Semester 2 Flashcards
What are the pouches in the female pelvis?
vesicouterine pouch
rectouterine pouch
What pouches are in the male pelvis?
vesicorectal pouch
What sort of tissue lines the bladder?
transitional cell epithelium
What name is given to the folds on the inside of the bladder?
rugae
What name is given to the apex of the bladder posterior to pubic symphysis?
urachus
What name is given to the triangular area of smooth mucous membrane at the base of the bladder?
trigone
where do the ureters enter and urethra exit the bladder?
trigone
What name is given to the smooth muscle coat that lines the trigone?
Detrusor
What structure holds the neck of the bladder in place?
male- puboprostatic ligament
female- pubovesical ligament
Describe the arterial supply to the bladder?
two superior vesical arteries
and inferior vesical artery from internal iliacs
Which veins drain the bladder?
vesical plexus
what veins does the vesical plexus drain into?
internal iliac
what nerves supply the bladder?
ANS inferior hypogastric plexus
Which lymph nodes drain the ureters?
lumbar
common iliac
external iliac
internal nodes
as they descend
What lymph nodes drain the bladder?
internal iliac
What is the main lymphatic drainage of the urethra?
internal iliac
which lymph nodes drain the spongy urethra in the penis?
deep inguinal nodes
at what vertebral level is the rectum?
3rd sacral vertebra to the tip of the coccyx
which part of the rectum is covered by visceral peritoneum?
upper 1/3
which part of the rectum is covered by peritoneum on the anterior surface?
middle 1/3
Which part of the rectum is infraperitoneal?
lower 1/3
Which muscle forms a sling around the rectum?
puborectalis
which artery supplying the rectum is a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery?
superior rectal artery
which artery supplying the rectum is a branch of the internal iliac artery?
middle rectal artery
which artery supplying the rectum is a branch of the internal pudendal artery?
inferior rectal artery
which lymph nodes drain the rectum?
pararectal
Which nerves supply the rectum?
inferior hypogastric plexus
Name the three parts of the broad ligament
mesosalpinx
mesovarium
mesometrium
which ligament contains the ovaries?
broad ligament
which ligament suspends the uterus in the pelvis?
round ligament
which ligaments attach the cervix offering support to the uterus?
transverse cervical
uterosacral
pubocervical
describe anteversion
long axis of uterus bent forward on long axis of vagina
describe anteflexion
long axis of uterus bent forward at internal os with long axis of vagina
Which ligament contains the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
broad ligament
How long is the seminal vesicle?
5cm
Which arteries supply the vas?
inferior vesical artery
prostatic artery
what substances are secreted by the prostate?
proteolytic enzymes and acid phosphatase
Which arteries supply the prostate?
internal pudendal
middle rectal
inferior vesical arteries
Which vein drains the prostate?
deep dorsal vein of the penis
Which structures support the prostate?
pubo-prostatic ligament
levatore prostatae
Which lymph nodes drain the prostate?
internal iliac
What structures are contained in the ischioanal fossa?
branches pudendal nerve, artery and vein
adipose tissue
what structures form the walls of the ischioanal fossa?
ischial tuberosity
rectum/anal canal
What structure forms the roof of the ischioanal fossa?
levator ani
what structure forms the floor of the ischioanal fossa?
skin
Is inferior rectal nerve motor or sensory?
motor
Is pudendal nerve motor or sensory?
both
When does the rectum become the anal canal?
when is pierces the pelvic floor
What structures are contained within the anal columns?
terminal radicle of the superior rectal vessels
What name is given to the line that demarcates the transition from anal canal to skin?
anocutaneous line
What name is given to scarpas fascia once it is covering the reproductive organs?
Colles’ fascia
Which structure replaces Campers fascia in the male scrotum?
dartos muscle
how many layers make up the urogenital diaphragm?
3
Which muscles make up the muscular layer of the urogenital diaphragm?
sphincter urethrae
deep transverse perineal muscles
which structures are contained in the deep perineal pouch in both males and females?
urethra, spincter urethrae, deep transverse perineal muscles, internal pudendal vessels, pudendal nerve
which structures are contained in the deep perineal pouch in females?
vagina
dorsal nerves of the clitoris
Which structures are contained in the deep perineal pouch in males?
membranous urethra, dorsal nerves of the penis
bulbourethral glands
penile arteries
Where is the superficial perineal pouch?
between the perineal membrane and the skin
which muscles are contained in the superficial perineal pouch?
ischiocavernosus
bulbospongiosus
superficial transverse perineal muscles
Which nerve roots contribute to the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
Which nerve roots contribute to the superior gluteal nerve?
L4-S1
Which nerve roots contribute to the inferior gluteal nerve?
L5-S2
Which muscle lies between the gluteal nerves?
piriformis
Which nerve roots contribute to nerve to obturator internus?
L5-S1
Which pelvic foramen does the nerve to obturator internus pass through?
lesser sciatic foramen
Which nerve roots contribute to nerve to piriformis?
S1-S2
Which nerve roots contribute to the pudendal nerve?
S2-S4
Which muscles are supplied by the pudendal nerve?
levator ani external anal sphincter external urethral sphincter bulbospongiosus ischiocavernosus
Are the pelvic splanchnic nerves sympathetic or parasympathetic?
parasympathetic
what nerve roots contribute to the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
S2-S4
Name the branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery?
umbilical obturator inferior vesical/uterine inferior gluteal middle rectal internal pudendal
Name the branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery?
iliolumbar
lateral sacral
superior gluteal
Which pelvic ligaments form the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?
sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
What two types of joint contribute to the sacroiliac joints?
fibrous
synovial
which nerve roots supply psoas?
