Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FY > Semester 2 Biology > Flashcards

Semester 2 Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory neurones

A

-Transmit impulses from receptors (that are stimulated by a specific stimulus) to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Motor neurones

A

-Transmit impulses away from CNS to effector, muscle/gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Relay neurones

Location?

A

-A link between sensory and motor neurones and is situated in the CNS
-AKA intermediate or coordinator neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Structure of a neurone
(Use pic if required)

A

Cell body, Dendrons, Axons, Schwann cells, Nodes of Ranvier, Synaptic Knobs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of cell body

A

-Contains the nucleus and most of the other cell organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Function of dendrons

A

-Conduct impulses towards the cell body
-Are small and break up into small terminal branches at the end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Function of axons

A

-Conduct impulses away from the cell body they are thinner than dendrites
-Several metres long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Functions of Schwann cells

A

-Surrounds the axon forming a myelin sheath
-This insulates cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

-The region of the axon not insulated by Schwann cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Functions of Synaptic knobs

A

-Present at the end of axons
-Allows communication with other neurones via neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a simple reflex

A

-A rapid response to a stimulus
-Reflexes are automatic (involuntary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does a simple reflex occur

A

-Receptors detect stimulus and transmit impulses along sensory neurone to the spinal cord
-Sensory neurone synapses with a relay neurone, this passes impulse to motor neurone
-Impulse transmitted along a motor neurone to the effector e.g bicep muscles contract, removing the hand from the hot object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Compare the nervous and hormonal control in the endocrine system

A

Nervous
1)Electrical and Chemical
2)Transmission via nerve impulses and chemicals at synapse
3)Pathway is specific via nerve cells
4)Rapid transmission and response
5)Often short-term changes
6)Response localised

Hormonal
1)Chemical only
2)Transmission released into blood, transport via circulatory system
3)None specific pathway via blood but target specific specific due to receptors
4)Slower transmission and slow-acting
5)Long term changes
6)Respond widespread e.g growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic
Areas of influence

A

-Effects diffuse (more spread out and longer lasting)
Vs
-Effects are localised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic
Transmitter substance

A

-Noradrenaline at effector (has similar effects to adrenaline)
Vs
-Acetylcholine at effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic
Conditions when active

A

-Dominant during danger, stress and activity, controls reactions to stress
Vs
-Dominant during rest, controls routine body activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic
General effects,e.g

A

-Increased metabolic rate
-Increased blood glucose
-Increased rhythmic activities e.g heart/ ventilation rate
-Raises sensory awareness
Vs
-Decreases blood glucose
-Decreases rhythmic activity
-Restores awareness to normal levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which stages occur in anaerobic respiration

A

-Only glycolysis, no links reaction, krebs cycle or oxidative phosphorylation
-Net gain of 2 x ATP

19
Q

Anaerobic respiration in animals
Equation

A

Pyryvate + NADH+ H+ ===> Lactate. + NAD
(Pyruvic acid) (lactic acid)

20
Q

Anaerobic respiration in fungi e.g yeast
Equation

A

Pyruvate + NADH +H+ ===> Ethanol + CO2 + NAD

21
Q

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

A

-Ratio of CO2: O2
-RQ; Volume of CO2 produced/ Volume of O2 absorbed
(from direct observation)
-Works with moles
-Usually less than 1

22
Q

What is a synapse

A

A functional connection between neurones (or a neuron and muscle)

23
Q

Structure of a synapse

A

-Synaptic vesicle (contains neurotransmitters)
-Mitochondria
-Presynaptic membrane
-Synaptic knob
-Neurotransmitters
-Postsynaptic membrane (has specific protein receptors)

24
Q

Neurones that possess acetylcholine and noradrenaline respectively are known as…

A

-Cholinergic neurones
-Adrenergic neruones

25
Q

During synaptic transmission, what happens after acetylcholine attaches to its complementary receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

