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AP Psychology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

receive info; bottom-up processing

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2
Q

Perception

A

interpretinfo; top-down processing

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3
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

construct perceptions based on past experiences

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4
Q

Transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy into another

stimulus energy to neural impulses

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5
Q

Three Steps Sensory System

A

receive, transform, deliver

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6
Q

Psychophysics

A

studies how we detect physical energy and how it affects us psychologically

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7
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

minimum stimulus needed to detect 50% of the time

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8
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

how/when detect faint stimulus; relies on past experience

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9
Q

Priming

A

unconscious activation of associations

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10
Q

Subliminal Message

A

below one’s absolute threshold for awareness

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11
Q

Weber’s Law

A

2 stimulus must differ by a constant minimum percentage in order to be perceived as different; difference threshold

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12
Q

Sensory Ada[tation

A

decreased sensitivity because of constant stimulation

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13
Q

Constant Quivering

A

eyes are constantly moving to prevent sensory adaptation

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14
Q

Perceptual Set

A

mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

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15
Q

Context Effects

A

environment affects the way you see an image: “eel” is on a wagon- wheel is on a wagon

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16
Q

Wavelength

A

distance from peak to peak; different wavelengths= different color light

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17
Q

Pupil

A

opening in center of eye which light enters

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18
Q

Iris

A

colored portion of eye; controls size of pupil

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19
Q

Accomodation

A

eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far on retina

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20
Q

Retina’s Layers

A

receptor rods and cones; layers of neurons to process info (retina, bipolar, ganglion)

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21
Q

Fovea

A

central focal point; has cones

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22
Q

Blind Spot Location

A

where optic nerve leaves eye; at the back

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23
Q

Cones

A

fine detail and color; found in fovea and retina

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24
Q

Thalamus

A

distributes visual info to brain

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25
Q

Feature Detectors

A

cells in brain that recognize shapes; faces, houses, and chairs

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26
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

allows you to perceive and recognize faces

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27
Q

Parallel Processing

A

doing many things at once; analyze scene- simultaneously process color, motion, form and depth

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28
Q

Young Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

A

only see green, red, and blue

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29
Q

Closure

A

to fill in objects to perceive as whole

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30
Q

Depth Perception

A

estimate objects distance from you; need two eyes

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31
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

binocular cue; way your left and right eye see two slightly different images ; more distance=closer

32
Q

Relative Height

A

perceive objects higher in field of vision as farther away

33
Q

Linear Perspective

A

parallel lines appear to meet in the distance

34
Q

Stroboscopic Movement

A

perceive continuous movement in a rapid series of slightly varying images; animation

35
Q

The Phi Phenomenon

A

illusion of movement caused by a changing static image (loading symbol)

36
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

things you know stay the same (color, shape, size); ie. a door opening

37
Q

Locke and Kant

A

Locke: nurture; “tabula rasa”- blank slate when born.
Kant: nature; inborn

38
Q

Critical Period

A

there is a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development

39
Q

Audition

A 
hearing; Amy Eats Only Crunchy Apples
A: auditory canal
E: eardrum
O: ossicles (tiny ear bones)
C: cochlea
A: auditory nerve
40
Q

Loudness of Sounds

A

amplitude (height) of sound wave

41
Q

Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup

A

3 tiny bones in the middle ear; pick up vibrations and send them to the cochlea

42
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

fluid ripples and bends hair cells

43
Q

Eardrum

A

tight membrane; sends info to the auditory canal

44
Q

Middle Ear

A

concentrates vibrations on cochlea’s oval window

45
Q

Place Theory

A

pitch depends on where the waves hit the ear; high pitches

46
Q

Frequency Theory

A

how quickly basilar membrane vibrates; low pitches

47
Q

The Volley Principle

A

alternate nerve firing; very high pitches

48
Q

Locate Sounds

A

whichever ear it hits first

49
Q

Four Sensations- Sense of Touch

A

pressure, warmth, cold, pain

50
Q

Nociceptors

A

pain receptors

51
Q

Gate-Control Theory

A

gate closes= don’t feel pain

52
Q

Release of Endorphins

A

kills pain

53
Q

Phantom Limb Sensations

A

lose limb, but still feel pain in it

54
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

everything you smell, taste, and touch is a combo of biology, psychology, and culture

55
Q

Umami

A

rich savory taste found in protein

56
Q

Sensory Interaction

A

one sense has an impact on another; smell+taste most common

57
Q

Synaesthesia

A

one sense triggers another; ie. see red, taste spicy

58
Q

Olfaction

A

smell

59
Q

Taste Bud Lobe

A

temporal lobe

60
Q

Kinesthesis

A

sense of body movement, position, and balance

61
Q

Parapsychology

A

study of ESP and psychokinesis

62
Q

Orexin

A

triggers hunger; secreted by the hypothalamus

63
Q

Basic Components of Emotion

A

bodily arousal (incr. heartrate); expressive behaviors (quickened pace); conscious experience (thoughts and feelings)

64
Q

Motivation

A

need or desire that energizes behavior; instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, hierarchy of needs

65
Q

Intellegence

A

qualities that enable success in own time and culture

66
Q

Cognition

A

thinking; acquire mental info that guides behavior

67
Q

Storage and Encoding

A

process info into memory system (encoding) and retain that info (storage)

68
Q

Learning

A

acquire new info and behaviors; classic, operant, observational, cognitive

69
Q

Developmental Psychologist

A

study our changing abilities from womb to tomb

70
Q

Neuron Parts

A

dendrite- cell body- axon

71
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

tending to believe, after learning the outcome, that you knew it all along

72
Q

Behavioral

A

how we learn observable responses

73
Q

Blindsight

A

person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

74
Q

Gestalt

A

brain organizes cluster of sensations as a whole

75
Q

Figure-Ground Perception

A

organize visual field into objects that stand out from surroundings; what you see depends what you are looking for

76
Q

Proximity

A

group nearby figures together

77
Q

Continuity

A

perceive lines as smooth, continuous not discontinuous

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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