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2nd year - Microbiology > Semester 2 - Enveloped DNA Viruses > Flashcards

Semester 2 - Enveloped DNA Viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are characteristics of herpesvirueses?

A

Large dsDNA viruses, enveloped
Latency a hallmark feature
Replicate in the nucleus
No Non-human reservoirs for any human herpesvirues

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2
Q

What is a tegument?

A

An amorphous layer between icosahedral capsid and lipid envelope of herpesvirueses

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3
Q

What are the three stages of herpes infection?

A

Immediate-early: genes that regulate early and late gene expression
Early: Non-structural/regulatory genes (enzymes)
Late: Structural genes

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4
Q

What is HHV1?

A

Herpes simplex type 1

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5
Q

What is HHV2

A

Herpes simplex type 2

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6
Q

What is HHV3?

A

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)

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7
Q

What is HHV4?

A

Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)

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8
Q

What is HHV5?

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV/HCMV)

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9
Q

What is HHV6/7?

A

Roseola Infantum

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10
Q

What is HHV8?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma Virus (KSV/KSHV)

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11
Q

What are LATs?

A

Latency associated transcripts
Interfere with the function of viral proteins
Affect chromatin organization, preventing viral gene expression
miRNA against apoptosis-promoting genes

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12
Q

What is reactivation from latency?

A

Typically occurs in the first few years following primary infection, but may occur anytime
Is associated with immune competency, stress

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13
Q

What is shedding during latency?

A

Occurs at a higher level in the first few years following primary infection but may occur any time
Infection may be passed on in the absence of symptoms (WHY?)

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of Herpes Simplex Type 1?

A

Oral cold sores (70%) accounts for 30% of genital herpes cases
Latent in trigeminal ganglion

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15
Q

What does a herpes labialis infection look like?

A

Oral cold sores
Small fluid filled blisters, may occur in clumps
Broken blisters crust over, resolve in approx 2 weeks without treatment
Reccurent - reactivation from stress, immune compromise

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16
Q

How is Herpes simplex 1 transmitted?

A

Contact, mucous, sexual

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17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a herpes whitlow infection?

A

Occurs on tips of fingers/thumbs, more common in health care workers
Burning tingling of fingers
Fluid filled vesicles over erythematous base - fluid may be cloudy or bloody

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18
Q

What is herpes keratitis/conjunctivits?

A

Inflammation of the cornea or conjunctiva of the eye
Redness, pain, swelling of the eye, itching and lesions
Typically infects one eye at a time

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19
Q

What is Herpes encephalitis?

A

Most common cause of viral encephalitis. Follows an acute infection or reactivation
Headache, fever, fatigue, cognitive impairment, altered consciousness, confusion, disorientation, clumsiness
Complications - Seizure, memory loss, paralysis

20
Q

What are some characteristics of herpes simplex type 2?

A

Genital cold sores (70%) and accounts for 30% of oral herpes cases
Latent in sacral ganglion

21
Q

What is herpes genitalis?

A

Genital lesions - small fluid filled may crust over

Risk maternal transmission (congenital herpes)

22
Q

What are some characteristics of Varicella zoster virus?

A 
Chicken pox (varicella)
Reactivation as shingles (zoster)
Latent in dorsal root ganglion
23
Q

What are signs and symptoms of chicken pox?

A

Small, itchy blisters/pustules, widespread rash
Fever
Complications: pneumonia, sepsis, joint/bone infections
Adults at greater risk for complications (Skin and soft tissue, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia)

24
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of shingles?

A

Asymmetric blisters/pustules
typically on the neck, trunk or leg
Radates from one dermatome (asymmetry)
Neuralgia, which may occur prior to blister appearance

25
Q

How is VZV transmitted?

A

Aerosol, contact

26
Q

What is the difference between chicken pox and shingles?

A

Chicken pox occurs after first exposure
shingles is a reactivation of infection after latency
Chicken pox may occur in children or adults, and is more severe in adults
Shingles most often occurs in adults

27
Q

When is a VZV vaccine administered?