(Not on ss)

A

-Attachment stimulates entry of sodium, produces ESPS (Excitory postsynaptic potentials)
-As more acetylcholine bind, ESPS build up leading to depolarisation
-Acetylcholine broken down in presynaptic membrane by acetylcholinesterase= acetyl and choline
-Products taken up into synaptic knob by active transport and acetylcholine re-synthesised, requires energy from ATP

26
Q

How does nicotine affect synaptic transmission (mimics)

A

-Has similar structure to neurotransmitter
-Speeds up transmission

27
Q

How does curare affect synaptic transmission (blocking)

A

-Binds to acetylcholine receptors on post synaptic membrane (attaches to receptor cites)
-Stops Actelycholine from binding (stops neurotransmitter from binding)
-and prevents sodium ions from entering, stopping muscle contraction= paralysis of skeletal muscles
(prevents transmission of nerve impulses)

28
Q

How does botox affect synaptic transmission (preventing)

A

-Prevents release of Ach from synapse of a neuromuscular junction, can lead to muscle paralysis

29
Q

How does strychnine affect synaptic transmission (inhibiting)

A

-Contain organophosphates, inhibits acetyl cholinesterase (breaks down neurotransmitters)
-Results in prolonged nervous transmission which causes muscle spasm

30
Q

Role of the cornea

A

-Curved surface acts as the main structure refracting (bending ) light towards the retina
-Transparent front part of the sclera

31
Q

Role of ciliary muscles

A

-Muscles in ciliary body alter the shape of the lens during accomodation

32
Q

Role of suspensory ligaments

A

-Attaches lens to ciliary body

33
Q

Role of lens

A

-Provides fine adjustment for focussing light on the retina
-Transparent, elastic, biconvex structure

34
Q

Structure and function of the iris

A

-Controls the amount of light entering eye through the contraction and relaxation of circular and radial muscles (antagonistic muscles)
-Muscular diaphragm contains the pigment which gives the eye its colour

35
Q

What happens in bright light

A

-Circular muscles of the iris contract
-Radial muscle relaxes
-Pupil constricts (becomes smaller) and less light enters the eye

36
Q

What happens in dim light

A

-Radial muscles of iris contract
-Circular muscle relaxes
-Pupils dilate (become larger) and more light enters the eye, stimulates photoreceptors

37
Q

Which processes is pupil constriction and dilation stimulated by

A

Constriction- parasympathetic nervous system (Rest + Digest)
Dilation-Sympathetic nervous system (F/F)

38
Q

Cerebellum

A

-Controls precision and fine control of voluntary movement (as they receive impulse from joint and stretch receptors)
-Learns tasks that initially require conscious thought e.g riding a bike, playing a piano
-These tasks become unconscious once the command from the cerebral cortex initiates the movement

39
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-Co-ordinates and controls ANS (receives sensory input from all receptors of ANS)
-Regulates thirst, satiety and temperature
-Hypothalamus is the main link from the nervous to endocrine system as that controls the pituitary gland

40
Q

Function of the visual association area

A

Interpretation of visual information in terms of previous experiences

41
Q

What are skeletal muscles also known as

A

Striped or Striated muscles

42
Q

Evidence for the LDR
Hill reaction

A

-Isolated chloroplasts have a reducing power when illuminated (emit electrons)
-Redox power evidence: DCPIP becomes colourless when reduced
-Fe3+ used as the accpetor

43
Q

Evidence for LIR
Apparatus

A

-Thin, transparent vessel, in which algae was cultured
-CO2 containing radioactive Carbon is injected as bicarbonate into algae suspension

44
Q

Evidence for LIR
Method

A

-Algae exposed to 14CO2 for diff lengths of time
-Algae released into hot methanol, which kills them
-Soluble products of photosynthesis extracted
-Extracted compound separated by 2D chromatography
-Autoradiopgraphy used. film darkens where it covers radioactive compounds

FY (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions