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2nd year - Microbiology > Gram Negative Bacteria - Lesture 5 > Flashcards

Gram Negative Bacteria - Lesture 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are four classiications of gram negative bacteria?

A

Cocci
Bacilli
Coccobacilli
Pleiomorphic

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2
Q

What morphology is Neisseria sp?

A

Cocci - gram negative

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3
Q

What morphology is Bordatella pertussis?

A

Bacilli - gram negative

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4
Q

What morpology is Haemophilus influenza?

A

Coccobacilli - gram negative

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5
Q

What morphology is Yersinia pestis?

A

Coccobacilli - gram negative

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6
Q

What morphology is Chlamydia sp?

A

Coccobacilli - gram negative

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7
Q

What morphology is Legionlla pneumophile?

A

Pleiomorphic - gram negative

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8
Q

What morphology is Rickettsia sp?

A

Pleiomorphic - gram negative

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9
Q 
Give characteristics of Neisseria sp?
Morphology
Oxygen tolerance
Are the pathogens:
Catalase positive or negative?
Oxidase positive or negative?
A

Diplococci ‘coffee bean’ shape
Obligate aerobes
Pathogens are:
Catalase and oxidase positive

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10
Q

What are two human pathogens of the Neisseria sp?

A

N. gonorrhoeae - gonorrhea

N. meningitidis - meningococcal meningitis

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11
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae characteristics?

A 
Acapsular
Many plasmids (genetic variability)
Facultatively intracellular
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12
Q

What percentage of people (men/female) infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae are asymptomatic

A

10% of males

80% of females

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13
Q

Which bacterial infection has the following clinical features?
Purulent, foul-smelling discharge
Inflammation, dysuria, urethritis
Conjunctivitis (newborns)
Septicemia leading to endocarditis, meningitis, gonococcal dermatitis-arthritis syndrom (arthralgia, tenosynovitis, dermatitis)

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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14
Q

What is the incubation period of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

2-14 days

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15
Q

What bacterial infection has the following virulence:
No exotoxin - autolysis releases virulence factors
Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) slightly different in structure from LPS
Opa proteins:
-promote adherence
-multiple expressed by on bacterium (phase variation
Cyclical expression inhibits antibody binding and immunological memory

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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16
Q

How is Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted?

A

sexual/mucousal

  • Neonatal infection during birth - prenatal screening is important
  • Reinforcement due to lack of development of immunological memory
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17
Q

What is the treatment for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Traditionally - Penicillin, tetracycline, ceftriaxone - increase in drug resistants require stronger/additional antibiotic approaches
Combination therapy common - ceftriasone + doxycyline
Public health monitoring of drug resistance important

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18
Q

What is a sequelau of untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia in women?

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease

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19
Q

Describe pelvic inflammatory disease including symptoms and what it can lead to if untreated

A

Inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries
Range of symptoms but many are asymptomatic
Lower abdominal pain, fever, cervical motion tenderness, cervical inflammation
Untreated –> infertility, ectopic pregnancy, blocked fallopian tubes, miscarriage or premature birth

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20
Q

What can Neisseria gonorrhoeae lead to in males?

A

Epididymitis that may lead to infertility

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21
Q

Characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal disease)

A

Capsular - multiple serotypes based on capsular antigens (A, B, C, Y, W135)
No plasmids
Facultatively intracellular

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22
Q

What bacterial infection displays the following clinical features:
Commonly asymptomatic - carries may spread pathogen via respiratory droplets
_____ septicemia leads to DIC and hemorrhage - severe skin rash (severe cases require amputation)
_____ CNS invasion leads to meningitis - fever, altered mental status, neurological symptoms (convulsions, coma)
High mortality rate if untreated
2nd most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children, adults
most common cause of bacterial meningitis in teens/young adults

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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23
Q

What are the virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis

A

Capsule - antiphagocytic

LOS - endotoxin

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24
Q

How is Neisseria meningitidis transmitted?

How does the disease typically occur in a population? what serotype is in Canada?