L2-L4 anterior rami
Which 2 muscles contribute to the pelvic floor?
levator ani
coccygeus
which nerve roots supply coccygeus?
S4-S5
What are the 2 parts of levator ani?
pubococcygeus
iliococcygeus
What name is given to the area of attachment of iliococcygeus to the fascia of obturator internus?
tendinous arch of levator ani
What nerve is formed from the posterior divisions of L2, 3 and 4?
femoral
What nerve is formed by the anterior divisions of L2, 3 and 4?
obturator
which side of the lower limb does the great saphenous vein run up?
medial
Does the short saphenous vein run up the anterior or posterior aspect of the leg?
posterior
What 2 groups make up the superficial inguinal lymph nodes?
horizontal
vertical
what structures are drained by the horizontal inguinal lymph nodes?
anterior abdominal wall
lower half of the anal canal
posterior abdominal wall
What structures are drained by the vertical group of superficial inguinal lymph nodes?
superficial lower limb
what name is given to the thick fascia covering the anterior thigh?
fascia latae
what name is given to the lateral thickening of fascial latae?
iliotibial tract
in what layer of fascia is the saphenous hiatus found?
cribiform fascia
What tissue layers form the roof of the femoral triangle?
fascia latae
cribiform fascia
subcutaneous fat
skin
Which ligament forms the superior border of the femoral triangle (base)?
inguinal ligament
which muscle forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle?
sartorius
Which muscle forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?
adductor longus
what 2 muscles form the floor of the femoral triangle?
iliopsoas
pectineus
What are the contents of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial?
nerve
artery
vein
lymphatics
which structure found within the femoral triangle is not contained within the femoral sheath?
femoral nerve
What is contained within the femoral canal?
fat and lymphatics
What hip flexors are contained within the anterior compartment of the thigh?
iliacus
psoas major
pectineus
sartorius
What knee extensors are contained within the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Quadriceps group: rectus femoris vastus medialis vastus lateralis vastus intermedius
Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh?
femoral
Which part of quadriceps also acts as a hip flexor?
rectus femoris
Which part of the lower limb does the femoral nerve offer cutaneous supply to?
anteromedial thigh
What action is performed by muscles in the medial thigh?
hip adduction
Which muscles are contained within the medial thigh?
gracilis adductor longus adductor brevis adductor magnus obturator externus
which nerve supplies the muscles of the medial thigh?
obturator except hamstring part of adductor magnus
which nerve supplies the hamstring part of adductor magnus?
tibial nerve
which muscle contained within the medial thigh does not adduct the hip?
obturator externus
what movement is caused by obturator externus?
lateral rotation of the thigh (same as obturator internus)
the anterior and posterior divisions of the obturator nerve are names with regards to which muscle of the medial thigh?
adductor brevis
Which muscles form the boundaries of the adductor canal?
sartorius
vastus medialis
adductor longus
what structures pass through the adductor canal?
femoral vessels
saphenous nerve
What name is given to the angle of the head and neck of the femur that brings the knees closer to the midline?
Angle of inclination
Which of the gluteal muscles are lateral rotators of the hip?
gluteus maximus piriformis obturator internus gemelli quadratus femoris
Which of the gluteal muscles are medial rotators and abductors of the hip?
gluteus medius and minimus
what is the main function of gluteus maximus?
hip extension
which nerve supplies glut maximus?
inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
Which nerve supplies tensor fasciae latae?
superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Which foramen does piriformis pass through?
greater sciatic foramen
which nerve supplies piriformis?
anterior rami of S1 and 2
Which foramen does obturator internus pass through?
lesser sciatic foramen
NOT OBTURATOR FORAMEN
Which nerve supplies obturator internus?
nerve to obturator internus (L5-S1)
Which muscle runs in between the superior and inferior gemelli?
obturator internus
what is the origin of superior gemellus?
ischial spine
What is the origin of inferior gemellus?
ischial tuberosity
what nerve supplies superior gemellus?
nerve to obturator internus
What nerve supplies inferior gemellus?
nerve to quadratus femoris
What foramen do the gemelli pass through?
lesser sciatic foramen
What is he function of obturator externus?
laterally rotates the hip
Which nerve supplies obturator externus?
obturator nerve ( L3-4)
which nerve emerges below piriformis?
sciatic
The superior and inferior gluteal vessels and nerves are named in relation to which structure?
piriformis
Which branches are given off by the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh to supply the skin of the inferior half of the buttock?
inferior clunial nerves
Which vessel runs in the ligament of head of femur?
artery to head of femur
What movements are limited by the iliofemoral ligament?
extension
lateral rotation
adduction
abduction
what movements are limited by the pubofemoral ligament?
extension
lateral rotation abduction
What movements are limited by the ischiofemoral ligament?
extension
medial rotation
adduction
what is the only ligament contributing to the posterior aspect of the acetabulum?
ischiofemoral ligament
Which arteries supply the hip joint?
artery to head of femur
medial circumflex femoral artery
lateral circumflex femoral artery
Which muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh?
