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2nd year - Microbiology > Mycobacteria etc > Flashcards

Mycobacteria etc Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the growth conditions for Mycobacterium sp?

A

Fastidious (have complex growth requirements)
Slow growing
Difficult to treat - hearty

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of Mycobacterium sp?

A

Acid fast (thick cell wall containing mycolic acid) - many branched lipids
Aerobic
Non-motile
Rod shaped

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2
Q

What are the human Mycobacterium pathogens?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium leprae

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)?

A

Highly aerobic
Facultatively intracellular
Appear as white colony on Lowenstein-Jensen or Middlebrook’s medium

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4
Q

What are some characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

Less than 10% develop TB disease upon infection

Some people are latent carriers - tuberculin positive in absence of disease

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5
Q

What is the tuberculin skin test?

A

It measures the immune reaction to Mtb as a measure of exposure to the bacterium
Protein isolate from Mtb are injected in the skin and the size of reaction measured
Positive is greater than a certain threshold

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6
Q

What are the risk factors associated with TB?

A 
Immune status
Alcoholism
IV drug use
Close contact with infected individuals
Poor nutrition
HIV status - TB is the leading cause of death for HIV infected individuals world wide
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7
Q

What does the primary infection of TB look like?

A

Inhale via respiratory droplets
Colonization of lung and uptake by phagocytosis into macrophages
Bacterial cell wall inhibits phagosome-lysosome fusion and virulence factors prevent phagosome acidification
Macrophages remain unactivated, bacteria may replicate uncontrollably inside without antigen presentation
Following macrophage burst, activation of lymphocytes leads to granuloma formation

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8
Q

What is a TB granuloma?

A

infected cells surrounded by macrophages and lymphocytes

Caseous necrosis a characteristic feature of TB granuloma

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9
Q

What does a latent TB infection look like?

A

Occurs after initial infection and dissemination
Absence of clinical symptoms and no shedding, non-transmissible
May last for long period time before reactivation (if ever)

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10
Q

What happens following a reactivation of a latent TB infection?

A

Granulomatous infection leads to necrosis, cavitation, release of bacteria into respiratory droplets

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11
Q

What are the clinical features primary or post primary pulmonary TB?

A 
Fever, nausea, productive coughing
Lymphadenopathy
Pleural effusion
Chest pain, dyspnea
CXR: consolidation of lung (often upper), for patients with HIV/immunosuppressed consolidation may be mild/absent
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12
Q

What are the clinical features of primary progressive pulmonary TB?

A

Progressive nausea, loss of appetite, fatigue
Weight loss, muscle wasting
Productive cough with bloody sputum, dyspnea

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of extrapulmonary TB?

A

15-20% active cases and 50% of HIV cases
Spread to various organs, granulomas, multiple organ failure
CNS - tuberculosis meningitis
Bones and joints - Potts disease of the spine, osteomyelitis
Miliary TB - widespread

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14
Q

What are the prevention strategies for TB?

A

BCG vaccine

Novel immunotherapies in development: New ag, new platform, booster

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15
Q

What are some characteristics of M. leprae?

A

Granulomatous disease of URT, peripheral nerves
Progressive disease leads to characteristic lesions of the skin and deformation
Similar characteristics and morphology of Mtb

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16
Q

How is M. leprae transmitted?

A

person to person contact
respiratory droplets
ultimately unknown - maybe vector borne?
Armadillo only known non human reservoir

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17
Q

What does the initial infection of M. leprae look like?

A

Mild, often asymptomatic
Slow growing (5 year incubation period) symptoms may occur 20 years after infection
Hypopigmentation of the skin may be present

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18
Q

what is tuberculoid leprosy?

A

aka paucibacillary leprosy
milder form of the disease
large asymmetrical skin lesions - rash like, sensitive to touch
May progress to pain, muscle weakness, skin stiffness, dryness
Loss of nerve function = loss of skin sensation

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19
Q

What is borderline leprosy?

A

intermediate form of the disease (most common)
numerous lesions, may affect entire limbs leading to loss of function
This stage is unstable, may progress milder or more severe

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20
Q

What is lepromatous leprosy?

A

Most severe
begins with small symmetrical, diffuse lesions
progress with larger extensive lesions
Deformity of skin and limbs, loss of innervation and function
Eye involvement: glaucoma, photophobia, blindness
“saddle nose”

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21
Q

What are characteristics of mycoplasma sp. and ureaplasma sp?

A

Lack cell walls - resistant to many antibiotics
smallest known cell
parasites and commensals of vertebrate hosts
mycoplasma are common contaminants in laboratories

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22
Q

What are the human pathogens of mycoplasma sp and ureaplasma sp?

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia - atypical walking
Mycoplasma genitalium - PID, bacterial vaginosis
Mycoplasma homonis - PID
Ureaplasma urealyticum - non specific urethritis, perinatal complications

23
Q

What are symptoms of Mycoplasma pneumonia?

A

Atypical walking pneumonia
Also caused by C. pneumonia, L. pneumophile
Typically mild illness: cough, fever, chills, chest pain, fatigue, muscle soreness
More severe symptoms: eye pain, ear pain, sore throat, rash, lymphadenopathy
Complications involve: CNS invasion (meningitis) haemolytic anemia (very rare)

24
Q

What are characteristics of M. genitalium, M. homonis?

A

Thought to be normal flora of genital tract
Associated with PID, bacterial vaginosis
Probably sequelae of other disease and or antibiotic use

25
Q

What are characteristics of ureaplasma urealytica?

A

Normal flora of urogenital tract
Associated with non-specific urethritis
Associated with complications during pregnancy: sterility, stillbirth, preterm labour, meningitis, pneumonia in pregnant women

26
Q

What are characteristics of filamentous bacteria? What is an example?