A

Respiratory droplets

Disease occurs as outbreaks - serotype C in Canada

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25
Q

What is the uncubation period of Neisseria meningitidis

A

2-10 days

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26
Q

What is the treatment and prevention of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Vaccine for most human strains
Serotype C is vaccine-preventable
Treatment and hospitalization should occur immediately - drugs administered upon suspicion of infection
Penicillin G, cephalosporins + supportive treatment (IV fluid, oxygen, management or intracranial pressure, etc)

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27
Q

Characteristics of Bordatella pertusis (Whooping cough)

A

Gram negative coccobacillus, appears singly or in pairs
Colonizes URT and alveolar macrophages, leading to invasion
Pertussis toxin an important virulence factor

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28
Q

What bacterial infection has the following clinical features:
Early (catarrhal) stage - fever, mild coughing, sneexing, or runny nose, which increase in intensity (~10 days)
Late (paroxysmal) stage - uncontrollable fits, each with five to ten forceful coughs, followed by high-pitched “whoop” (~2-8 weeks or longer)

A

Bordatella pertusis

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29
Q

How is a diagnosis made of Bordatella pertusis?

A

Clinical symptoms and culture from nasal swab

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30
Q

How is Bordatella pertusis transmitted?

A

highly contagious by contact and respiratory droplets

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31
Q

What is the incubation period of Bordatella pertusis

A

5-20days

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32
Q

what is the treatment of Bordatella pertusis

A

Only effective at catarrhal stage
Macolide antibiotics administered to prevent complications
Vaccine available (pentavalent or DTP)

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33
Q

Characteristics of Haemophilus influenza (bacterial influenza)

A

Gram negative coccobacillus
Encapsulated (a-f) and non-encapsulated strains
Most serotypes are OPPORTUNISTIC pathogens

34
Q

What are the most pathogenic strains of Haemophilus influenza?

A

H.influenza serotype b (Hib) and non-typable Hi (NTHi) strains most pathogenic

35
Q

What bacterial infection has the following clinical features:
Surface infections mild/asymptomatic
Invasive infections may cause pneumonia, bronchitis

A

Haemophilus influenza

36
Q

Which strain is responsible for 95% of invasive Haemophilus influenza infections?

A

Hib

37
Q

What are potential complications of Haemophilus influenza infections?

A

Epiglottitis
Meningitis
Bacteremia
Septic arthritis

38
Q

How is Haemophilus influenza infection diagnosed?

A

Culture (from sterile body site), agglutination test

39
Q

How is Haemophilus influenza infection transmitted?

A

Transmitted via direct contact, contaminated surfaces

40
Q

What is the incubation period of Haemophilus influenza

A

unknown - estimated to be 2-10 days

41
Q

What is the treatment for Haemophilus influenza?

A

Hib vaccine available (pentavalent vaccine)

Cephalosporins for severe infection, penicillins + b-lactamase inhibitors for milder infection

42
Q

Characteristics of Yestinia pestis (plague)

A

‘Black death’
Gram negative coccobacillus
Facultative anaerobe

43
Q

Which bacterial infection has the following clinical features:
Bubonic plague
Pneumonic plague
Septicemic plague

A

Yestinia pestis

44
Q

Describe the bubonic plague as caused by Yestinia pestis

A

Sudden fever, chills, weakness, headache

Swollen lymph nodes (buboes”

45
Q

Describe the pneumonic plague as caused by Yestinia pestis

A

Fever, chills, chest pain

Cough, respiratory distress, bloody or watery mucous

46
Q

Describe the Septicemic plague as caused by Yestinia pestis

A

Fever, chills, extreme weakness
Multiorgan hemorrhage, vasculitis
May result from bubonic or pnuemonic plague

47
Q

How is Yestinia pestis diagnosed?

A

Identification of clinical features (buboes), lab testins from infected tissue including blood or lymph

48
Q

How is Yestinia pestis transmitted?

A

Bubonic - vector-borne (fleas)
Pneumonic - respiratory droplets
Transmission from infected animals, contaminated water

49
Q

What is the incubation period of Yestinia pestis

A

2-6days

50
Q

What is the treatment/prevention of Yestinia pestis

A

Mortality rate high unless treated early
Strptomycin, chloramphenicol
tetracycline, flouroquiones

51
Q

Characteristics of Chlamydia sp?

A

Gram negative coccobacilli
Obligate intracellular bacteria
Elementary body infective, reticulate body replicative
Replicative from bacterium replicates intracellularly in reticulate bodies/inclusion bodies (replicates by binary fission for 1-3wks in a host cell)
Bacteria exocytosed from host cell as an elementary body

52
Q

What are the two human pathogens of Chlamydia sp?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydia pneumoniae

53
Q

What bacterial infection shows the following clinical presentation:
Urogenital infection:
one of the most common STIs in North America
Painful urination, increasing discharge
In women - pain/bleeding during/after sex, bleeding between periods
Rectal infection - discomfort, pain, bleeding, discharge
Oral infection typically asymptomatic, despite shedding
Infection in the eye may lead to conjuctivitis

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

54
Q

What percentage of people (men/women) infected with Chlamydia trachomatis are asymptomatic?

