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BMS109 Neuroscience > SEM 2B > Flashcards

SEM 2B Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main routes that sensory information is delivered to the brain

A

Medial lemniscal tract Spinothalamic tract

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2
Q

Example of a polysynaptic reflex

A

Flexor withdrawl reflex

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3
Q

Which structures sense linear acceleration in the vestibular system

A

Utricle and saccule

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4
Q

Which type of nociceptive fibre is the fast,myelinated and carrys mechanosensitive and mechanothermal modalities

A

A(gamma)

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5
Q

What are the bodys proprioceptors

A

Sensory organs that monitor the position and movement of body parts in space

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6
Q

Which membrane separates the scala tympani from the scalar media

A

Basilar membrane

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7
Q

What are dermatomes derived from

A

Somites - each dorsal root ganglion is associated with a partciular somite

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8
Q

What is the cupula

A

Barrier of gelatinous membrane present in the ampullae that the endolymph acts on during anglular acceleration which causes bending of the stereocilis of the hair cells

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9
Q

What can be said about C nociceptive fibres

A

Slow Unmyelinated Carry polymodal information

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10
Q

Why is the patella refelx so important

A

It allows us to maintain body posture as part of the bodies proprioceptive system

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11
Q

Define the somatic nervous system

A

Division of the peripheral nervous system that innervates the skin, skeletal muscle and joints

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12
Q

What is an extensory muscle

A

Any muscle whose contraction leads to extension or straightening of the limb

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13
Q

Area of human olfactory epithelium

A

10 cm squared

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14
Q

What is meant my the parallel after discharge circuit

A

Many routes, each with different number of synpases )so will take differing ammounts of time. By arriving at different times the initial signal is sustained for longer

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15
Q

What is the role of the inferior colliculus

A

Attention reflexes, startle repsonses and learned reflexes

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16
Q

At which layer do most outputs leave the motor cortex

A

III V VI

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17
Q

How are afferents coming from the muscle classified

A

By roman numerals with I fastest - IV slowest

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18
Q

PLC, DAG and IP3 do what

A

Raise the intracellular levels of Ca

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19
Q

WHat is a flexor

A

Any muscle whose contraction leads to bending of the limb

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20
Q

Where to afferent neurons in the ear prject to

A

Spinal ganglion

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21
Q

Define what is meant by the term reflex

A

Rapid, involuntary, stereotypes response to sensory stimulus

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22
Q

What is meant by allodynia

A

Increased central pain sensitivity following a painful stimulus. Due to release of prostaglandins in dorsal horn neurones leading to the sensation of these and other non-nociceptive neurones beging painful to inoxious stimuli

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23
Q

Typically how many neurons does sensory information travel through to reach higher centres

A

first order - detect simuli transmit to spinal cord second order - relay signal to thalamus third - carry signal from thalamus to cortex

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24
Q

What role does the golgi tendon organ perform in proprioception

A

Detects a degree of muscle tenstion as a result of contraction. Innervated by Ib sensory afferents and activation of these fibers resulting in the inhibition of alpha motor neurons innervating the same muscle. Acts as a nergative feedback mechanism to prevent damage to muscle

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25
Q

Describe the reception of sour tastes

A

Ionotrophic H+ in Depol Opening of VGNC Opening of VGCC Vesicles released containing 5-HT, GABA, ATP

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26
Q

What differences may be seen between patients with upper MND and lower MND

A

Lower: Loss of muscle tone, severe muscle atrophy Upper: Spascitcity due to increased muscle tone resulting in loss of fine motor movement

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27
Q

What are the names of the three canals which measure angular acceleration

A

Superior, inferior and lateral

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

What is the role of the stria vascularis

A

Produces endolymph and actively transports ions in order to maintain the unusual ionic concentrations

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30
Q

Which of the lingual papillae do not contain taste buds

A

Filliform papillae

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31
Q

All skeletal muscle movements are initiated by which motor neurones

A

Lower

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32
Q

Which signalling molecule is used as a neurotransmitter it taste reception

A

ATP

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33
Q

true or false The primary motor cortex resides anterior to the central sulcus and the primary somatosensory cortex lies posterior to the central sulcus

