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Semester 5 > Semester 5 Nursing deck 3 > Flashcards

Semester 5 Nursing deck 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How long must a women have had ammenorhea for to be for it to be classed as menopause ?

A

1 year

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2
Q

What is the average age range for menopause to occur?

A

48-55 years

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3
Q

Name the 3 types of menopause

A
  1. Natural (between 45/48-55 years)
  2. Premature (before 40 years)
  3. Artificial (surgery or chemotherapy)
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4
Q

When both ovaries are removed it is called a ?

A

oophorectomy

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5
Q

Name three causes of premature menopause

A
  1. Diabetes (poor vascular supply to the ovaries from prolonged hyperglycaemia)
  2. Genetics
  3. Autoimmune disorders such as hypergonadotropism and hypooestogenemia
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6
Q

FSH and LH are secreted from where ?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

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7
Q

FSH stimulates ______ development in the ovary, the _____’s secrete which hormone?

A

Oocyte- oocyte’s - oestrogen

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8
Q

LH stimulated ovulation, true or false?

A

True

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9
Q

What part of the oocyte in the ovary secretes progesterone in responce to LH?

A

The corpus luteum

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10
Q

When the ovaries do not release an oocyte during the menstrual cycle , therefore ovulation does not occur it is known as?

A

Anovulation

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11
Q

Hot flushes in menopause are caused when _____ levels decrease causing cutaneous blood vessel ______ and narrowing of the _________ ____ which causes small changes in body temperature to present as excessive symptoms

A

Oestrogen - vasodilation - thermoreceptor zone

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12
Q

Vaginal dryness is a symptom of ?

A

Atrophic vaginitis

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13
Q

Atrophic vaginitis occurs due to a decrease in ______ levels which results in ______ of endometrial and vaginal lining

A

Oestrogen - thining

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14
Q

Name 4 treatments for vaginal dryness

A
  1. Lubricants and moisturisers (attach to epithelial lining and release water and moisture to rehydrate)
  2. Emollient use not soaps to relieve dryness and itchiness
  3. Pelvic floor exercises to increase vaginal secretions
  4. HRT (restoration of vaginal epithelium, vascularisation, and increases moisture)
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15
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on mood?

A

Oestrogen regulates the secretion of NTS NA and seretonin, therefore when oestrogen decreases so do these NTs reducing mood

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16
Q

Name the 3 different types of incontinence ?

A
  1. Stress (coughing)
  2. Urge (weak muscles that dont squeeze)
  3. Overflow (bladder not emptying correctly)
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17
Q

Explain the patho behind vaginal dryness due to a decrease in vaginal secretions

A

When oestrogen decreases then there is a decrease in blood flow to the vaginal epithelium, this decreases glycogen production which decreases the energy source for the vaginal lactobacilli. As there is a decreased energy source the vaginal pH increases which decreases vaginal secretions resulting in dryness and increased risk of UTIs

18
Q

Why are women with menopause at a greater risk of CVD?

A

because a decrease in oestrogen causes an increase in LDL and a decrease in HDL aswel as vasoconstriction resulting in a higher chance for atherosclerosis which may cause an MI.

19
Q

What is dyspareunia ?

A

Painful intercourse

20
Q

Name 3 of the most common risks of menopause

A
  1. Osteoporosis
  2. CVD
  3. Alzheimer’s
21
Q

In CVD should HRT be used? why or why not?

A

No. There is no evidence that supports its use, need to reduce risk through diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol etc

22
Q

What % of bone density do women loose after menopause?

A

2 % each year

23
Q

Name a type of oestrogen HRT

A

Premarin (oral, patch, IMI)

24
Q

Name a type of progesterone

A

Depoprovera

25
Q

Name a type of combined contraceptive pill

A

Ava 30

26
Q

What is Premarin (oestrogen only) mode of action

A

Premarin mimics the effects of normal endogenous oestrogen. It binds to oestrogen receptors throughout the body and modulates the anterior pituitary glands secretion of gonadotropins, LH and FSH through a negative feedback mechanism. Remember normally FSH stimulates oocyte development which secrete oestrogen and LH stimulates the corpus luteum of the oocyte to secrete progesterone.

27
Q

What is the mechanism of action of depo provera (progesterone only)

A

Depo provera binds to progesterone receptors throughout the body. This binding causes progestin to to slow the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus, and blunt the surge of LH inhibiting the formation of an oocyte preventing ovulation.

28
Q

Ava 30 is a _______ pill

A

Combined pill

29
Q

What is the mode of action of ava 30?

A

Ava 30 inhibits an oocyte from maturing therefore it cannot be fertilised by a sperm. Also thickens cervical mucus making it harder for mucus to penetrate into the uterus.

30
Q

The mini pill is ______ only

A

progestin

31
Q

What is the most common age of abortion?

A

20-24 years

32
Q

Why have abortion rates decreased since 2010

A

Increased use of contraception

33
Q

what are the 2 medications used for an abortion

A

Mifepristone and misoprostol

34
Q

How many certifying consultants must you have for an abortion ?

A

2 certifying consultants

35
Q

Name 4 common breast feeding complaints

A
  1. Painful nipples
  2. Mastitis
  3. Engorgement
  4. Plugged ducts
36
Q

What are the 2 main causes of plugged ducts?

A

Thickened milk and milk stasis

37
Q

What does the LATCH assessment stand for?

A 
Latch 
Amount of milk 
Type of nipple 
Comfort 
Help
38
Q

What is the clinical presentation of engorgement?

A

Painful and full breasts

39
Q

What are 3 causes of engorgement ?

A

Vascular and lymphatic congestion due to increased demand, hyper lactation and infrequent feeding

40
Q

Mastitis is_______ of the breast tissue

A

Inflammation

41
Q

LAM stands for ?

A

Lactational amenorrhea method (breastfeed 4 hourly during the day and 6 hourly at night which delays ovulation)

42
Q

What type of creams/moisturisers are indicated for sore nipples? (X2)

A

Purified lanloin and lucus paw paw

Semester 5 (3 decks)

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