A

50% of males

80-90% of females

55
Q

What are some complications of Chlamydia trachmatis infections in men? in women?

A

Men - epididymitis, rectitis, non-gonococcul urethritis

In women - pelvic inflammatory disease (untreated)

56
Q

How is Chlamydia trachomatis transmitted?

A

mucosal (sexual)

57
Q

What is the incubation period of Chlamydia trachomatis?

A

poorly defined 2-3 weeks or longer

58
Q

What is the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis?

A

doxycycline, azithromycin

59
Q

Describe trachoma infection (serovars A, B, BA & C)

A

Infection of the eye - leading cause of infectious blindness

Associated with poor sanitation, hygiene, water, and is a major disease of developing areas

60
Q

How is trachoma infection (serovars A, B, BA & C) spread?

A

Spread by eye discharge (contact, clothing…) and eye-seeking flies (mechanical vector)

61
Q

What can trachoma infection (serovars A, B, BA & C) lead to?

A

Corneal scarring, blindness

62
Q

What is the incubation period of trachoma infection (serovars A, B, BA & C)

A

7-12 days

63
Q

What is the treatment for trachoma infection (serovars A, B, BA & C)

A

tetracycline, azithromycin

64
Q

How is chlamydia pneumonia transmitted?

A

Respiratory secretions

65
Q

Which bacterial infection is described in the following:
Most people are exposed to pathogen by adulthood - often asymptomatic
Causes mild bronchitis/pneumonia in children, more sever invasive disease in adulthood (community acquired pneumonia aka CAP)
Often associated with mixed infections

A

chlamydia pneumonia

66
Q

Which bacterial infection has the following clinical features:
Mild, URT symptoms or no symptoms in most cases
Severe cases progress to LRT infection 1-4wks collowing exposure
Persistent cough, malaise, headache a common distinguishing feature
Fever early in infection, absent during clinically relevant stage

A

chlamydia pneumonia

67
Q

What is the treatment for chlamydia pneumonia?

A

If needed doxycycline and related are used

68
Q

How is chlamydia pneumonia related to atherosclerosis?

A

INcreased incidence of seropositivity in patients with atherosclerosis
Isolation of bacteria from atherosclerotic lesions
Induction of atherosclrotic plaques in animal models of infection

Activation of ROS - damage, inflammation, remodeling

69
Q

Characteristics of Legionella pneumophile (Legionnaires’ disease)

A

Gram negative pleiomorphic

Contaminated water breeds bacterial growth - water cooler towers, air conditioning systems, plumbing systems

70
Q

Which bacterial infection has the following clinical features:
fever, chillis, cough
Muscle aches, headache, fatigue, ataxia (loss of coordination), diarrhea, vomiting
Pontiac fever less severe, resembles acute influenza virus infection, resolves spontaneously

A

Legionella pneumophile

71
Q

What are potential complications of Legionella pneumophile

A

Respiratory or renal failure

Sepsis

72
Q

How is Legionella pneumophile transmitted?

A

Transmission via aerosol, water (associated with poor ventilation and water treatment facilities - hotels, hot tubs, factories, nursing homes)

Not spread from person to person

73
Q

What is the incubation period of Legionella pneumophile?

A

2-10 days

74
Q

What are the treatments for Legionella pneumophile?

A

Quinolones, macrolides, tetracyclins

75
Q

What are characteristics of Rickettsia sp?

A

Gram negative aerobic, pleiomorphic
Obligate intracellular parasite
Typhus, rocky mountain fever, rickettsialpox
Vector-borne infection
R. prowazekii source of eukaryotic mitochondria

76
Q

How is Rickettsia typhi (Typhus) spread?

A

Spread by lice feces

77
Q

Which bacterial infection is described as:
high fever, cough, chest rash, severe muscle pain
Dermal leasions 5-6dpi, chest and spreading to the rest of the body
Severe vasculitis and increased vascular permeability - leads to shock, acute respiratory distress

A

Rickettsia typhi (Typhus)

78
Q

How is Rickettsia diagnosed?

A

Multiple criteria including exposure, history, clinical preenstation and serology

79
Q

What is the incubation period of Rickettsia?

A

5-10 days

80
Q

What is the treatment for Rickettsia?

A

Doxycycline, chloramphenicol

2nd year - Microbiology (21 decks)

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