minute aspect (talking on the phone while driving)
Phenotypic Traits
physical, visible traits; ie. hair color, eye color
Social Learning Theory
learn social behavior by watching others
Erikson’s Stages
0-1: Trust VS mistrust; needs met= trust
1-3: Autonomy VS shame and doubt; do things by themselves or they will doubt themselves
3-6: Initiative VS guilt; initiate tasks or feel guilty about being independent
6-puberty: Competence VS Inferiority; pleasure of applying self to task, or feel inferior.
teen- 20’s: Identity VS Role Confusion; sense of self or confused about who they are
20-40: Intimacy VS Isolation; love or isolated
40-60: Generativity VS Stagnation: contribute to world, or lack of purpose
60&Up- Integrity VS Despair: sense of satisfaction or failure w/ life
Critical Period
optimal period when certain events must take place to develop properly
Kohlberg’s Theory of Morality
Preconventional- avoid punishment
Conventional- follow laws and social standards
Postconventional-basic rights and ethics
Primary Sex Characteristics
reproductive organs
Temperament
emotional reactivity
Authoritarian
rules+ expect obedience; strict
Longitudinal Studies
Pros:
Cons:
Who Genetically Determines the Sex of Child?
Father
Location of Sound
can tell by which ear it hits first
Size Constancy
objects have constant size @ different distances
Top-Down Processing
higher level thinking. Base perceptions on past experiences.
Linear Perspective
Parallel lines appear to meet in the distance
Peripheral Vision
Ability to see on the sides because of rods
Gestalt Theory
The whole is different than the sum of its parts.
Conduction Deafness
caused by damage to mechanical system that conducts sound waves
Blind Spot
optic nerve leaves eye (no receptor cells)
Depth Perception
Ability to see in 3D. allows us to judge distance
Stimulus Discrimination
ability to distinguish between conditioned and irrelevant stimuli
Operant Response
behavior strengthened if followed by a reinforcement or weakened if followed by a punisher
Latent Learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until we need it
Classical Conditioning
forms associations between stimuli (US, UR, CS, CR)
Extinction
diminishing of a conditioned response
Procedural Memory
skills; processed by basal ganglia
Heuristics
simple thinking strategy to make judgments; speedier but more error prone
Divergent Thinking
needed for creativity tests (how many uses for a paperclip)
Overgeneralization
grammatical rules
Priming
retrieval cues; implicit activation; rabbit=hare not hair
Accomodation
adapting current understandings to incorporate new info
Framing
way an issue is posed influences decisions/ judgments; wording effects
Deep Structure of Language
phonemes: smallest sound (b,ch,t)
morphemes: smallest units with meaning(pre, I)
grammar: system of rules
Aptiitude
prediction of future performance
Validity
extent to which a test actually measures or predicts what it promises (math test on math, not science)
Fluid Intellegence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; decreases in late adulthood
Reliability
yields consistent results
Self-Actualization
5th need; need to live up to full potential
Twin Studies on Homosexuality
genes play an important role in orientation; however, they are only somewhat more likely to be gay
Homeostasis
maintenance of a steady internal state
I/O Psychology
application of psych principles to the workplace
Drive Theory
idea that physiological need creates a drive that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Performance Level/ Level of Arousal
difficult task=low arousal; easy task=high arousal
Schachter’s Theory of Emotion
two-factor; physically aroused + label = emotion
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
facial muscle states trigger corresponding feelings
Instrumental Aggression
nonphysical aggression
Trait Theories
study specific characteristics
Personality Tests
Self-report questionaires
Sublimination
have unacceptable behavior, so channel it into acceptable behavior (redirecting behavior)
Freud’s Theory
study from unconscious
- ID=devil
- Ego=Mediator
- Superego=angel
Self-Esteem
feeling of self worth
Social Loafing
When in a group, people don’t try as hard
Milgram’s Study of Obedience
We obey authority figures
Diffusion of Responsibility
group= assume others will help, so don't self= help because you're the only one
Asch’s Experiment
conformity; more likely to not conform if someone else doesn’t conform.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
you believe something is going to happen, act on that belief, comes true
Cognitive Dissonance
two conflicting thoughts, so you change one to go w/ actions
Physical Attractiveness Research
we think good looking people are dumb
Fundamental Attribution Error
belief that other people’s behavior constant, while yours changes based on the situation.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
one option w/ good and bad aspects (prom will be fun, but expensive)
Anxiety Disorders
OCD, Agoraphobia, PTSD, panic
Schizophrenia: Delusions vs. Hallucinations
thoughts vs sensory experiences
Somatoform Disorders
body complaints w/ no physical cause
Antisocial Personality Disorder
lack empathy; no guilt; serial killers or thieves
Bases for Development of Mental Disorder- Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud- based on unconcious
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
recurring unwanted thoughts lead to repetitive actions
Primary Prevention
stop disorders from starting
Light Exposure Therapy
Seasonal Affective Disorder- Depressed in winter because there is less light
Social Phobia
fear of public speaking or being around strangers
Cognitive Therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on idea that thoughts intervene between events and emotional reactions
Self-Help and Support Groups
based on the humanistic perspective
Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy
shock therapy; used today to treat severe depression
ID
Devil
Ego
Mediator
Superego
Angel