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris
What are the rules for a true hamstring?
originate from ischial tuberosity
act at both the hip and the knee
supplied by tibial division of the sciatic nerve
Which hamstrings lie on the medial side of the posterior thigh?
semitendinosus and semimembranosus
Which part of biceps femoris isn’t a true hamstring?
short head
Which nerve supplies the short head of biceps femoris?
common peroneal nerve
Which muscle rotates the knee laterally when flexed?
biceps femoris
Which muscles rotate the knee medially when flexed?
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
gracilis
sartorius
Which nerve runs deep to the long head of biceps femoris?
sciatic nerve
What two structures pierce the roof of the popliteal fossa?
sural nerve
short saphenous nerve
The tendons of which muscles form the superior border of the popliteal fossa?
biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
Which muscle forms the inferior border of the popliteal fossa?
gastrocnemius
what structures are contained within the popliteal fossa?
popliteal artery
popliteal vein
tibial nerve
common peroneal nerve
which muscle forms the floor of the popliteal fossa?
popliteus
what name is given to the expansion of semimembranosus that reinforces the knee joint capsule?
oblique popliteal ligament
how many genicular branches does the popliteal artery have?
5
when does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?
adductor hiatus
what are the terminal branches of the popliteal artery?
anterior and posterior tibial arteries
How many articulations make up the knee joint?
3
what names are given to the articulations of the knee joint?
femoropatellar
femorotibial
Does the fibula articulate at the knee joint?
no
What structure holds the bursae of the knee joint in place?
articularis genu
which bursa of the knee runs behind the quads?
suprapatellar
which bursa of the knee lubricates the movements of gracilis, sartorius and semitendinosus?
anserine bursa
What are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee?
oblique popliteal
arcuate popliteal
medial and lateral collateral
what are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee?
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
The medial meniscus is attached to the deep fibres of which ligament?
medial collateral
what is the function of PCL?
prevents femur sliding anteriorly on the tibia
what is the function of ACL?
prevents femur sliding posteriorly on the tibia
the cruciate ligaments limit rotation of the tibia in which direction?
medial
which movement is limited by the anteromedial band of ACL?
flexion
which movement is limited by the posterolateral band of ACL?
extension
Which movement is limited by the anterolateral band of PCL?
flexion
which movement is limited by posteromedial band of PCL?
extension
What tissue are the menisci composed of?
fibrocartilage
what are the functions of the menisci?
deepens articular surface
shock absorption
which meniscus is C shaped and firmly attached to the tibial collateral ligament?
medial meniscus
which meniscus is circular and freely moveable?
lateral meniscus
What direction do the fibres of the interosseous membrane pass from tibia to fibula?
inferolaterally
What type of joint is the superior tibiofibular joint?
plane synovial
which four muscles are contained in the anterior compartment of the leg?
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
peroneus tertius
extensor hallucis
What is the function of the anterior compartment of the leg?
extension of the ankle and digits
which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?
deep peroneal nerve
besides dorsiflexion, what other movement is mediated by tibialis anterior?
inversion of the foot
Besides dorsiflexion, what other movement is mediated by peroneus tertius?
eversion of the foot
what shape is the inferior extensor retinaculum?
Y-shaped
where does the superior extensor of retinaculum span?
anterior border of tibia to lower end of fibula
what muscles are contained in the dorsum of the foot?
extensor hallucis brevis
extensor digitorum brevis
which nerve supplies the muscles of the dorsum of the foot?
deep peroneal nerve
what muscles are contained in the lateral compartment of the leg?
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis
what nerve supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?
superficial peroneal nerve
what is the function of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
eversion of the foot
where do the tendons of the lateral compartment pass in relation to the lateral malleolus
posteriorly
what parts of the skin of the leg get cutaneous supply from the superficial peroneal nerve?
distal anterior surface of the leg
dorsum of the foot
which nerve runs alongside the anterior tibial artery?
deep peroneal nerve
which nerve gives cutaneous innervation to the skin of the first web space?
deep peroneal nerve
which artery gives rise to the fibular artery that supplies the lateral compartment?
posterior tibial artery
where does the popliteal artery branch into anterior and posterior tibial arteries?
inferior border of popliteus
Dorsalis pedis is a branch of which artery?
anterior tibial artery
What are the branches of dorsalis pedis?
lateral tarsal artery
deep plantar artery
arcuate artery
What are the three superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
gastrocnemius
plantaris
soleus
What common tendon unites the superficial muscles of the posterior leg?
tendocalcaneous
what are the four deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis longus
popliteus
which superficial muscle of the posterior leg aids in flexion of the knee?
gastrocnemius
which nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
tibial nerve
what is the main function of the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
plantarflexion
what is the function of popliteus?
unlocks the knee joint by laterally rotating the femur on fixed tibia allowing full extension
In what order do structures pass behind the medial malleolus?
tibialis posterior flexor digitorum longus posterior tibial artery posterior tibial vein tibial nerve flexor hallucis longus
what are the terminal branches of posterior tibial artery?
medial and lateral plantar arteries
what are the terminal branches of the tibial nerve?
medial and lateral plantar nerves
what kind of joint is the inferior tibiofibular joint?
syndesmosis
what name is given to the arch formed by the distal tibia and fibula that articulates with the trochlea of the talus?
malleolar mortise
why is there a greater ROM for plantarflexion than dorsiflexion?
the talus is wider posteriorly
which three ligaments make up the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle?
anterior talofibular
posterior talofibular
calcaneofibular
What are the four parts of the deltoid ligament?
anterior tibiotalar
tibionavicular
tibiocalcaneal
posterior tibiotalar
what are the names of the bones of the foot?
phalanges metatarsals medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms navicular cuboid calcaneus talus
Is the navicular bone medial or lateral?
medial
Is the cuboid bone medial or lateral?
lateral
What are the muscle compartments of the foot?
dorsum interossei medial central lateral
what muscles are contained in the dorsum of the foot?
extensor digitorum brevis
extensor hallucis brevis
what muscles are contained in the medial compartment of the foot?
abductor hallucis
flexor hallucis brevis
what muscles are contained in the central compartment of the foot?
flexor digitorum brevis
lumbricals
quadratus plantae
aductor hallucis
what muscles are contained in the lateral compartment of the foot?
abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
what three muscles lie in the first muscle layer of the sole of the foot?
abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi
What muscles and tendons are contained in the second layer of the sole of the foot?
tendons of FDL and FHL
4 lumbricals
quadratus plantae
What three muscles are contained in the third layer of the sole of the foot?
flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevis
What muscles and tendons are contained in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?
interossei
tendons of peroneus longus and tibialis posterior
How many plantar interossei are there?
3
what movement is mediated by the plantar interossei?
adduction (PAD) of the toes
How many dorsal interossei are there?
4
What movement is mediated by the dorsal interossei?
abduction (DAB) of the toes
which toe is the axial digit of the foot?
2nd toe
the plantar nerves are terminal branches of which nerve?
tibial nerve
Which muscles are supplied by the medial plantar nerve?
abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
1st lumbrical
flexor hallucis brevis
ALL THE REST SUPPLIED BY LATERAL PLANTAR NERVE
what bony arches are found in the foot?
longitudinal
transverse
what is the function of the arches in the feet?
distribute weight
shock absorption
spring-boards
which bones are involved in the transverse arch?
cuboid and cuneiforms
what structures support the transverse arch?
tendon of tibialis posterior
tendon of peroneus longus
adductor hallucis
deep transverse metatarsal ligament
What bones are involved in the lateral longitudinal arch?
calcaneus
cuboid
4th and 5th metatarsals
what bones are involved in the medial longitudinal arch?
calcaneus talus navicular cuneiforms 1st, 2nd and 3rd metatarsals
what structures provide dynamic support to the longitudinal arch?
intrinsic muscles of the foot
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
what structures provide passive support to the longitudinal arch?
calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
calcaneocuboid (short plantar) ligament
Long plantar ligament
plantar aponeurosis
Where is weight distributed across the foot?
calcaneus and metatarsal heads
What joints are found in the foot?
subtalar talonavicular Talocaneal calcaneocuboid cuneonavicular tarsometatarsal metatarsophalangeal interphalangeal
which two joints make up the midtarsal joint?
talonavicular
calcaneocuboid
what kind of joint is the subtalar joint?
plane synovial
Which ligaments support the subtalar joint?
medial and lateral interosseous
posterior talocalcaneal
describe the different types of joint contained in the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
talocalcaneal- plane synovial
talonavicular- ball and socket
Which ligaments support the midtarsal joint?
bifurcate ligament dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament long plantar ligament short plantar ligament spring ligament
what is the function of the midtarsal joint?
augments inversion and eversion
which ligaments support the tarsometatarsal joints?
dorsal, plantar and interosseous ligaments bind the bones together
What type of joint are the MTPs?
synovial condyloid joint
What type of joint are the interphalangeal joints?
synovial hinge joints
the tendon of this muscle passes through the lesser sciatic foramen
obturator internus
this muscle is supplied with motor innervation by S1-S2 direct branches of the sacral plexus
piriformis
these muscles overlie the crura
ischiocavernosus
this muscle attaches to the perineal body
bulbospongiosus
What is the root value of the pelvic splanchnic nerves that carry sympathetic fibres?
S2-S4
Which nerve carries fibres from the sympathetic chain to the inferior hypogastric plexus?
sacral splanchnic
which nerve has a root value of S1-S2?
nerve to piriformis
which nerve forms branches that pass to the deep perineal pouch?
pudendal
is bulbospongiosus found in the deep or superficial perineal pouch?
superficial
which thigh muscle can receive innervation from both obturator and femoral nerves?
pectineus
Which thigh muscle can flex both the knee and the hip joints?
sartorius
what organs are contained in the superficial perineal pouch?
urethra
vagina, clitoris/penis
erectile tissue
nerves and vessels
What muscle divides the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?
Sternocleidomastoid
What bone forms the base of the anterior triangle of the neck?
mandible
What are the two divisions of the anterior triangle of the neck?
submental
submandibular
carotid
muscular
what two structures are contained in the submental division of the anterior triangle of the neck?
submental lymph nodes
beginning of anterior jugular vein
What structures are contained within the submandibular division?
submandibular salivary gland submandibular lymph nodes facial artery and vein carotid sheath hypoglossal nerve
What structures are contained within the carotid division of the anterior triangle of the neck?
carotid sheath
branches of external carotid artery
internal jugular vein
hypoglossal, accessory and vagus nerves
What structures are contained within the muscular division of the anterior triangle of the neck?
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
Name the layers of the deep cervical fascia.
investing layer pretracheal layer prevertebral layer Alar fascia carotid sheath
Which nerve inervates platysmus?
Facial nerve
Where does the external jugular vein lie in comparison to the SCM?
posterior
Which vein lies deep to the SCM?
internal jugular vein
Loops of the cervical plexus lie anterior to which muscles?
levator scapulae
scalenus medius
Which layer of deep cervical fascia lies over the cervical plexus?
pre-vertebral
which nerve root contribute to the cervical plexus?
C1-C4
which muscle group lies between the hyoid and the skull/mandiblel?
suprahyoid
Which muscle group lies between the hyoid and the sternum/thyroid cartilage?
infrahyoid
Which muscles make up the suprahyoid group?
stylohyoid anterior belly of digastric posterior belly of digastric geniohyoid mylohyoid
Which suprahyoid muscles are controlled by the facial nerve?
posterior belly of digastric
stylohyoid
Which suprahyoid muscles are controlled by the mandibular branch of trigeminal?
anterior belly of digastric
mylohyoid
Which suprahyoid muscle is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?
geniohyoid
Name the infrahyoid muscles
omohyoid
sternohyoid
thyrohyoid
sternothyroid
Which of the infrahyoid muscles IS NOT innervated by ansa cervicalis?
thyrohyoid
Which nerve innervated thyrohyoid?
ansa cervicalis
Name the terminal branches of common carotid?
internal and external
what structure is supplies by internal carotid?
brain
what areas are supplied by the external carotid?
head, face and neck
what structures run in the carotid sheath?
common carotid
internal jugular vein
vagus nerve
What three branches of external carotid are found in the anterior triangle of the neck?
facial artery
lingual artery
superior thyroid artery
Where does the thyroid lie?
from lamina of thyroid cartilage to 6th tracheal ring
on which surface of the thyroid are the parathyroid glands embedded?
posterior
Which artery is the first anterior branch of external carotid?
superior thyroid
from which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise?
thyrocervical trunk, a branch of subclavian
What veins drain the thyroid?
2 superior thryoid
2 middle thyroid
2 inferior thyroid
where does the submandibular gland open into the mouth?
one duct each side between the first and second lower incisor (either side of frenulum)
What nerve supplies the submandibular salivary gland?
facial nerve
What muscle forms the anterior border of the posterior triangle of the neck?
posterior border of SCM
What muscle forms the posterior border of the posterior triangle of the neck?
anterior border of trapezius
which bone forms the base of the posterior triangle of the neck?
clavicle
what are the contents of the posterior triangle of the neck?
external jugular vein, roots of brachial plexus, accessory nerve, cervical and supraclavicular lymph nodes
Which nerves pass through the posterior triangle of the neck?
lesser occipital great auricular transverse cervical lateral supraclavicular intermediate supraclavicular medial supraclavicular
does the internal or external jugular vein run in the posterior triangle of the neck?
external
What are the two parts of the retromandibular vein?
anterior
posterior
which division of the retromandibular vein drains into external jugular?
posterior
which division of the retromandibular vein drains into the internal jugular?
anterior
the facial vein drains into which division of the retromandibular vein?
anterior
The superficial temporal vein drains into which division of the retromandibular vein?
posterior
which nerve lies on the anterior surface of anterior scalene?
phrenic
the roots of the brachial plexus pass between which two muscles?
anterior and middle scalene
which nerves give pain and proprioception to SCM?
C2, C3
what neck movements are mediated by SCM?
lateral flexion with rotation
extension at atlanto-occipital joints
flexion of cervical vertebrae when person is supine
what movement is mediated by the ascending fibres of trapezius?
depress the scapula
what movement is mediated by the transverse fibres of trapezius?
retraction of scapula
what movement is mediated by the descending fibres of trapezius?
elevate scapula and rotate glenoid cavity
Which branches of the cervical plexus give proprioception to trapezius?
C3, C4
which part of omohyoid passes into the posterior triangle?
posterior belly
which nerve supplies levator scapulae?
dorsal scapular nerve
Which rib do anterior and middle scalene attach to?
rib 1
which rib does posterior scalene attach to?
rib 2
From what spinal level does the suboccipital nerve arise from?
C1
What structures does the suboccipital nerve supply?
muscles of the suboccipital triangle
From what spinal level does the greater occipital nerve arise from?
C2
What structures does the greater occipital nerve supply?
skin over neck and occipital bone
What spinal level does the lesser occipital nerve arise from?
C2-3
what structures does the lesser occipital nerve supply?
skin over posterolateral neck and scalp posterior to the ear
describe the attachments of splenius capitus.
nuchal ligament, C3-T3 spinous processes to occipital bone and mastoid.
describe the attachments of splenius cervicis.
T3-T6 spinous processes to C1-2 transverse processes
which nerves supply splenius capitis and splenius cervicis?
posterior rami of C1-C6
What is the function of semispinalis capitis?
extends cervical spine, bends to same side and rotates to opposite side
what is the function of longissmus capitis
extends gead, flexes and rotates head to same side
which nerve supplies rectus capitis posterior major and minor, and oliquus capitis superior and inferior?
suboccipital nerve
Which artery do the vertebral arteries arise from?
subclavian
which foramen of the cervical vertebrae do the vertebral arteries pass through?
transverse foramen
the occipital veins run alongside which nerve’?
suboccipital nerve
whiere does the deep cervical vein drain?
vertebral veins at C7
which joint allows nodding?
atlanto-occipital
which joint allows shaking of the head?
atlantoaxial
what ligament does the fibrous capsule of the parotid become?
stylomandibular ligament
where does the parotid duct enter the oral cavity?
pierces buccal fat pad and buccinator to enter the oral cavity at the upper second molar.
superficial temporal and maxillary arteries arise from which artery?
external carotid
which structure divides the parotid gland into superior and inferior parts?
facial nerve
which nerve supplies the parotid gland?
glossopharyngeal
which nerve innervated the muscles of mastication?
mandibular division of trigeminal
which branches of the mandibular branch of trigeminal supply temporalis?
deep temporal nerve
what are the 5 movements of the mandible?
elevation, depression, protrusion, retrusion and lateral chewing
which branches arise from the anterior division of the mandibular nerve?
masseteric nerve
nerve to lateral pterygoid
2x deep temporal
buccal nerve
which branches arise from the posterior division of mandibular nerve
auriculotemporal
lingual
inferior alveolar
which branch of CN V3 carries postganglionic parasympathetics from the otic ganglion to the parotid?
auriculotemporal
Which branch of CN V3 carries the chorda tympani to the submandibular and sublingual glands?
lingual nerve
what are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
maxillary and superficial temporal
What are the posterior branches of the external carotid artery?
occipital
posterior auricular
ascending pharyngeal
what are the anterior branches of the external carotid artery?
superior thyroid
lingual
facial
What structures make up the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa?
anterior- posterior surface of the maxila
posterior- styloid process
superior- infratemporal surface of the greater wing of sphenoid
medial- lateral pterygoid plate
lateral- ramus of mandible
What muscles are contained within the infratemporal fossa?
medial and lateral pterygoid
Which nervous structures are contained in the infratemporal fossa?
mandibular division of trigeminal
chorda tympani
otic ganglion
which vessels are contained within the infratemporal fossa?
maxillary artery and branches
pterygoid venous plexus
What are the pre-division branches of CN V3?
meningeal branch
nerve to medial pterygoid
communicating branch (tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini)
Describe the path of the maxillary artery in relation to lateral pterygoid.
maxillary artery passes between the two heads of lateral pterygoid to go into the pterygomaxillary fissure
what are the three parts of the maxillary artery called?
mandibular
pterygoid
pterygopalatine
what are the branches of pterygopalatine part of maxillary artery?
posterior superior alveolar infraorbital anterior superior alveolar palatine pharyngral sphenopalatine
which vein drains the pterygoid venous plexus?
maxillary vein
which venous plexus found in the infratemporal fossa can act as a route for the spread of infection?
pterygoid venous plexus
which branch of the facial nerve runs alongside the lingual nerve?
chorda tympani
which cranial nerve synapses in the otic ganglion?
CN IX
which nerves pass through the otic ganglion?
CN IX, postganglionic sympathetic fibres, motot nerves to tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini
describe the TMJ
synovial joint between the head of the mandible and mandibular fossa and articualr tubercle on the squamous part of the temporal bone
which ligaments support the TMJ?
Temporomandibular (lateral)
sphenomandibular
sylomandibular
What is the function of the articular disc in the TMJ?
increases congruity of articular surfaces
What movement occurs between the articular disc and head of the mandible?
elevation and depression (hinge)
What movement occurs between the articular disc and mandibular fossa?
protrusion and retraction
gliding
What movements of the TMJ close the mouth?
elevation and retraction
what movements of the TMJ open the mouth?
depression and protrusion
What branches of the facial nerve supply the muscles of facial expression?
temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical posterior auricular
occipitalis, stylohyoid and post. belly of digastric are supplied by which branch of the facial nerve?
posterior auricular
frontalis and orbicularis oculi are supplied by which branch of the facial nerve?
temporal
zygomatic also supplies orbicularis occuli
zygomaticus major and minor, levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, buccinator, orbicularis oris and nasalis are all supplied by which branch of the facial nerve?
buccal
which muscle is supplied by the cervical branch of the facial nerve?
platysma
Which muscles are supplied by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve?
depressor anguli oris
depressor labii oris
mentalis
what are the layers of the scalp?
skin connective tissue aponuerosis loose areloar connective tissue periosteum
supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries supplying the scalp are branches of which artery?
internal carotid
superficial temporal, posterior auricular and occipital arteries supplying the scalp are branches of which artery?
external carotid
which structure allows communication between the cerebral hemispheres?
corpus callosum
which arteries run in the longitudinal fissure of the brain?
anterior cerebral
Which artery runs in the lateral fissure of the brain?
middle cerebral artery
which sulcus separates the motor and sensory cortex?
central sulcus
diencephalon is the collective name for which structures?
thalamus and hypothalamus, pineal gland
is the corpus callosum composed of white or grey matter?
white
which tracts occur between gyri of the same hemisphere?
association tracts
which tracts run from one hemisphere to the corresponding region of the other?
commisural tracts
which fibres run from the cerebrum to the thalamus, brainstem etc?
projection fibres
what is the main action of the basal ganglia?
to regulate initiation and termination of body movements
which part of the diencephalon produces melatonin?
pineal gland
which part of the diencephalon acts as a major sensory relay system?
thalamus
which part of the diencephalon regulated the ANS and homeostasis?
hypothalamus
what is the function of the superior colliculi in the midbrain?
visual tracking and scanning
what is the function of the inferior colliculi in the midbrain?
auditory startle reflex
which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?
III and IV
which cranial nerves arise from the pons?
V, VI, VII and vestibular
which cranial nerves arise from the medulla?
IX, X, XI, XII and cochlear
what is contained in the medullary pyramids?
motor tracts
what is the function of the olivary nuclei?
proprioception
what structure connects the lobes of the cerebellum?
vermis
what structures allow the cerebellum to connect to other areas of the brain?
cerebellar peduncles
what part of the sphenoid bone does the pituitary gland sit in?
sella turcica
which layer of the meninges forms the venous sinuses?
dura
what name is given to the fold of dura between cerebra hemisperes?
falx cerebri
what name is giving to the tent of dura over the cerebellum?
tentorium cerebelli
which arteries supply the meninges?
anterior meningeal
middle meningeal
posterior meningeal
which cranial nerve gives most of the supply to the dura?
trigeminal
which foramina connects the lateral and third ventricles?
interventricular foramen of monro
which foramen connects the 3rd and fourth ventricles?
cerebral aqueduct
what is the function of CSF?
mechanical and physical protection to the brain and spinal cord.
The olfactory nerve is an outgrowth of which brain region?
telencephalon
the optic nerve is an outgrowth of which brain region?
diencephalon
Which cranial nerves pass through the cavernous venous sinus?
III, IV, V1, V2, VI
which bones contribute to the orbit?
sphenoid frontal zygoma maxilla ethmoid lacrimal
in which bone are are optic canal and superior orbital fissure found?
sphenoid
what structures are contained within the orbit?
eyeball fat and connective tissue extraocular muscles nerves blood vessels
what are the tarsal plated made of?
dense connective tissue
what is the function of the suspensory ligaments in the orbit?
support the eyeball
what is the function of the check ligaments in the orbit?
restrict medial and lateral rectus
What structure lies at the blind spot of the retina?
optic disc
what substance is produced by the ciliary body?
aqueous humor
where does the aqueous humor anterior to the lens drain?
via corneo-scleral junction
what type of humor is found posterior to the lens?
virtreous humor
is dilator pupillae under sympathetic or parasympathetic control?
sympathetic
is sphincter pupillae under sympathetic or parasympathetic control?
parasympathetic
which nerve gives parasympathetics to sphincter pupillae?
CN III
what is the function of the ciliary muscle?
changes the shape of the lens for accommodation
what shape is the lens when the ciliary muscles are relaxed?
lens stretched thin to refract light for distance vision
what shape is the lens when the ciliary bodies are contracted?
lens becomes more spherical to refract light for near vision
what are the 7 extraocular muscles
levator palpebrae superioris
superior, inferior, medial and lateral recti
superior and inferior oblique
which nerve supplies lateral rectus?
abducent
which nerve supplies superior oblique?
trochlear
what branches of the ophthalmic nerve supply the orbit?
lacrimal frontal nasociliary supraorbital supratrochlear
which nerve gives secretomotor fibres to the lacrimal apparatus?
facial
which muscles are associated with the nose?
nasalis
levator labii superioris
alaeque nasi
naris
which nerve controls the small muscles associated with the nose?
facial nerve
which arteries supply the external nose?
anterior and posterior ethmoidal
sphenopalatine and greater palatine
septal
which artery gives rise to anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries?
ophthalmic
which artery gives rise to spenopalatone and greater palatine artery?
maxillary
which artery gives rise to the septal branch?
facial
which nerves supply the external nose?
CN V1
CN V2
what name is given to the area of the nose just inside the nostril?
vestibule
what names are given to the spaces between conchae?
meatus
where do the frontal, anterior and middle ethmoidal and maxillary sinuses drain?
middle meatus
where does the posterior ethmoidal sinus drain?
superior meatus
where does the sphenoidal sinus drain?
spheno-ethmoidal recess
which of the paranasal sinuses is not innervated by CNV1?
maxillary
what name is given to the more anterior fold seen lateral to the uvula?
palatoglossal arch
what name is given to the more posterior fold seen lateral to the uvula?
palatopharyngeal arch
what tissue can be found lying between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches?
palatine tonsils
which muscle forms a diaphragm in the floor of the mouth?
mylohyoid
which nerve supplies posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid?
facial
which nerve supplies anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid?
CN V3
which nerve supplies geniohyoid?
C1
where does the submandibular gland enter the oral cavity?
between 1st and second incisors either side of the frenulum in the floor of the mouth
describe the relation of the lingual nerve to the submandibular duct.
superior then passes inferior
describe the relation of the hypoglossal nerve to the submandibular duct.
inferior
name the 4 types of taste bud
foliate
vallate
filiform
fungiform
what kind of taste bud forms the border between anterior and posterior tongue at the terminal sulcus?
Vallate
what nerve gives taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 tongue?
facial
what nerve gives general sensation to anterior 2/3 tongue?
CN V3
what nerve gives taste sensation and general sensation to the posterior tongue?
glossopharyngeal
which nerve gives motor supply to the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
CN XII
name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
genioglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus
which extrinsic tongue muscle is NOT innervated by CN XII?
palatoglossus, CN X
which artery supplies the tongue?
lingual artery
which vein drains the tongue?
lingual vein
where does lymph from the tip of the tongue drain?
submental
where does lymph from the lateral edges of the tongue drain?
submandibular
where does lymph from the posterior and central tongue drain to?
deep cervical nodes
which bones make up the hard palate?
maxilla and 2 palatine bones
which nerve innervates the glands embedded in the mucosa of the hard palate?
facial
how does the soft palate attach to the hard palate?
palatine aponeurosis
what are the muscles of the soft palate?
levator veli palatini tensor veli palatini musculus uvulae palatoglossus palatopharyngeus
which of the muscles of the soft palate is NOT innervated by the vagus nerve?
tensor veli palatini
which nerve gives rise to the greater and lesser palatine branches?