A

Segmented filamentous bacteria
Gram (+), spore forming, rod shaped (filamentous) clostridia like
non culturable cells adhere to intestinal epithelium
Pro-inflammatory in animal models of infection
lead to inhibition of growth in pathogenic organisms
lead to increase incidence of autoimmune or inflammatory diseases
Candidatus arthromitus

27
Q

What are characteristics of spirochaetes?

A

Spiral shaped, double membrane
anaerobic, or microaerophilic
Flagella run internally causing corkscrew motion
Gram (-) type cell wall but not classified by gram stain

28
Q

What are human spirochaetes pathogens?

A

trepemona pallidum - syphilis
Borrelia burgdorferi - Lyme disease
leptospira sp- leptospirosis

29
Q

What are some characteristics of trepomona pallidum?

A

small genome, simple metabolic requirements

anaerobic/microaerophilic

30
Q

What are different subspecies of trepomona pallidum and what are the diseases they cause?

A

T. pallidum pallidum - syphilis
T. pallidum endemicum - bejel/endemic syphilis
T. pallidum carateum - pinta
T. pallidum pertenue - yaws

31
Q

What is the clinical presentation of primary stage Trepomona pallidum?

A

Single painless chancre at site of infection
penile, cervical, oral, anal, vaginal: some difficult to detect
progress to ulcerative lesion

32
Q

What is the secondary stage of Trepomona pallidum?

A

Diffuse non itchy rash typically palms and soles
May appear as wart like structures/condyloma
fever, headache, malaise
4-10 weeks following primary

33
Q

What is the clinical presentation of latent stage Tremomona pallidum?

A

few to no symptoms

2-15 years (variable)

34
Q

What is the clinical presentation of tertiary Trepomona pallidum?

A

Granuloma - soft noncancerous collection of bacteria, infected cells, macrophages
Neurological complications - seizure, dementia, meningitis
Cardiac complications - aortitis, aortic aneurysm leading to rupture and hemorrhage

35
Q

How is treponema pallidum transmitted?

A

sexual, mucosal, fetal, contaminated blood products

36
Q

What are other diseases caused by Treponema pallidum?

A

Bejel/endemic syphilis: infection of skin and tissue
Pinta: skin lesions hyperkeratotic
Yaws: ulcerative skin lesions, may progress to soft tissue destruction (esp bone/cartilage of the nose)
May all be resolved completely without antibiotic treatment

37
Q

What is the common name of T. pallidum endemicum?

A

Bejel/endemic syphilis

38
Q

What is the common name of T. pallidum carateum?

A

Pinta

39
Q

What is the common name of T. pallidum pertenue?

A

Yaws

40
Q

What is the most common etiology of Borrelia sp?

A

B. burgdorferi

41
Q

What are the clinical features and complications of Borrelia sp?

A

Characteristic “bullseye” rash (erythema migrans)
Flu like symptoms
Bell’s palsy
Disseminated disease includes CNS invasion, arthritic symptoms, heart palpitations, extreme weakness

42
Q

How is Borrelia sp. transmitted?

A

Deer ticks and black leg ticks, typically in late spring early summer

43
Q

What disease is caused by Borrelia sp?

A

Lyme disease

44
Q

What are the characteristics of post treatment Lyme disease syndrome?

A

Recurrent arthritis, arthralgia, neuralgia
Pathology unknown
Long term antibiotics not useful
10-20% experience PTLD

45
Q

How is Leptospira sp. (Leptospirosis) transmitted?

A

Animal vector - contact with water, soil, food containing infected animal’s urine
“Mud fever” “swamp fever”

46
Q

What are the clinical features of Leptospira sp (Leptospirosis)?

A

Phase 1: myalgia, fever, chills, headache

Phase 2: (Weil’s disease), meningitis, jaundice, renal failure

47
Q

What are some morphological characteristics of Campylobacter sp?

A

Spiral shaped, Gram (-)
Oxidase (+)
Microaerophilic

48
Q

What are the human pathogens of Campylobacter sp?

A

Campylobacter jejuni: gastroenteritis
Campylobacter coli: gastroenteritis
Campylobacter fetus: neonatal sepsis, meningitis

49
Q

How are C. jejuni and C. coli transmitted?

A

contaminated poultry, unpasteurized milk. Most common food borne illness world wide.
Produces Cholera like entero-toxin
Grows well in avian bodies because max growth at 42C (avian body temp)

50
Q

What are the clinical features of C. jejuni and C. coli?

A

Gastroenteritis lasting 24hours to 1 week (distinguishing feature that lasts more than 1 day)
Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, frequently bloody stool
May develop inflammation of the colon similar to C. diff infection (rare cause of pseudomembranous colitis)
Low risk of dissemination, reactive arthritis, low incidence of Guillian-Barre syndrome

51
Q

What are clinical features of C. fetus?

A

Opportunistic pathogen in newborns
Causes spontaneous abortion in cattle/sheep
Only member of genus to cause septicaemia
May lead to infectious cardiopathy, invasion of respiratory tract, CNS (meningitis), septic thrombophlebitis, septic arthritis,

52
Q

How is C. fetus transmitted?

A

Contaminated food, poultry, water

53
Q

What are some morphological characteristics of Helicobacter pylori?

A

Gram (-), microaerophilic, acid-stable

A member of the normal flora of the stomach

54
Q

What are the typical symptoms of a chronic infection of H. pylori?

A

typically asymptomatic

55
Q

What are gastric/peptic ulcers and what are they associated?

A 
Ulcers in the stomach/duodenum
Associated with NSAID usage (1-4%)
Dull sharp abdominal pain
bleeding perforation of GIT
MALT lymphoma, gastric cancer important complications

2nd year - Microbiology (21 decks)

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