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BMSc > Semester 2 > Flashcards

Semester 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pouches in the female pelvis?

A

vesicouterine pouch

rectouterine pouch

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2
Q

What pouches are in the male pelvis?

A

vesicorectal pouch

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3
Q

What sort of tissue lines the bladder?

A

transitional cell epithelium

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4
Q

What name is given to the folds on the inside of the bladder?

A

rugae

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5
Q

What name is given to the apex of the bladder posterior to pubic symphysis?

A

urachus

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6
Q

What name is given to the triangular area of smooth mucous membrane at the base of the bladder?

A

trigone

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7
Q

where do the ureters enter and urethra exit the bladder?

A

trigone

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8
Q

What name is given to the smooth muscle coat that lines the trigone?

A

Detrusor

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9
Q

What structure holds the neck of the bladder in place?

A

male- puboprostatic ligament

female- pubovesical ligament

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10
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the bladder?

A

two superior vesical arteries

and inferior vesical artery from internal iliacs

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11
Q

Which veins drain the bladder?

A

vesical plexus

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12
Q

what veins does the vesical plexus drain into?

A

internal iliac

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13
Q

what nerves supply the bladder?

A

ANS inferior hypogastric plexus

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14
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the ureters?

A

lumbar
common iliac
external iliac
internal nodes

as they descend

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15
Q

What lymph nodes drain the bladder?

A

internal iliac

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16
Q

What is the main lymphatic drainage of the urethra?

A

internal iliac

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17
Q

which lymph nodes drain the spongy urethra in the penis?

A

deep inguinal nodes

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18
Q

at what vertebral level is the rectum?

A

3rd sacral vertebra to the tip of the coccyx

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19
Q

which part of the rectum is covered by visceral peritoneum?

A

upper 1/3

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20
Q

which part of the rectum is covered by peritoneum on the anterior surface?

A

middle 1/3

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21
Q

Which part of the rectum is infraperitoneal?

A

lower 1/3

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22
Q

Which muscle forms a sling around the rectum?

A

puborectalis

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23
Q

which artery supplying the rectum is a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

superior rectal artery

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24
Q

which artery supplying the rectum is a branch of the internal iliac artery?

A

middle rectal artery

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25
Q

which artery supplying the rectum is a branch of the internal pudendal artery?

A

inferior rectal artery

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26
Q

which lymph nodes drain the rectum?

A

pararectal

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27
Q

Which nerves supply the rectum?

A

inferior hypogastric plexus

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28
Q

Name the three parts of the broad ligament

A

mesosalpinx
mesovarium
mesometrium

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29
Q

which ligament contains the ovaries?

A

broad ligament

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30
Q

which ligament suspends the uterus in the pelvis?

A

round ligament

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31
Q

which ligaments attach the cervix offering support to the uterus?

A

transverse cervical
uterosacral
pubocervical

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32
Q

describe anteversion

A

long axis of uterus bent forward on long axis of vagina

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33
Q

describe anteflexion

A

long axis of uterus bent forward at internal os with long axis of vagina

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34
Q

Which ligament contains the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

broad ligament

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35
Q

How long is the seminal vesicle?

A

5cm

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36
Q

Which arteries supply the vas?

A

inferior vesical artery

prostatic artery

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37
Q

what substances are secreted by the prostate?

A

proteolytic enzymes and acid phosphatase

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38
Q

Which arteries supply the prostate?

A

internal pudendal
middle rectal
inferior vesical arteries

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39
Q

Which vein drains the prostate?

A

deep dorsal vein of the penis

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40
Q

Which structures support the prostate?

A

pubo-prostatic ligament

levatore prostatae

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41
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the prostate?

A

internal iliac

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42
Q

What structures are contained in the ischioanal fossa?

A

branches pudendal nerve, artery and vein

adipose tissue

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43
Q

what structures form the walls of the ischioanal fossa?

A

ischial tuberosity

rectum/anal canal

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44
Q

What structure forms the roof of the ischioanal fossa?

A

levator ani

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45
Q

what structure forms the floor of the ischioanal fossa?

A

skin

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46
Q

Is inferior rectal nerve motor or sensory?

A

motor

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47
Q

Is pudendal nerve motor or sensory?

A

both

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48
Q

When does the rectum become the anal canal?

A

when is pierces the pelvic floor

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49
Q

What structures are contained within the anal columns?

A

terminal radicle of the superior rectal vessels

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50
Q

What name is given to the line that demarcates the transition from anal canal to skin?

A

anocutaneous line

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51
Q

What name is given to scarpas fascia once it is covering the reproductive organs?

A

Colles’ fascia

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52
Q

Which structure replaces Campers fascia in the male scrotum?

A

dartos muscle

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53
Q

how many layers make up the urogenital diaphragm?

A

3

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54
Q

Which muscles make up the muscular layer of the urogenital diaphragm?

A

sphincter urethrae

deep transverse perineal muscles

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55
Q

which structures are contained in the deep perineal pouch in both males and females?

A

urethra, spincter urethrae, deep transverse perineal muscles, internal pudendal vessels, pudendal nerve

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56
Q

which structures are contained in the deep perineal pouch in females?

A

vagina

dorsal nerves of the clitoris

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57
Q

Which structures are contained in the deep perineal pouch in males?

A

membranous urethra, dorsal nerves of the penis
bulbourethral glands
penile arteries

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58
Q

Where is the superficial perineal pouch?

A

between the perineal membrane and the skin

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59
Q

which muscles are contained in the superficial perineal pouch?

A

ischiocavernosus
bulbospongiosus
superficial transverse perineal muscles

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60
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

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61
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to the superior gluteal nerve?

A

L4-S1

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62
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

L5-S2

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63
Q

Which muscle lies between the gluteal nerves?

A

piriformis

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64
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to nerve to obturator internus?

A

L5-S1

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65
Q

Which pelvic foramen does the nerve to obturator internus pass through?

A

lesser sciatic foramen

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66
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to nerve to piriformis?

A

S1-S2

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67
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to the pudendal nerve?

A

S2-S4

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68
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the pudendal nerve?

A 
levator ani
external anal sphincter
external urethral sphincter
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus
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69
Q

Are the pelvic splanchnic nerves sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

parasympathetic

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70
Q

what nerve roots contribute to the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

A

S2-S4

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71
Q

Name the branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery?

A 
umbilical
obturator
inferior vesical/uterine
inferior gluteal
middle rectal
internal pudendal
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72
Q

Name the branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery?

A

iliolumbar
lateral sacral
superior gluteal

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73
Q

Which pelvic ligaments form the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

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74
Q

What two types of joint contribute to the sacroiliac joints?

A

fibrous

synovial

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75
Q

which nerve roots supply psoas?

A

L2-L4 anterior rami

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76
Q

Which 2 muscles contribute to the pelvic floor?

A

levator ani

coccygeus

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77
Q

which nerve roots supply coccygeus?

A

S4-S5

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78
Q

What are the 2 parts of levator ani?

A

pubococcygeus

iliococcygeus

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79
Q

What name is given to the area of attachment of iliococcygeus to the fascia of obturator internus?

A

tendinous arch of levator ani

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80
Q

What nerve is formed from the posterior divisions of L2, 3 and 4?

A

femoral

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81
Q

What nerve is formed by the anterior divisions of L2, 3 and 4?

A

obturator

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82
Q

which side of the lower limb does the great saphenous vein run up?

A

medial

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83
Q

Does the short saphenous vein run up the anterior or posterior aspect of the leg?

A

posterior

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84
Q

What 2 groups make up the superficial inguinal lymph nodes?

A

horizontal

vertical

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85
Q

what structures are drained by the horizontal inguinal lymph nodes?

A

anterior abdominal wall
lower half of the anal canal
posterior abdominal wall

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86
Q

What structures are drained by the vertical group of superficial inguinal lymph nodes?

A

superficial lower limb

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87
Q

what name is given to the thick fascia covering the anterior thigh?

A

fascia latae

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88
Q

what name is given to the lateral thickening of fascial latae?

A

iliotibial tract

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89
Q

in what layer of fascia is the saphenous hiatus found?

A

cribiform fascia

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90
Q

What tissue layers form the roof of the femoral triangle?

A

fascia latae
cribiform fascia
subcutaneous fat
skin

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91
Q

Which ligament forms the superior border of the femoral triangle (base)?

A

inguinal ligament

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92
Q

which muscle forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A

sartorius

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93
Q

Which muscle forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?

A

adductor longus

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94
Q

what 2 muscles form the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

iliopsoas

pectineus

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95
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial?

A

nerve
artery
vein
lymphatics

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96
Q

which structure found within the femoral triangle is not contained within the femoral sheath?

A

femoral nerve

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97
Q

What is contained within the femoral canal?

A

fat and lymphatics

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98
Q

What hip flexors are contained within the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

iliacus
psoas major
pectineus
sartorius

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99
Q

What knee extensors are contained within the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A 
Quadriceps group:
rectus femoris
vastus medialis 
vastus lateralis 
vastus intermedius
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100
Q

Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

femoral

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101
Q

Which part of quadriceps also acts as a hip flexor?

A

rectus femoris

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102
Q

Which part of the lower limb does the femoral nerve offer cutaneous supply to?

A

anteromedial thigh

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103
Q

What action is performed by muscles in the medial thigh?

A

hip adduction

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104
Q

Which muscles are contained within the medial thigh?

A 
gracilis
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
obturator externus
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105
Q

which nerve supplies the muscles of the medial thigh?

A

obturator except hamstring part of adductor magnus

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106
Q

which nerve supplies the hamstring part of adductor magnus?

A

tibial nerve

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107
Q

which muscle contained within the medial thigh does not adduct the hip?

A

obturator externus

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108
Q

what movement is caused by obturator externus?

A

lateral rotation of the thigh (same as obturator internus)

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109
Q

the anterior and posterior divisions of the obturator nerve are names with regards to which muscle of the medial thigh?

A

adductor brevis

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110
Q

Which muscles form the boundaries of the adductor canal?

A

sartorius
vastus medialis
adductor longus

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111
Q

what structures pass through the adductor canal?

A

femoral vessels

saphenous nerve

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112
Q

What name is given to the angle of the head and neck of the femur that brings the knees closer to the midline?

A

Angle of inclination

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113
Q

Which of the gluteal muscles are lateral rotators of the hip?

A 
gluteus maximus
piriformis
obturator internus
gemelli
quadratus femoris
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114
Q

Which of the gluteal muscles are medial rotators and abductors of the hip?

A

gluteus medius and minimus

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115
Q

what is the main function of gluteus maximus?

A

hip extension

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116
Q

which nerve supplies glut maximus?

A

inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)

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117
Q

Which nerve supplies tensor fasciae latae?

A

superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)

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118
Q

Which foramen does piriformis pass through?

A

greater sciatic foramen

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119
Q

which nerve supplies piriformis?

A

anterior rami of S1 and 2

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120
Q

Which foramen does obturator internus pass through?

A

lesser sciatic foramen

NOT OBTURATOR FORAMEN

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121
Q

Which nerve supplies obturator internus?

A

nerve to obturator internus (L5-S1)

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122
Q

Which muscle runs in between the superior and inferior gemelli?

A

obturator internus

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123
Q

what is the origin of superior gemellus?

A

ischial spine

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124
Q

What is the origin of inferior gemellus?

A

ischial tuberosity

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125
Q

what nerve supplies superior gemellus?

A

nerve to obturator internus

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126
Q

What nerve supplies inferior gemellus?

A

nerve to quadratus femoris

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127
Q

What foramen do the gemelli pass through?

A

lesser sciatic foramen

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128
Q

What is he function of obturator externus?

A

laterally rotates the hip

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129
Q

Which nerve supplies obturator externus?

A

obturator nerve ( L3-4)

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130
Q

which nerve emerges below piriformis?

A

sciatic

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131
Q

The superior and inferior gluteal vessels and nerves are named in relation to which structure?

A

piriformis

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132
Q

Which branches are given off by the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh to supply the skin of the inferior half of the buttock?

A

inferior clunial nerves

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133
Q

Which vessel runs in the ligament of head of femur?

A

artery to head of femur

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134
Q

What movements are limited by the iliofemoral ligament?

A

extension
lateral rotation
adduction
abduction

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135
Q

what movements are limited by the pubofemoral ligament?

A

extension

lateral rotation abduction

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136
Q

What movements are limited by the ischiofemoral ligament?

A

extension
medial rotation
adduction

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137
Q

what is the only ligament contributing to the posterior aspect of the acetabulum?

A

ischiofemoral ligament

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138
Q

Which arteries supply the hip joint?

A

artery to head of femur
medial circumflex femoral artery
lateral circumflex femoral artery

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139
Q

Which muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris

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140
Q

What are the rules for a true hamstring?

A

originate from ischial tuberosity
act at both the hip and the knee
supplied by tibial division of the sciatic nerve

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141
Q

Which hamstrings lie on the medial side of the posterior thigh?

A

semitendinosus and semimembranosus

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142
Q

Which part of biceps femoris isn’t a true hamstring?

A

short head

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143
Q

Which nerve supplies the short head of biceps femoris?

A

common peroneal nerve

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144
Q

Which muscle rotates the knee laterally when flexed?

A

biceps femoris

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145
Q

Which muscles rotate the knee medially when flexed?

A

semimembranosus
semitendinosus
gracilis
sartorius

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146
Q

Which nerve runs deep to the long head of biceps femoris?

A

sciatic nerve

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147
Q

What two structures pierce the roof of the popliteal fossa?

A

sural nerve

short saphenous nerve

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148
Q

The tendons of which muscles form the superior border of the popliteal fossa?

A

biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus

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149
Q

Which muscle forms the inferior border of the popliteal fossa?

A

gastrocnemius

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150
Q

what structures are contained within the popliteal fossa?

A

popliteal artery
popliteal vein
tibial nerve
common peroneal nerve

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151
Q

which muscle forms the floor of the popliteal fossa?

A

popliteus

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152
Q

what name is given to the expansion of semimembranosus that reinforces the knee joint capsule?

A

oblique popliteal ligament

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153
Q

how many genicular branches does the popliteal artery have?

A

5

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154
Q

when does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

A

adductor hiatus

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155
Q

what are the terminal branches of the popliteal artery?

A

anterior and posterior tibial arteries

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156
Q

How many articulations make up the knee joint?

A

3

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157
Q

what names are given to the articulations of the knee joint?

A

femoropatellar

femorotibial

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158
Q

Does the fibula articulate at the knee joint?

A

no

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159
Q

What structure holds the bursae of the knee joint in place?

A

articularis genu

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160
Q

which bursa of the knee runs behind the quads?

A

suprapatellar

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161
Q

which bursa of the knee lubricates the movements of gracilis, sartorius and semitendinosus?

A

anserine bursa

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162
Q

What are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

oblique popliteal
arcuate popliteal
medial and lateral collateral

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163
Q

what are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

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164
Q

The medial meniscus is attached to the deep fibres of which ligament?

A

medial collateral

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165
Q

what is the function of PCL?

A

prevents femur sliding anteriorly on the tibia

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166
Q

what is the function of ACL?

A

prevents femur sliding posteriorly on the tibia

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167
Q

the cruciate ligaments limit rotation of the tibia in which direction?

A

medial

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168
Q

which movement is limited by the anteromedial band of ACL?

A

flexion

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169
Q

which movement is limited by the posterolateral band of ACL?

A

extension

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170
Q

Which movement is limited by the anterolateral band of PCL?

A

flexion

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171
Q

which movement is limited by posteromedial band of PCL?

A

extension

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172
Q

What tissue are the menisci composed of?

A

fibrocartilage

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173
Q

what are the functions of the menisci?

A

deepens articular surface

shock absorption

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174
Q

which meniscus is C shaped and firmly attached to the tibial collateral ligament?

A

medial meniscus

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175
Q

which meniscus is circular and freely moveable?

A

lateral meniscus

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176
Q

What direction do the fibres of the interosseous membrane pass from tibia to fibula?

A

inferolaterally

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177
Q

What type of joint is the superior tibiofibular joint?

A

plane synovial

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178
Q

which four muscles are contained in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
peroneus tertius
extensor hallucis

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179
Q

What is the function of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

extension of the ankle and digits

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180
Q

which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

deep peroneal nerve

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181
Q

besides dorsiflexion, what other movement is mediated by tibialis anterior?

A

inversion of the foot

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182
Q

Besides dorsiflexion, what other movement is mediated by peroneus tertius?

A

eversion of the foot

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183
Q

what shape is the inferior extensor retinaculum?

A

Y-shaped

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184
Q

where does the superior extensor of retinaculum span?

A

anterior border of tibia to lower end of fibula

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185
Q

what muscles are contained in the dorsum of the foot?

A

extensor hallucis brevis

extensor digitorum brevis

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186
Q

which nerve supplies the muscles of the dorsum of the foot?

A

deep peroneal nerve

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187
Q

what muscles are contained in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

peroneus longus

peroneus brevis

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188
Q

what nerve supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

superficial peroneal nerve

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189
Q

what is the function of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

eversion of the foot

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190
Q

where do the tendons of the lateral compartment pass in relation to the lateral malleolus

A

posteriorly

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191
Q

what parts of the skin of the leg get cutaneous supply from the superficial peroneal nerve?

A

distal anterior surface of the leg

dorsum of the foot

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192
Q

which nerve runs alongside the anterior tibial artery?

A

deep peroneal nerve

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193
Q

which nerve gives cutaneous innervation to the skin of the first web space?

A

deep peroneal nerve

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194
Q

which artery gives rise to the fibular artery that supplies the lateral compartment?

A

posterior tibial artery

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195
Q

where does the popliteal artery branch into anterior and posterior tibial arteries?

A

inferior border of popliteus

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196
Q

Dorsalis pedis is a branch of which artery?

A

anterior tibial artery

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197
Q

What are the branches of dorsalis pedis?

A

lateral tarsal artery
deep plantar artery
arcuate artery

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198
Q

What are the three superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

gastrocnemius
plantaris
soleus

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199
Q

What common tendon unites the superficial muscles of the posterior leg?

A

tendocalcaneous

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200
Q

what are the four deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis longus
popliteus

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201
Q

which superficial muscle of the posterior leg aids in flexion of the knee?

A

gastrocnemius

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202
Q

which nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

tibial nerve

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203
Q

what is the main function of the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

plantarflexion

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204
Q

what is the function of popliteus?

A

unlocks the knee joint by laterally rotating the femur on fixed tibia allowing full extension

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205
Q

In what order do structures pass behind the medial malleolus?

A 
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus 
posterior tibial artery
posterior tibial vein
tibial nerve 
flexor hallucis longus
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206
Q

what are the terminal branches of posterior tibial artery?

A

medial and lateral plantar arteries

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207
Q

what are the terminal branches of the tibial nerve?

A

medial and lateral plantar nerves

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208
Q

what kind of joint is the inferior tibiofibular joint?

A

syndesmosis

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209
Q

what name is given to the arch formed by the distal tibia and fibula that articulates with the trochlea of the talus?

A

malleolar mortise

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210
Q

why is there a greater ROM for plantarflexion than dorsiflexion?

A

the talus is wider posteriorly

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211
Q

which three ligaments make up the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle?

A

anterior talofibular
posterior talofibular
calcaneofibular

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212
Q

What are the four parts of the deltoid ligament?

A

anterior tibiotalar
tibionavicular
tibiocalcaneal
posterior tibiotalar

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213
Q

what are the names of the bones of the foot?

A 
phalanges
metatarsals
medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms
navicular
cuboid
calcaneus
talus
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214
Q

Is the navicular bone medial or lateral?

A

medial

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215
Q

Is the cuboid bone medial or lateral?

A

lateral

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216
Q

What are the muscle compartments of the foot?

A 
dorsum
interossei
medial 
central 
lateral
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217
Q

what muscles are contained in the dorsum of the foot?

A

extensor digitorum brevis

extensor hallucis brevis

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218
Q

what muscles are contained in the medial compartment of the foot?

A

abductor hallucis

flexor hallucis brevis

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219
Q

what muscles are contained in the central compartment of the foot?

A

flexor digitorum brevis
lumbricals
quadratus plantae
aductor hallucis

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220
Q

what muscles are contained in the lateral compartment of the foot?

A

abductor digiti minimi

flexor digiti minimi brevis

221
Q

what three muscles lie in the first muscle layer of the sole of the foot?

A

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi

222
Q

What muscles and tendons are contained in the second layer of the sole of the foot?

A

tendons of FDL and FHL
4 lumbricals
quadratus plantae

223
Q

What three muscles are contained in the third layer of the sole of the foot?

A

flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevis

224
Q

What muscles and tendons are contained in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?

A

interossei

tendons of peroneus longus and tibialis posterior

225
Q

How many plantar interossei are there?

A

3

226
Q

what movement is mediated by the plantar interossei?

A

adduction (PAD) of the toes

227
Q

How many dorsal interossei are there?

A

4

228
Q

What movement is mediated by the dorsal interossei?

A

abduction (DAB) of the toes

229
Q

which toe is the axial digit of the foot?

A

2nd toe

230
Q

the plantar nerves are terminal branches of which nerve?

A

tibial nerve

231
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the medial plantar nerve?

A

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
1st lumbrical
flexor hallucis brevis

ALL THE REST SUPPLIED BY LATERAL PLANTAR NERVE

232
Q

what bony arches are found in the foot?

A

longitudinal

transverse

233
Q

what is the function of the arches in the feet?

A

distribute weight
shock absorption
spring-boards

234
Q

which bones are involved in the transverse arch?

A

cuboid and cuneiforms

235
Q

what structures support the transverse arch?

A

tendon of tibialis posterior
tendon of peroneus longus
adductor hallucis
deep transverse metatarsal ligament

236
Q

What bones are involved in the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

calcaneus
cuboid
4th and 5th metatarsals

237
Q

what bones are involved in the medial longitudinal arch?

A 
calcaneus
talus
navicular
cuneiforms
1st, 2nd and 3rd metatarsals
238
Q

what structures provide dynamic support to the longitudinal arch?

A

intrinsic muscles of the foot
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus

239
Q

what structures provide passive support to the longitudinal arch?

A

calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
calcaneocuboid (short plantar) ligament
Long plantar ligament
plantar aponeurosis

240
Q

Where is weight distributed across the foot?

A

calcaneus and metatarsal heads

241
Q

What joints are found in the foot?

A 
subtalar
talonavicular
Talocaneal 
calcaneocuboid
cuneonavicular
tarsometatarsal 
metatarsophalangeal 
interphalangeal
242
Q

which two joints make up the midtarsal joint?

A

talonavicular

calcaneocuboid

243
Q

what kind of joint is the subtalar joint?

A

plane synovial

244
Q

Which ligaments support the subtalar joint?

A

medial and lateral interosseous

posterior talocalcaneal

245
Q

describe the different types of joint contained in the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

A

talocalcaneal- plane synovial

talonavicular- ball and socket

246
Q

Which ligaments support the midtarsal joint?

A 
bifurcate ligament 
dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament 
long plantar ligament 
short plantar ligament 
spring ligament
247
Q

what is the function of the midtarsal joint?

A

augments inversion and eversion

248
Q

which ligaments support the tarsometatarsal joints?

A

dorsal, plantar and interosseous ligaments bind the bones together

249
Q

What type of joint are the MTPs?

A

synovial condyloid joint

250
Q

What type of joint are the interphalangeal joints?

A

synovial hinge joints

251
Q

the tendon of this muscle passes through the lesser sciatic foramen

A

obturator internus

252
Q

this muscle is supplied with motor innervation by S1-S2 direct branches of the sacral plexus

A

piriformis

253
Q

these muscles overlie the crura

A

ischiocavernosus

254
Q

this muscle attaches to the perineal body

A

bulbospongiosus

255
Q

What is the root value of the pelvic splanchnic nerves that carry sympathetic fibres?

A

S2-S4

256
Q

Which nerve carries fibres from the sympathetic chain to the inferior hypogastric plexus?

A

sacral splanchnic

257
Q

which nerve has a root value of S1-S2?

A

nerve to piriformis

258
Q

which nerve forms branches that pass to the deep perineal pouch?

A

pudendal

259
Q

is bulbospongiosus found in the deep or superficial perineal pouch?

A

superficial

260
Q

which thigh muscle can receive innervation from both obturator and femoral nerves?

A

pectineus

261
Q

Which thigh muscle can flex both the knee and the hip joints?

A

sartorius

262
Q

what organs are contained in the superficial perineal pouch?

A

urethra
vagina, clitoris/penis
erectile tissue
nerves and vessels

263
Q

What muscle divides the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

264
Q

What bone forms the base of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

mandible

265
Q

What are the two divisions of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

submental
submandibular
carotid
muscular

266
Q

what two structures are contained in the submental division of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

submental lymph nodes

beginning of anterior jugular vein

267
Q

What structures are contained within the submandibular division?

A 
submandibular salivary gland
submandibular lymph nodes
facial artery and vein
carotid sheath
hypoglossal nerve
268
Q

What structures are contained within the carotid division of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

carotid sheath
branches of external carotid artery
internal jugular vein
hypoglossal, accessory and vagus nerves

269
Q

What structures are contained within the muscular division of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

sternohyoid

sternothyroid

270
Q

Name the layers of the deep cervical fascia.

A 
investing layer
pretracheal layer
prevertebral layer 
Alar fascia
carotid sheath
271
Q

Which nerve inervates platysmus?

A

Facial nerve

272
Q

Where does the external jugular vein lie in comparison to the SCM?

A

posterior

273
Q

Which vein lies deep to the SCM?

A

internal jugular vein

274
Q

Loops of the cervical plexus lie anterior to which muscles?

A

levator scapulae

scalenus medius

275
Q

Which layer of deep cervical fascia lies over the cervical plexus?

A

pre-vertebral

276
Q

which nerve root contribute to the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4

277
Q

which muscle group lies between the hyoid and the skull/mandiblel?

A

suprahyoid

278
Q

Which muscle group lies between the hyoid and the sternum/thyroid cartilage?

A

infrahyoid

279
Q

Which muscles make up the suprahyoid group?

A 
stylohyoid
anterior belly of digastric
posterior belly of digastric
geniohyoid
mylohyoid
280
Q

Which suprahyoid muscles are controlled by the facial nerve?

A

posterior belly of digastric

stylohyoid

281
Q

Which suprahyoid muscles are controlled by the mandibular branch of trigeminal?

A

anterior belly of digastric

mylohyoid

282
Q

Which suprahyoid muscle is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?

A

geniohyoid

283
Q

Name the infrahyoid muscles

A

omohyoid
sternohyoid
thyrohyoid
sternothyroid

284
Q

Which of the infrahyoid muscles IS NOT innervated by ansa cervicalis?

A

thyrohyoid

285
Q

Which nerve innervated thyrohyoid?

A

ansa cervicalis

286
Q

Name the terminal branches of common carotid?

A

internal and external

287
Q

what structure is supplies by internal carotid?

A

brain

288
Q

what areas are supplied by the external carotid?

A

head, face and neck

289
Q

what structures run in the carotid sheath?

A

common carotid
internal jugular vein
vagus nerve

290
Q

What three branches of external carotid are found in the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

facial artery
lingual artery
superior thyroid artery

291
Q

Where does the thyroid lie?

A

from lamina of thyroid cartilage to 6th tracheal ring

292
Q

on which surface of the thyroid are the parathyroid glands embedded?

A

posterior

293
Q

Which artery is the first anterior branch of external carotid?

A

superior thyroid

294
Q

from which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise?

A

thyrocervical trunk, a branch of subclavian

295
Q

What veins drain the thyroid?

A

2 superior thryoid
2 middle thyroid
2 inferior thyroid

296
Q

where does the submandibular gland open into the mouth?

A

one duct each side between the first and second lower incisor (either side of frenulum)

297
Q

What nerve supplies the submandibular salivary gland?

A

facial nerve

298
Q

What muscle forms the anterior border of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

posterior border of SCM

299
Q

What muscle forms the posterior border of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

anterior border of trapezius

300
Q

which bone forms the base of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

clavicle

301
Q

what are the contents of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

external jugular vein, roots of brachial plexus, accessory nerve, cervical and supraclavicular lymph nodes

302
Q

Which nerves pass through the posterior triangle of the neck?

A 
lesser occipital
great auricular
transverse cervical
lateral supraclavicular
intermediate supraclavicular
medial supraclavicular
303
Q

does the internal or external jugular vein run in the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

external

304
Q

What are the two parts of the retromandibular vein?

A

anterior

posterior

305
Q

which division of the retromandibular vein drains into external jugular?

A

posterior

306
Q

which division of the retromandibular vein drains into the internal jugular?

A

anterior

307
Q

the facial vein drains into which division of the retromandibular vein?

A

anterior

308
Q

The superficial temporal vein drains into which division of the retromandibular vein?

A

posterior

309
Q

which nerve lies on the anterior surface of anterior scalene?

A

phrenic

310
Q

the roots of the brachial plexus pass between which two muscles?

A

anterior and middle scalene

311
Q

which nerves give pain and proprioception to SCM?

A

C2, C3

312
Q

what neck movements are mediated by SCM?

A

lateral flexion with rotation
extension at atlanto-occipital joints
flexion of cervical vertebrae when person is supine

313
Q

what movement is mediated by the ascending fibres of trapezius?

A

depress the scapula

314
Q

what movement is mediated by the transverse fibres of trapezius?

A

retraction of scapula

315
Q

what movement is mediated by the descending fibres of trapezius?

A

elevate scapula and rotate glenoid cavity

316
Q

Which branches of the cervical plexus give proprioception to trapezius?

A

C3, C4

317
Q

which part of omohyoid passes into the posterior triangle?

A

posterior belly

318
Q

which nerve supplies levator scapulae?

A

dorsal scapular nerve

319
Q

Which rib do anterior and middle scalene attach to?

A

rib 1

320
Q

which rib does posterior scalene attach to?

A

rib 2

321
Q

From what spinal level does the suboccipital nerve arise from?

A

C1

322
Q

What structures does the suboccipital nerve supply?

A

muscles of the suboccipital triangle

323
Q

From what spinal level does the greater occipital nerve arise from?

A

C2

324
Q

What structures does the greater occipital nerve supply?

A

skin over neck and occipital bone

325
Q

What spinal level does the lesser occipital nerve arise from?

A

C2-3

326
Q

what structures does the lesser occipital nerve supply?

A

skin over posterolateral neck and scalp posterior to the ear

327
Q

describe the attachments of splenius capitus.

A

nuchal ligament, C3-T3 spinous processes to occipital bone and mastoid.

328
Q

describe the attachments of splenius cervicis.

A

T3-T6 spinous processes to C1-2 transverse processes

329
Q

which nerves supply splenius capitis and splenius cervicis?

A

posterior rami of C1-C6

330
Q

What is the function of semispinalis capitis?

A

extends cervical spine, bends to same side and rotates to opposite side

331
Q

what is the function of longissmus capitis

A

extends gead, flexes and rotates head to same side

332
Q

which nerve supplies rectus capitis posterior major and minor, and oliquus capitis superior and inferior?

A

suboccipital nerve

333
Q

Which artery do the vertebral arteries arise from?

A

subclavian

334
Q

which foramen of the cervical vertebrae do the vertebral arteries pass through?

A

transverse foramen

335
Q

the occipital veins run alongside which nerve’?

A

suboccipital nerve

336
Q

whiere does the deep cervical vein drain?

A

vertebral veins at C7

337
Q

which joint allows nodding?

A

atlanto-occipital

338
Q

which joint allows shaking of the head?

A

atlantoaxial

339
Q

what ligament does the fibrous capsule of the parotid become?

A

stylomandibular ligament

340
Q

where does the parotid duct enter the oral cavity?

A

pierces buccal fat pad and buccinator to enter the oral cavity at the upper second molar.

341
Q

superficial temporal and maxillary arteries arise from which artery?

A

external carotid

342
Q

which structure divides the parotid gland into superior and inferior parts?

A

facial nerve

343
Q

which nerve supplies the parotid gland?

A

glossopharyngeal

344
Q

which nerve innervated the muscles of mastication?

A

mandibular division of trigeminal

345
Q

which branches of the mandibular branch of trigeminal supply temporalis?

A

deep temporal nerve

346
Q

what are the 5 movements of the mandible?

A

elevation, depression, protrusion, retrusion and lateral chewing

347
Q

which branches arise from the anterior division of the mandibular nerve?

A

masseteric nerve
nerve to lateral pterygoid
2x deep temporal
buccal nerve

348
Q

which branches arise from the posterior division of mandibular nerve

A

auriculotemporal
lingual
inferior alveolar

349
Q

which branch of CN V3 carries postganglionic parasympathetics from the otic ganglion to the parotid?

A

auriculotemporal

350
Q

Which branch of CN V3 carries the chorda tympani to the submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

lingual nerve

351
Q

what are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

A

maxillary and superficial temporal

352
Q

What are the posterior branches of the external carotid artery?

A

occipital
posterior auricular
ascending pharyngeal

353
Q

what are the anterior branches of the external carotid artery?

A

superior thyroid
lingual
facial

354
Q

What structures make up the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa?

A

anterior- posterior surface of the maxila
posterior- styloid process
superior- infratemporal surface of the greater wing of sphenoid
medial- lateral pterygoid plate
lateral- ramus of mandible

355
Q

What muscles are contained within the infratemporal fossa?

A

medial and lateral pterygoid

356
Q

Which nervous structures are contained in the infratemporal fossa?

A

mandibular division of trigeminal
chorda tympani
otic ganglion

357
Q

which vessels are contained within the infratemporal fossa?

A

maxillary artery and branches

pterygoid venous plexus

358
Q

What are the pre-division branches of CN V3?

A

meningeal branch
nerve to medial pterygoid
communicating branch (tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini)

359
Q

Describe the path of the maxillary artery in relation to lateral pterygoid.

A

maxillary artery passes between the two heads of lateral pterygoid to go into the pterygomaxillary fissure

360
Q

what are the three parts of the maxillary artery called?

A

mandibular
pterygoid
pterygopalatine

361
Q

what are the branches of pterygopalatine part of maxillary artery?

A 
posterior superior alveolar 
infraorbital 
anterior superior alveolar 
palatine
pharyngral
sphenopalatine
362
Q

which vein drains the pterygoid venous plexus?

A

maxillary vein

363
Q

which venous plexus found in the infratemporal fossa can act as a route for the spread of infection?

A

pterygoid venous plexus

364
Q

which branch of the facial nerve runs alongside the lingual nerve?

A

chorda tympani

365
Q

which cranial nerve synapses in the otic ganglion?

A

CN IX

366
Q

which nerves pass through the otic ganglion?

A

CN IX, postganglionic sympathetic fibres, motot nerves to tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini

367
Q

describe the TMJ

A

synovial joint between the head of the mandible and mandibular fossa and articualr tubercle on the squamous part of the temporal bone

368
Q

which ligaments support the TMJ?

A

Temporomandibular (lateral)
sphenomandibular
sylomandibular

369
Q

What is the function of the articular disc in the TMJ?

A

increases congruity of articular surfaces

370
Q

What movement occurs between the articular disc and head of the mandible?

A

elevation and depression (hinge)

371
Q

What movement occurs between the articular disc and mandibular fossa?

A

protrusion and retraction

gliding

372
Q

What movements of the TMJ close the mouth?

A

elevation and retraction

373
Q

what movements of the TMJ open the mouth?

A

depression and protrusion

374
Q

What branches of the facial nerve supply the muscles of facial expression?

A 
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
mandibular
cervical 
posterior auricular
375
Q

occipitalis, stylohyoid and post. belly of digastric are supplied by which branch of the facial nerve?

A

posterior auricular

376
Q

frontalis and orbicularis oculi are supplied by which branch of the facial nerve?

A

temporal

zygomatic also supplies orbicularis occuli

377
Q

zygomaticus major and minor, levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, buccinator, orbicularis oris and nasalis are all supplied by which branch of the facial nerve?

A

buccal

378
Q

which muscle is supplied by the cervical branch of the facial nerve?

A

platysma

379
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve?

A

depressor anguli oris
depressor labii oris
mentalis

380
Q

what are the layers of the scalp?

A 
skin
connective tissue
aponuerosis
loose areloar connective tissue
periosteum
381
Q

supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries supplying the scalp are branches of which artery?

A

internal carotid

382
Q

superficial temporal, posterior auricular and occipital arteries supplying the scalp are branches of which artery?

A

external carotid

383
Q

which structure allows communication between the cerebral hemispheres?

A

corpus callosum

384
Q

which arteries run in the longitudinal fissure of the brain?

A

anterior cerebral

385
Q

Which artery runs in the lateral fissure of the brain?

A

middle cerebral artery

386
Q

which sulcus separates the motor and sensory cortex?

A

central sulcus

387
Q

diencephalon is the collective name for which structures?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus, pineal gland

388
Q

is the corpus callosum composed of white or grey matter?

A

white

389
Q

which tracts occur between gyri of the same hemisphere?

A

association tracts

390
Q

which tracts run from one hemisphere to the corresponding region of the other?

A

commisural tracts

391
Q

which fibres run from the cerebrum to the thalamus, brainstem etc?

A

projection fibres

392
Q

what is the main action of the basal ganglia?

A

to regulate initiation and termination of body movements

393
Q

which part of the diencephalon produces melatonin?

A

pineal gland

394
Q

which part of the diencephalon acts as a major sensory relay system?

A

thalamus

395
Q

which part of the diencephalon regulated the ANS and homeostasis?

A

hypothalamus

396
Q

what is the function of the superior colliculi in the midbrain?

A

visual tracking and scanning

397
Q

what is the function of the inferior colliculi in the midbrain?

A

auditory startle reflex

398
Q

which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?

A

III and IV

399
Q

which cranial nerves arise from the pons?

A

V, VI, VII and vestibular

400
Q

which cranial nerves arise from the medulla?

A

IX, X, XI, XII and cochlear

401
Q

what is contained in the medullary pyramids?

A

motor tracts

402
Q

what is the function of the olivary nuclei?

A

proprioception

403
Q

what structure connects the lobes of the cerebellum?

A

vermis

404
Q

what structures allow the cerebellum to connect to other areas of the brain?

A

cerebellar peduncles

405
Q

what part of the sphenoid bone does the pituitary gland sit in?

A

sella turcica

406
Q

which layer of the meninges forms the venous sinuses?

A

dura

407
Q

what name is given to the fold of dura between cerebra hemisperes?

A

falx cerebri

408
Q

what name is giving to the tent of dura over the cerebellum?

A

tentorium cerebelli

409
Q

which arteries supply the meninges?

A

anterior meningeal
middle meningeal
posterior meningeal

410
Q

which cranial nerve gives most of the supply to the dura?

A

trigeminal

411
Q

which foramina connects the lateral and third ventricles?

A

interventricular foramen of monro

412
Q

which foramen connects the 3rd and fourth ventricles?

A

cerebral aqueduct

413
Q

what is the function of CSF?

A

mechanical and physical protection to the brain and spinal cord.

414
Q

The olfactory nerve is an outgrowth of which brain region?

A

telencephalon

415
Q

the optic nerve is an outgrowth of which brain region?

A

diencephalon

416
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the cavernous venous sinus?

A

III, IV, V1, V2, VI

417
Q

which bones contribute to the orbit?

A 
sphenoid
frontal
zygoma
maxilla
ethmoid
lacrimal
418
Q

in which bone are are optic canal and superior orbital fissure found?

A

sphenoid

419
Q

what structures are contained within the orbit?

A 
eyeball
fat and connective tissue
extraocular muscles
nerves
blood vessels
420
Q

what are the tarsal plated made of?

A

dense connective tissue

421
Q

what is the function of the suspensory ligaments in the orbit?

A

support the eyeball

422
Q

what is the function of the check ligaments in the orbit?

A

restrict medial and lateral rectus

423
Q

What structure lies at the blind spot of the retina?

A

optic disc

424
Q

what substance is produced by the ciliary body?

A

aqueous humor

425
Q

where does the aqueous humor anterior to the lens drain?

A

via corneo-scleral junction

426
Q

what type of humor is found posterior to the lens?

A

virtreous humor

427
Q

is dilator pupillae under sympathetic or parasympathetic control?

A

sympathetic

428
Q

is sphincter pupillae under sympathetic or parasympathetic control?

A

parasympathetic

429
Q

which nerve gives parasympathetics to sphincter pupillae?

A

CN III

430
Q

what is the function of the ciliary muscle?

A

changes the shape of the lens for accommodation

431
Q

what shape is the lens when the ciliary muscles are relaxed?

A

lens stretched thin to refract light for distance vision

432
Q

what shape is the lens when the ciliary bodies are contracted?

A

lens becomes more spherical to refract light for near vision

433
Q

what are the 7 extraocular muscles

A

levator palpebrae superioris
superior, inferior, medial and lateral recti
superior and inferior oblique

434
Q

which nerve supplies lateral rectus?

A

abducent

435
Q

which nerve supplies superior oblique?

A

trochlear

436
Q

what branches of the ophthalmic nerve supply the orbit?

A 
lacrimal
frontal
nasociliary
supraorbital
supratrochlear
437
Q

which nerve gives secretomotor fibres to the lacrimal apparatus?

A

facial

438
Q

which muscles are associated with the nose?

A

nasalis
levator labii superioris
alaeque nasi
naris

439
Q

which nerve controls the small muscles associated with the nose?

A

facial nerve

440
Q

which arteries supply the external nose?

A

anterior and posterior ethmoidal
sphenopalatine and greater palatine
septal

441
Q

which artery gives rise to anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries?

A

ophthalmic

442
Q

which artery gives rise to spenopalatone and greater palatine artery?

A

maxillary

443
Q

which artery gives rise to the septal branch?

A

facial

444
Q

which nerves supply the external nose?

A

CN V1

CN V2

445
Q

what name is given to the area of the nose just inside the nostril?

A

vestibule

446
Q

what names are given to the spaces between conchae?

A

meatus

447
Q

where do the frontal, anterior and middle ethmoidal and maxillary sinuses drain?

A

middle meatus

448
Q

where does the posterior ethmoidal sinus drain?

A

superior meatus

449
Q

where does the sphenoidal sinus drain?

A

spheno-ethmoidal recess

450
Q

which of the paranasal sinuses is not innervated by CNV1?

A

maxillary

451
Q

what name is given to the more anterior fold seen lateral to the uvula?

A

palatoglossal arch

452
Q

what name is given to the more posterior fold seen lateral to the uvula?

A

palatopharyngeal arch

453
Q

what tissue can be found lying between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches?

A

palatine tonsils

454
Q

which muscle forms a diaphragm in the floor of the mouth?

A

mylohyoid

455
Q

which nerve supplies posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid?

A

facial

456
Q

which nerve supplies anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid?

A

CN V3

457
Q

which nerve supplies geniohyoid?

A

C1

458
Q

where does the submandibular gland enter the oral cavity?

A

between 1st and second incisors either side of the frenulum in the floor of the mouth

459
Q

describe the relation of the lingual nerve to the submandibular duct.

A

superior then passes inferior

460
Q

describe the relation of the hypoglossal nerve to the submandibular duct.

A

inferior

461
Q

name the 4 types of taste bud

A

foliate
vallate
filiform
fungiform

462
Q

what kind of taste bud forms the border between anterior and posterior tongue at the terminal sulcus?

A

Vallate

463
Q

what nerve gives taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 tongue?

A

facial

464
Q

what nerve gives general sensation to anterior 2/3 tongue?

A

CN V3

465
Q

what nerve gives taste sensation and general sensation to the posterior tongue?

A

glossopharyngeal

466
Q

which nerve gives motor supply to the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

CN XII

467
Q

name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

A

genioglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus

468
Q

which extrinsic tongue muscle is NOT innervated by CN XII?

A

palatoglossus, CN X

469
Q

which artery supplies the tongue?

A

lingual artery

470
Q

which vein drains the tongue?

A

lingual vein

471
Q

where does lymph from the tip of the tongue drain?

A

submental

472
Q

where does lymph from the lateral edges of the tongue drain?

A

submandibular

473
Q

where does lymph from the posterior and central tongue drain to?

A

deep cervical nodes

474
Q

which bones make up the hard palate?

A

maxilla and 2 palatine bones

475
Q

which nerve innervates the glands embedded in the mucosa of the hard palate?

A

facial

476
Q

how does the soft palate attach to the hard palate?