CN V2
which nerve supplies the upper teeth and gums?
CN V2
Which nerve supplies the lower teeth and gums?
CN V3
which artery gives rise to the alveolar branches supplying the teeth and gums?
maxillary
At what level does the pharynx meet the oesophagus?
C6
what sort of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?
respiratory
what structures form the roof of the nasopharynx?
sphenoid
occipital
pharyngeal tonsil
what structures form the floor of the nasopharynx?
soft palate
what structures form the anterior wall of the nasopharynx?
nasal passages
what structures from the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?
roof and C1
what structures form the lateral wall of the nasopharynx?
eustachian tube
salpingopharyngeal fold
what structures form the roof of the oropharynx?
soft palate
what structures form the floor of the oropharynx?
posterior third of tongue
lingual tonsil
glossoepiglottic fold
what structures lie posterior to the oropharynx?
C2/3
what structures form the lateral walls of the oropharynx?
palatoglossal
palatopharyngeal
palatine tonsil
what structure lies anterior to the laryngopharynx?
larynx
what structures lie posterior to the laryngopharynx?
C3-6
which structures lie lateral to the laryngopharynx?
supported by thyroid cartilage, aryepiglottic fold and thyrohyoid membrane
what is the function of superior constrictor?
pushes food bolus downwards and raises pharyngeal wall and pulls it forwards towards nasal cavities.
which nerve gives motor supply to the constrictor muscles of the larynx?
vagus
what name is given to the muscle fibres of inferior constrictor that pass to the midline?
thyropharyngeus
what name is given to the circular fibres of inferior constrictor?
cricopharyngeus
which constrictor muscles does stylopharyngeus pass between?
superior and middle
which nerve supplies stylopharyngeus?
glossopharyngeal
what is the function of stylopharyngeus?
elevates pharynx and larynx during swallowing
which nerve supplies salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus?
vagus
what is the function of palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus?
elevates pharynx
which nerve gives sensory supply to the nasopharynx?
CN V2
which nerve gives sensory supply to the oropharynx?
CN IX
which nerve gives sensory supply to the laryngopharynx?
CN X
which nerves contribute fibres to the pharyngeal plexus?
CN IX, CN X and sympathetics
which arteries supply the upper pharynx?
maxillary
facial
external carotid
where does lymph from the pharynx drain?
retropharyngeal and paratracheal nodes
which muscles lie posterior to the pharynx but anterior to the vertebrae?
longus colli
longus capitis
rectus capitis anterior
rectus capitis lateralis
which nerves supply longus capitis?
C1-3 anterior rami
where on the vertebral column does longus capitis attach?
transverse processes of C3-6
which nerves supply longus colli?
ventral rami of C2-6
which nerves supply the rectus capitus muscles?
C1-2 ventral rami
where does the sympathetic chain run in relation to the vagus nerve in the neck?
medial
which cartilage forms the laryngeal prominence?
thyroid cartilage
which muscles connect to the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage?
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
inferior constrictor
which ligament attaches the cricoid cartilage to the trachea?
cricotracheal ligament
what sort of cartilage forms the epiglottis?
elastic cartilage
which structures does the epiglottis attach to anteriorly?
hyoid
thyroid cartilage
which structures does the epiglottis attach to laterally?
arytenoid cartilages
what ligament attaches the arytenoid cartilages to the epiglottis?
quadrangular ligament
the free upper border of which membrane forms the vocal ligament?
cricothyroid membrane
the lower free border of which ligament forms the false vocal fold?
quadrangular ligament
what is the rima glottis?
the most posterior space between the vocal folds
which muscles elevate the larynx?
digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid
which muscles depress the larynx?
sternothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid
which nerve innervates cricothyroid?
external laryngeal branch of vagus
which is the only intrinsic muscle of the larynx found anteriorly?
cricothyroid
what is the function of thyroarytenoid?
pull arytenoids forwards towards thyroid cartilage- makes folds shorter
what nerve supplies thyroarytenoid?
recurrent laryngeal nerve (vagus)
what is the function of posterior cricoarytenoid?
abduction of vocal folds
what nerve supplies posterior cricoarytenoid?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
what is the function of lateral cricoarytenoid?
adduction of vocal folds
what nerve supplies lateral cricoarytenoid?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
what is the function of the oblique arytenoid?
sphincter of laryngeal inlet
what nerve supplies the function of the oblique arytenoid?
recurrent laryngeal
what is the function of transverse arytenoid?
closure of rima glottidis
what nerve supplies the transverse arytenoid?
recurrent laryngeal
which arteries supply the larynx?
superior thyroid
inferior laryngeal
inferior thyroid
where does lymph from the larynx drain to?
paratracheal nodes
deep cervical nodes
which nerve supplies tensor tympani?
CN V3
which nerve supplies stapedius?
CN VII
which nerve supplies the tympanic cavity?
CN IX
how does the chorda typani leave the tympanic cavity?
petrotympanic fissure
the contraction of which muscle allows the eustachian tube to open?
tensor veli palatini