A

True

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34
Q

Describe the process which occurs when an odorant binds to its specific odorant receptor

A

Activation of adenylate cyclase ATP –> cAMP Opening of cyclic nucleotide gated ion channel which allows influx of Na and Ca Causes depolarisation Opens ANO2 and chloride moves out (because IC conc of Cl is higher than in other cells) Graded receptor potential If it exceeds threshold at the axon initial segment then will result in action potential firing

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35
Q

Olfactory transduction uses (ALWAYS) which downstream signalling pathway

A

Golf

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36
Q

Descirbe reception of a bitter/sweet or umami taste

A

All use GPCR coupled Activation of PLCB Production of Ip3 Rise in intracellular Ca Ca acts on cation selective channel TrpM5 ion channel Deplolarisation Opening of VGNC Further depolarisation Opening of VGCC Release of ATP from vesicles onto afferent neurones

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37
Q

What is the roles of gamma motor neurons in proprioception

A

Gamma motor stimulates contraction of intrafusal muscles during contraction to ensure the spindle doesnt become slack

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38
Q

Describe the golmeruli of the olfactory bulb

A

Each glomerulus associated with one odorant receptor protein Basis for information coding

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39
Q

Do inner or outer hair cells show convergence

A

No

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40
Q

Which tract is responsible for carrying pain and temp information to the thalamus

A

Spinothalamic tract

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41
Q

What are the four types of lingual paillae

A

Filliform (most abundant) Foliate (least abundant) Fungifrom (3 apical taste buds) Vallate (back of tounge)

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42
Q

Give an example of a monosynaptic refelc

A

Patellar

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43
Q

Give an example of a proprioceptor and explain how it works

A

Muscle spindles are found in most striated muscle and is innervated by type 1a sensory fibres and provide information as to the degree of streching

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44
Q

If which of the compartments would you find endolymph

A

Scala media

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45
Q

What varies between taste cells

A

Have different thresholds for different basic tastes

46
Q

How does the basilar membrane lead to the sensation of sound

A

Movement of basilar membrane moves the hair cells, causes bending of the stereocilia against the tympanic membrane. Results in tip link streching, opening of K+ channels allowing K+ ions into the cell. Causes depolarisation of the hair cells opening of VGCC Ca in vesicle release

47
Q

How many sensory epithelia are there in the ear

A

5 5 vestibular 1 auditory

48
Q

Which are faster pain fibres or proprioceptive fibres

A

Proprioceptive fibres

49
Q

Name given to the outer ear

A

Pinna

50
Q

Fill in the blanks about the olfactory system receptor cells Tranduction machinery found ___________ Primary afferent neuron is _________ Axons are ______ and ________ Axons form the ____–

A

Within the cilia at end of a dendrite Olfactory receptor (axon of) Thin and unmyelinated Olfactory nerve

51
Q

What is the name give to receptors which respond to noxious stimuli

A

Nociceptors - afferent nerves with free nerve endings

52
Q

Describe the basal ganglias role in the initiation of movement

A

With no initiating cortical input the striatum is tonicallt activating the globus pallidus. Globus pallidus then in-turn inhibits the ventrolateral cortex leading to no signalling of the VLo to layer 6 of the motor cortex. When movement is to be initiated, activation of the striatum via cortical regions causes the inhibition of the globus pallidus. This in turn inhibits the inhibition (so activates) of the VLo which can then signal to the motor cortex to initiate movement

53
Q

Human hearing range

A

20-2000Hz

54
Q

What are the four features of spinal reflexes

A

Sensory input Fast Involuntary Stereotyped

55
Q

How many odorant receptor proteins

A

350

56
Q

By what three methods does the human ear use to localise sound

A

Intensity and time taken for sound entering each ear Pinna help localise in vertical plane

57
Q

Which tract is responsible for carrying mechanoreceptive and proprioceptive information to the thalamus

A

Medial lemniscal tract

58
Q

How many taste buds

A

2000-5000

59
Q

All involuntary reflex arcs are controlled by which division of the nervous system

A

Somatic sensory system

60
Q

Put into order 1) Ossicles move the membrane at the oval membrane 2) Sound waves move the tympanic membrane 3) Movement of the the fluid in the cochlear causes a response in the sensory neuron 4) Tympanic membrane moves the ossicles 5) Motion at the oval window moves fluid in the cochlear

A

2 4 1 5 3

61
Q

What are the two cateogries of pain

A

Fast - A(gamma) fibers sharp and immediate Slow - C delayed longer lasting

62
Q

Which membrane spearates the scala vestibuli from the scala media

A

Reissners membrane

63
Q

What is unusual about the fluid that sits inside the scala media

A

Similar ion concentrations to intracellular fluid

64
Q

To which hair cell does 95% of afferent inneration go to

A

Inner hair cells

65
Q

During inflammation, mediators such as bradykinin and prostaglandins have what effect on nociception

A

Lower the threshold for pain reception at the TRPV1 receptors

66
Q

In addition to the somatosensory cortex which regions of the brain does painful stimuli distinctly activate

A

Cingulate cortex Insula

67
Q

How does the flexor (withdrawl) reflex work

A

Activation of nociceptors results in the activation of excitatory neurons leading to the contraction of flexor muscles Meanwhile inhibitory interneurons cause a relaxation of the extensor muscles

68
Q

Which pathway carries the location, intensity and modality of painful stimlui to the brain

A

Sensory discriminative pathway (Spinothalamic tract)

69
Q

What is the name of the structure involved in sound localusation

A

Superior olive

70
Q

2nd order neurones

A

Cross the midline and ascend in the medial lemniscus

71
Q

In which on the compartments would you find perilymph

A

Scala tympani Scala vestibuli

72
Q

What is the role of the periaqueductal grey

A

Regualtes pain sensation Simulation of this region be endogenous opiates activates brainstem nuclei that modulate dorsal horn neurone activity

73
Q

What is the name of the membrane that sits on top of the organ of cortici

A

Tectroial membrane

74
Q

Name an example of a molecular pain receptor

A

Capsaicin TRPV1 receptors is activated by temperatures above 45 deg and by capsaicin

75
Q

How many rows of inner and outer hair cells

A

3 outer 1 inner

76
Q

Recall some of the evidence against the specificity of pain theory

A

Phantom limb pain Referred pain Placebo effect

77
Q

What is the name given to the mammalian auditory sensory epithelium

A

Organ of cortici

78
Q

Name 5 of the olfactory projections and the effect that they have at each are

A

Olfactory cortex - conscious smell Hippocampus - olfactory memory Amygdala - emotional responses Reticular formation - visceral responses Hypothalamus - sex and neuroendocrine

79
Q

Describe how the electro-mechanical transduction works

A

Sound shifts the stereocilia to right depolarising. This makes hair cells shorter which brings the basilar membrane up. SHifting of sterocilia left causes hyperpolarisation and makes them longer again, left right movement leads to basilar membrane vibrating amplifying the sound

80
Q

List some of the symptoms of NMS

A

Weakness Degeneration Paralysis Death usually within 5 years of diagnosis

81
Q

What and the name given the the three bones which make up the ossicle of the middle ear

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

82
Q

What is the motor pool

A

All of the motor neurones innervating a particular muscle

83
Q

At which layer do most inputs arrive at the motor cortex

A

Layer IV

84
Q

Taste cells are

A

Chemoreceptors

85
Q

What is Menieres disease and how is it caused

A

Imbalance of fluid in the endolymphatic sac causing hearing problems as well as problems with balance

86
Q

What is the meant by kinaesthesia

A

Awareness of the position and movements of the body in the space

87
Q

Where the somatosensory cortex located and what is its role

A

Lateral postcentral gyrus in pareital lobe Main receptive area for the sense of touch