A

palatine aponeurosis

477
Q

what are the muscles of the soft palate?

A 
levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini
musculus uvulae
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
478
Q

which of the muscles of the soft palate is NOT innervated by the vagus nerve?

A

tensor veli palatini

479
Q

which nerve gives rise to the greater and lesser palatine branches?

A

CN V2

480
Q

which nerve supplies the upper teeth and gums?

A

CN V2

481
Q

Which nerve supplies the lower teeth and gums?

A

CN V3

482
Q

which artery gives rise to the alveolar branches supplying the teeth and gums?

A

maxillary

483
Q

At what level does the pharynx meet the oesophagus?

A

C6

484
Q

what sort of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

A

respiratory

485
Q

what structures form the roof of the nasopharynx?

A

sphenoid
occipital
pharyngeal tonsil

486
Q

what structures form the floor of the nasopharynx?

A

soft palate

487
Q

what structures form the anterior wall of the nasopharynx?

A

nasal passages

488
Q

what structures from the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?

A

roof and C1

489
Q

what structures form the lateral wall of the nasopharynx?

A

eustachian tube

salpingopharyngeal fold

490
Q

what structures form the roof of the oropharynx?

A

soft palate

491
Q

what structures form the floor of the oropharynx?

A

posterior third of tongue
lingual tonsil
glossoepiglottic fold

492
Q

what structures lie posterior to the oropharynx?

A

C2/3

493
Q

what structures form the lateral walls of the oropharynx?

A

palatoglossal
palatopharyngeal
palatine tonsil

494
Q

what structure lies anterior to the laryngopharynx?

A

larynx

495
Q

what structures lie posterior to the laryngopharynx?

A

C3-6

496
Q

which structures lie lateral to the laryngopharynx?

A

supported by thyroid cartilage, aryepiglottic fold and thyrohyoid membrane

497
Q

what is the function of superior constrictor?

A

pushes food bolus downwards and raises pharyngeal wall and pulls it forwards towards nasal cavities.

498
Q

which nerve gives motor supply to the constrictor muscles of the larynx?

A

vagus

499
Q

what name is given to the muscle fibres of inferior constrictor that pass to the midline?

A

thyropharyngeus

500
Q

what name is given to the circular fibres of inferior constrictor?

A

cricopharyngeus

501
Q

which constrictor muscles does stylopharyngeus pass between?

A

superior and middle

502
Q

which nerve supplies stylopharyngeus?

A

glossopharyngeal

503
Q

what is the function of stylopharyngeus?

A

elevates pharynx and larynx during swallowing

504
Q

which nerve supplies salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus?

A

vagus

505
Q

what is the function of palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus?

A

elevates pharynx

506
Q

which nerve gives sensory supply to the nasopharynx?

A

CN V2

507
Q

which nerve gives sensory supply to the oropharynx?

A

CN IX

508
Q

which nerve gives sensory supply to the laryngopharynx?

A

CN X

509
Q

which nerves contribute fibres to the pharyngeal plexus?

A

CN IX, CN X and sympathetics

510
Q

which arteries supply the upper pharynx?

A

maxillary
facial
external carotid

511
Q

where does lymph from the pharynx drain?

A

retropharyngeal and paratracheal nodes

512
Q

which muscles lie posterior to the pharynx but anterior to the vertebrae?

A

longus colli
longus capitis
rectus capitis anterior
rectus capitis lateralis

513
Q

which nerves supply longus capitis?

A

C1-3 anterior rami

514
Q

where on the vertebral column does longus capitis attach?

A

transverse processes of C3-6

515
Q

which nerves supply longus colli?

A

ventral rami of C2-6

516
Q

which nerves supply the rectus capitus muscles?

A

C1-2 ventral rami

517
Q

where does the sympathetic chain run in relation to the vagus nerve in the neck?

A

medial

518
Q

which cartilage forms the laryngeal prominence?

A

thyroid cartilage

519
Q

which muscles connect to the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage?

A

sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
inferior constrictor

520
Q

which ligament attaches the cricoid cartilage to the trachea?

A

cricotracheal ligament

521
Q

what sort of cartilage forms the epiglottis?

A

elastic cartilage

522
Q

which structures does the epiglottis attach to anteriorly?

A

hyoid

thyroid cartilage

523
Q

which structures does the epiglottis attach to laterally?

A

arytenoid cartilages

524
Q

what ligament attaches the arytenoid cartilages to the epiglottis?

A

quadrangular ligament

525
Q

the free upper border of which membrane forms the vocal ligament?

A

cricothyroid membrane

526
Q

the lower free border of which ligament forms the false vocal fold?

A

quadrangular ligament

527
Q

what is the rima glottis?

A

the most posterior space between the vocal folds

528
Q

which muscles elevate the larynx?

A

digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid

529
Q

which muscles depress the larynx?

A

sternothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid

530
Q

which nerve innervates cricothyroid?

A

external laryngeal branch of vagus

531
Q

which is the only intrinsic muscle of the larynx found anteriorly?

A

cricothyroid

532
Q

what is the function of thyroarytenoid?

A

pull arytenoids forwards towards thyroid cartilage- makes folds shorter

533
Q

what nerve supplies thyroarytenoid?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve (vagus)

534
Q

what is the function of posterior cricoarytenoid?

A

abduction of vocal folds

535
Q

what nerve supplies posterior cricoarytenoid?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

536
Q

what is the function of lateral cricoarytenoid?

A

adduction of vocal folds

537
Q

what nerve supplies lateral cricoarytenoid?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

538
Q

what is the function of the oblique arytenoid?

A

sphincter of laryngeal inlet

539
Q

what nerve supplies the function of the oblique arytenoid?

A

recurrent laryngeal

540
Q

what is the function of transverse arytenoid?

A

closure of rima glottidis

541
Q

what nerve supplies the transverse arytenoid?

A

recurrent laryngeal

542
Q

which arteries supply the larynx?

A

superior thyroid
inferior laryngeal
inferior thyroid

543
Q

where does lymph from the larynx drain to?

A

paratracheal nodes

deep cervical nodes

544
Q

which nerve supplies tensor tympani?

A

CN V3

545
Q

which nerve supplies stapedius?

A

CN VII

546
Q

which nerve supplies the tympanic cavity?

A

CN IX

547
Q

how does the chorda typani leave the tympanic cavity?

A

petrotympanic fissure

548
Q

the contraction of which muscle allows the eustachian tube to open?

A

tensor veli palatini

BMSc (3 decks)

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