Chapter 14 Flashcards
Social Psych
study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another
Attribution Theory
we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the person’s stable traits (dispositional attribution) or because of the situation (situation attribution)
Fundamental Attribution Error
you believe that your behavior changes with the situation but not others’.
Attitudes
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
Central Route to Persuasion
people focus on the arguments
Peripheral Route to Persuasion
people are influenced by incidental cues such as the speaker’s attractiveness.
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
tendency for people who have first agreed to something small to comply later to a larger request.
Role Playing
given a higher position, then act accordingly
Zimbardo
prison experiment; some guards, some prisoners; showed hoe perceived role could affect behavior
Cognitive Dissonance
when attitudes and actions don’t match, we try to change attitudes to match
Chameleon Effect
unconsciously mimic others
Mood Linkage
sharing up and down moods in order to empathize
Asch
conformity; confederates answered wrong, volunteer did too bc others did
Conformity
adjusting behaviors or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Normative Social Influence
conform to avoid rejection or gain social approval
Informational Social Influence
conform to be accurate; ex) in a groups, agree with others bc two heads better than one
Milgram
studied obedience; shock tests; tell volunteer to shock when other answers wrong, obeyed
Obedience
highest when:
1-the person giving orders seemed like a legitimate authority figure
2- victim was depersonalized/ in another room
3- no role models for defiance
Milgram Controversy
unethical bc stressed and decieved volunteers
Milgram Lessons
average person can harm others
Social Facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others
Social Loafing
diminished effort when in a group
Deindividuation
loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and aonymity
Group Polarization
beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss them with like minded others
Groupthink
mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Discrimination
unjustifiable negative BELIEF towards a group and its members
Explicit Associations
?? conscious relation of two items
Implicit Associations
?? unconscious relation of two items
Gender Prejudice
people believe men are smarter than women
Just-World Phenomenon
belief that the world is fair and people therefore get what they deserve; karma
Prejudice
unjustifiable negative ATTITUDE towards a group and its members.
-combo of stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings,and a predisposition to discriminatory actions
Stereotype
an overgeneralized belief about a group of people (example)
Ingroup Bias
tendency to favor our own group
Other-Race Effect
recall faces of one’s own races more accurrately than faces of other races
Blame-the-Victim Phenomenon
place blame on the vivtim; “she was asking for it because of what she was wearing”
Aggression
any physical or verbal behavior meant to hurt or destroy
Criminal Lobe
reduced frontal lobe stimulation
Frustration- Aggression Principle
frustration (blocking of an attempt to reach a goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
Modeling
learn aggression by watching others
Social Scripts
culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
Rape Myth
those who watch more porn are more likely to believe that women like to be raped
Video Game Violence
play violent video game= become more aggressive
Biopsychosocial Approach
Bio- testosterone
Psych- frustration, dominating behavior
Social- deindividuation, minimal father involvement, exposure to violent video games
Mere Exposure Effect
you like something the more you are exposed to it
Who we like
those similar to us
Bystander Effect
tendency for a bystander to be less likely to give aid if others are present
Kitty Genovese
no one helped (bystander effect) caused altruism studies
Altruism
unselfish concern for the welfare of others
Diffusion of Responsibility
person less likely to take responsibility for an event when others were present
Schachter Two-Factor Theory
arousal + label = emotion
Social Exchange Theory
self interest is the basis of human interaction; maximize benefits and minimize costs
Reciprocity Norm
people help those who have helped them
Social- Responsibility Norm
people will help those dependent on them
Conflict
perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas; include social traps and distorted perceptions
Social Trap
situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their own self interest, both become involved in mutually destructive behavior
Self- Fulfilling Prophecy
a prediction about an event that a person believes will come true so they work to make it that way
Superordinate Goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction; strategy designed to decrease international tensions; compromise
Personality
??
Regression
act a younger age
Projection
hypocrite
Law of Arousal
Yerkes- Dodson; hard task= low arousal and easy task= high arousal
Relative Deprivation
perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves
Need
food; physical neccessity
Drive
hunger; fill the need
Appetite Hormones
“GO” eat- Grhelin (stomach) and Orexin (thalamus) cause hunger. Leptin decreases hunger
G factor
general intelligence factor
Emotional Intellence
ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Cognitive Psych
study how we think, perceive and solve problems; thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating
Protoype
mental image or best example of a category; quick and easy method for sorting items into categories; ex) a robin is a prototype for birds
Category
?? a collection of things that are similar to one another
Stages of Language
- babbling
- one word
- two word, telegraphic
- complete sentences
Explicit Memory
memory of facts and experiences we can consciously know and declare
Implicit Memory
retention without conscious recollection
Iconic Memory
momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Echoic Memory
momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve
remember better with rehersal
Generalization
tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned response
N/CS Pairing
N should be 1/2 sec before CS
Instinctive Drift
??
Absolute Threshold
minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
Relative Size
two objects far away, the one with a smaller retinal image is farther away
Developmental Psych
studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout lifespan; womb to tomb
Piaget
Sensorimotor (senses and actions), preoperational (words and images), concrete operational (logic), formal operational (abstract reasoning)
Erikson
?? teens= identity vs role confusion
Kohlberg
Preconventional (punishment), conventional (social and laws), postconventional (ethics)
Medulla
base of brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
Cerebellum
“little brain”; processes sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
Amygdala
linked to emotion/ aggression
Thalamus
directs messages to sensory receiving areas in cortex and transmits replies to cerebellum and medulla