A

May be given prophylactically, or post-exposure to shorten the course of disease and reduce severity/complications

28
Q

What are some characteristics of the epstein barr virus?

A

Infectious mononucleosis
Latent in B cells
Occurs most commonly in teens/young adults

29
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of mono?

A

Fever, sore throat, extreme malaise, nausea
Exudative pharyngitis, tonsillitis
Lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatospenomegaly
Arthritic symptoms sometimes present
Mild, non-itchy rash may be present

30
Q

What are some complications of mono?

A

Risk of splenic rupture - patients should refrain from aggressive physical activity for several months following infection
Risk of hemolytic anemia, infective cardiopathies (very rare)

31
Q

What are some long term complications of mono?

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

32
Q

How is epstein barr virus transmitted?

A

Mucosal (saliva, sexual)

Shedding may occur in the absence of symptoms - easily transmissible

33
Q

Where is cytomegalovirus latent?

A

lymphocytes

34
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a cytomegalovirus infection?

A

Most people seropostive with no symptoms
Immunocompromised individuals - mono like illness
Risk of passing to child during pregnancy: congenital CMV = developmental disabilities, hearing loss, low birth weight, jaundice, CNS abnormalities

35
Q

How is CMV transmitted?

A

Bodily fluids: saliva, urine, breastmilk, sexual contact

36
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of CMV mononucleosis?

A

Primary cause of seronegative mononucleosis cases

Fever/systemic symptoms predominate, while hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadeopathy less severe

37
Q

What are some CMV related diseases in immunocompromised individuals?

A

CMV colities - ulceration, pseudomembrane formation
CNS infection - encephalitis
CMV pneumonia
CMV retinitis

38
Q

What are diseases that CMV is associated with?

A

Atherosclerosis, cardiopathies
Guillan-Barre syndrome
Autoimmune arthritis (SpA, ReA, PsA)

39
Q

What are some characteristics of HHV6 and HHV7

A

Roseola infantum (exanthema subitum): Three day fever, baby measles
High seropositivity rate (60%)
Latent in thymocytes

40
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of roseola infantum?

A

Sudden transient non-itchy rash in young children

Self-resolving lasts 3 days

41
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of roseola infantum in an immunocompromised individual?

A

Mono-like illness, fever, lymphadenopathy, encephalitis, post-transplantation complications (GVH)
Associated with CNS diseases, autoimmune exacerbation, AIDS dementia, complex development

42
Q

What are some characteristics of Kaposi’s Sarcoma Virus?

A

Latent in B cells
Associated with HIV progression to AIDS
Small tumors of the connective tissue lining blood vessels

43
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Kaposi’s Sarcoma virus?

A

Blue-red or purple macules/nodules localized to lower extremities, diffusing throughout the body
Heterogeneity of dermatological morphologies
Nodules may bleed easily
Bloody sputum, SOB
Progressive - ulceration of mucous membranes of the mouth, GIT, lymph nodes

44
Q

What are characteristics of Poxviruses?

A

Large dsDNA virus with a double membrane

Replicates in cytoplasm: encodes viral DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

45
Q

What are human pathogens of poxviruses?

A

Variola virus: smallpox
Vaccinia virus: vaccination
Zoonotic infections: cowpox, monkeypox

46
Q

How do poxviruses replicate?

A

Two uncoating steps
Replication occurs in the cytoplasm: viruses encodes replication machinery
Assembly/Maturation involves acquisition of two envelopes
Golgi wrapping leads to IMV formation: can spread to neighboring cells
Egress from cell membrane leads to EEV formation: can spread to any cell, can survive extracellularly.

47
Q

What are clinical features of smallpox?

A

High fever
Deep set maculopapular rash with papules at the same stage of development
Progress to fluid-filled blisters
Leads to hemorrhagic disease, high mortality rate

2nd year - Microbiology (21 decks)

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