Semester 2 Weeks 10-12 Flashcards
Two types of memory
Procedural (implicit) - learnt skills, associations, sub-cons
Declarative (explicit) - available to the conscious mind, encoded in symbols/language, transmittable
What does short term memory refer to - how long does it last
Working memory
Seconds/mins
Which brain region holds working mem
Pre frontal cortex
What is the role of the hippocampus
Essential for converting short term to long term memory
Role of the amygdala in memory
Processing of multiple sensory input aspects of memory as well as implicit emotional memory
Where is procedural memory stored
Cerebellum
What do hippocampal lesions result in
memory loss and and inability to form new long term memories
Can recall old
How many layers in the hippocampus
3
Molecular
Pyramidal
Polymorphic cell layer
What are the main inputs and outputs in/out of the hippocampus
Inputs - entorhinal cortex
Outputs - fornix
Is memory stored at a cellular level in synapses and can become stronger or weaker depending on previsous experiences
True
Name give to ysnpases that get stronger
Facillitated
What is the name given to synapses that get weaker
Depressed
How is the short term strengthening/weakening of synpases achieved
Altered due to Ca availability and varying vesicle numbers
What is a tetanus in the brain
High frequency stimulus
Describe a post-tetanic long term potential
A high frequency stimulus applied to a specific pathway results is a strengthening of the synapse and higher amplitude EPSPs following post tetanic stimulations
Describe what is meant by paired long term potentiation
Coincident stimulation of a pathway and depolarization of the taregt cell leads to strengthening of the synapse
What is long term depression studied in
the cerebellum
What does learning involve
Weakening of inhibtory inputs results in strengthening
Aplysia and the gill withdrawl is a model system used for what
Habituation
Classical
Operant conditioning
What is required for LTP/LTD
Receptor activation (glutamate and 5HT), altered responsitivity, mediation by intracellular second messengers, protein phosphorylation and synthesis
What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia
Anterograde - inability to form new memories
Retrograde - forgetting old memories
List some features of an Alzheimers brain
Enlarger ventricles/temporal horns, shrinkage of cerebral cortex and shrinkage of the hippocampus
What changes in the brain can be seen in patients with Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Amygdala lesions
How does the EEG work
Measures field potentials
What can be said about:
Spatial resolution
Temporal resolution
Good spatial
Poor temporal
EEGs can pick up pick up neuronal activity deep within the brain t/f
FALSE
can only detect 6mm into the cortex
What type of brainwaves can normal awake people show
Alpha
Beta
gamma
What type of brainwaves are associated with higher processing and of a higher frequency
Gamma
Which brainwave associated with being in an awake, relaxed state with the eyes closed
Alpha
What are Beta waves associated with
Awkae
Stimulated
Eyes open
What are kappa waves associated with
Auditory cortex
What are alpha waves associated with
Visual cortex
Descirbe a mu rhythm
Alpha like in the sensorimotor cortex
What is significant about sigma waves
Lowest frequency
Deep sleep
List some of the features of theta waves
Low frequency, seen in early sleep, common in children but can be seen in frustrated adults and indicate tumour presence
How many stages of non REM sleep
4
What are sleep spindles
Bursts of oscillatory brain activity during stage 2 sleep that are generated in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus
During REM sleep what patterns are shown
Individuals that show beta like rhythm as if they awake and stimulated
Which regions of the brain are involved in the control of sleep
Reticular activating system
Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus
Two types of brain disease
Neuro, psychiatric
Symptoms of Parkinsons
Shuffling gate, stooped shoulders, slurred monotonous speech, akinesia, postural instability, rigidity and tremor
Pathology of PD
Diminished SNc, decreased DA synthesis and connection, decreased striatal dopamine causes and increased inhibitory output from the GPo/SNr thus a greater inhibition of movement
Name some of the molecuels that have effects of SA
L-Dopa inc prod of DA
Amphetamines increase DA release
Cocaine blocks DA reuptake
D2 receptor agonists treat PD and MAO-B inhibitors prevent metabolism of DA
How does dopamine act
Activates D1 receptors activating direct pathway and indirect receptors activating the indirect pathway
What can be seen in parkinsons patients
Alpha synuclein - Lewy bodies
Methods other than L-dopa treatment
Deep brain stimulation