88
Q

What is the name of the fluid filled cavity at the base of the canals which contain the sensory epithelium

A

Ampulla

89
Q

Describe what happens during the strech/myotactic reflex

A

Sensory fibres detect muscles stretching Carries information to the spinal cord where it synpases with a motor neurone that sends a signal causing the contraction of the bicep Simult. another connection with an inhibitory interneurone causing the relaxation of the tricep muscle Known as reciprocal inhibition

90
Q

What is meant by hyperalgesia

A

Following a painful stimulus - affected area becomes more sensitive to stimuli

91
Q

Can reflexes be learnt

A

Yes - pavolivian conditioning

92
Q

Which pathway signals unpleasantness and enables autonomic activation in response to pain

A

Affective motivational - no topographic mapping

93
Q

What can be said about the location of distal muscle motor neurons in the dorsal horn

A

They will be located more laterally than the motor neurones that innervated proximal/axial muscles

94
Q

Describe the response to a sensory stimulus just below the patella

A

Primary afferent nerve fiber relays signal to the spinal cord via the dorsal root ganglion. In the spinal cord it directly synapses with a motor neurone that causes the contraction of the extensor muscles of the leg

95
Q

3rd order neurons do what

A

Reverse their topology so the lower body synapses with more medial cortical regions

96
Q

Describe the pathology of HD

A

Cell death due to mutant huntingtin leads to degreneration of the striatum - reduces tonic activation of the GP which reduces the inhibition of the VLo leading to activation of the motor cortex. Manifests the initiation of inappropriate, jerky movements - hyperkinesis

97
Q

How is linear acceleration sensed different to that of angular acceleration

A

Linear acceleration uses calcium carbonate crystals attached to the hair cells that move in response to changes in position. This relies of the movement of the endolymph to displace the hair cells

98
Q

What are two types of mechanoreceptor response and how do they differ from each other

A

Rapidly adapting - Phasic, stop firing even if the stimulus persists Slowly adapting - tonic receptors give information on the persistence of a stimulus and continue to fire throughout

99
Q

Would stimulation of A(alpha) and A(beta) fibres cause a sensation of pain

A

No because they are proprioceptive and mechanorecetpive fibres

100
Q

What is the primary sensory cell in the auditory system

A

Inner hair cells

101
Q

Features of the olfactor epithelium

A

Detects odorants

102
Q

What are two theories of pain and how do they differ

A

Specificity - Pain is a distinct sensation detected and transmitted by specific receptors and pathways to distinct regions of the brain Convergence - pain is an integrated but plastic sense that is the result of multiple somatosensory inputs

103
Q

What type of innervation is recieved by Golgi Tendon organ

A

Sensory Ib afferents

104
Q

What does phantom limb pain indicate with regards to nociception

A

May be centrally represented based on our expectation

105
Q

What is the otolithic membrane and how does it allow for sensation of angular acceleration

A

Otolithic membrane is present in the utricle and saccule and consists of a membrane made up of calcareous crystals whose inertial delay triggers the sensory hair cells

106
Q

What are the two regions of the superior olive, what do they do

A

Medial SO - low frequency analysis, compares time differences in auditory information Lateral SO - high frequency analysis compares intensity differences

107
Q

What is the potential between the scala tympani and media

A

+80Mv

108
Q

How does the basilar membrane provide the tonotopic mapping of sound

A

Basilar membrane vibrates as a result of movement of endolymph. The lower the frequency the further yp the basilar membrane it will travel. Thus for different frequencies of sound different regions of the basilar membrane will be maximally dispalced

109
Q

How are afferents from the skin classified

A

Letters (sub divided by greek letter) A - fastest C - slowest

110
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate the tounge

A

Vagus Glossopharyyngeal Facial

111
Q

Define the term dermatome

A

Specific region of skin innervated by each sensory root ganglion

BMS109 Neuroscience (3 decks)

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