Semester 5 Nursing deck 3 Flashcards
How long must a women have had ammenorhea for to be for it to be classed as menopause ?
1 year
What is the average age range for menopause to occur?
48-55 years
Name the 3 types of menopause
- Natural (between 45/48-55 years)
- Premature (before 40 years)
- Artificial (surgery or chemotherapy)
When both ovaries are removed it is called a ?
oophorectomy
Name three causes of premature menopause
- Diabetes (poor vascular supply to the ovaries from prolonged hyperglycaemia)
- Genetics
- Autoimmune disorders such as hypergonadotropism and hypooestogenemia
FSH and LH are secreted from where ?
The anterior pituitary gland
FSH stimulates ______ development in the ovary, the _____’s secrete which hormone?
Oocyte- oocyte’s - oestrogen
LH stimulated ovulation, true or false?
True
What part of the oocyte in the ovary secretes progesterone in responce to LH?
The corpus luteum
When the ovaries do not release an oocyte during the menstrual cycle , therefore ovulation does not occur it is known as?
Anovulation
Hot flushes in menopause are caused when _____ levels decrease causing cutaneous blood vessel ______ and narrowing of the _________ ____ which causes small changes in body temperature to present as excessive symptoms
Oestrogen - vasodilation - thermoreceptor zone
Vaginal dryness is a symptom of ?
Atrophic vaginitis
Atrophic vaginitis occurs due to a decrease in ______ levels which results in ______ of endometrial and vaginal lining
Oestrogen - thining
Name 4 treatments for vaginal dryness
- Lubricants and moisturisers (attach to epithelial lining and release water and moisture to rehydrate)
- Emollient use not soaps to relieve dryness and itchiness
- Pelvic floor exercises to increase vaginal secretions
- HRT (restoration of vaginal epithelium, vascularisation, and increases moisture)
What effect does oestrogen have on mood?
Oestrogen regulates the secretion of NTS NA and seretonin, therefore when oestrogen decreases so do these NTs reducing mood
Name the 3 different types of incontinence ?
- Stress (coughing)
- Urge (weak muscles that dont squeeze)
- Overflow (bladder not emptying correctly)
Explain the patho behind vaginal dryness due to a decrease in vaginal secretions
When oestrogen decreases then there is a decrease in blood flow to the vaginal epithelium, this decreases glycogen production which decreases the energy source for the vaginal lactobacilli. As there is a decreased energy source the vaginal pH increases which decreases vaginal secretions resulting in dryness and increased risk of UTIs
Why are women with menopause at a greater risk of CVD?
because a decrease in oestrogen causes an increase in LDL and a decrease in HDL aswel as vasoconstriction resulting in a higher chance for atherosclerosis which may cause an MI.
What is dyspareunia ?
Painful intercourse
Name 3 of the most common risks of menopause
- Osteoporosis
- CVD
- Alzheimer’s
In CVD should HRT be used? why or why not?
No. There is no evidence that supports its use, need to reduce risk through diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol etc
What % of bone density do women loose after menopause?
2 % each year
Name a type of oestrogen HRT
Premarin (oral, patch, IMI)
Name a type of progesterone
Depoprovera
