Semester 1 revision

Question 1

Argument

Answer 1

conclusion together with the premise that supports it (My car batter is flat, therefore my car won’t start)

Question 2

Explanation

Answer 2

already accepts the truth of a statement but say how it came about (My car won’t start, because the battery is flat)

Question 3

Description

Answer 3

gives 1+ items of information about a particular topic

Question 4

Argument structures (7)

Answer 4

Standard form, deductive argument, inductive argument, generalisations, analogies, general principles and causal reasoning

Question 5

Standard argument form

Answer 5

3 reasons under each other, conclusion on the bottom

Question 6

Deductive argument

Answer 6

valid or invalid, true premises=true conclusion, Are the premises true? Is the form of the argument valid?

Question 7

Inductive argument

Answer 7

Conclusion doesn’t follow premises, are the premises true or acceptable? Are the premises relevant to the issue at hand? Are the premises compelling enough to justify conclusion?

Question 8

Generalisations

Answer 8

involve making a general claim based on limited/specific evidence

Question 9

Analogies

Answer 9

Drawing conclusions about one situation based on another

Question 10

General principles

Answer 10

apply general principles to a specific case, opposite to generalisations

Question 11

Causal reasoning

Answer 11

Offer an argument that one thing led to another thing happening

Question 12

How do you analyse an argument

Answer 12

Determine if it is valid (logical), sound (true with a logical conclusion), cogent (convincing)

Question 13

Modus ponens

Answer 13

affirms, If A then B, A therefore B

Question 14

Modus tollens

Answer 14

Denies, If A then B, Not B, therefore not A

Question 15

Fallacies (6)

Answer 15

Ad hominem, appeal to irrelevant authority, genetic fallacy, hasty generalisation, argument from ignorance, equivocation

Question 16

Ad hominem

Answer 16

attacks the person not the argument

Question 17

Appeal to irrelevant authority

Answer 17

refers to respected sources or authorities

Question 18

Genetic fallacy

Answer 18

attacks the argument in terms of its origins instead of content

Question 19

Hasty generalisation

Answer 19

making assumptions based of an inadequate sample (too small)

Question 20

Argument from ignorance

Answer 20

argument that there is no evidence therefore it’s not true

Question 21

Equivocation

Answer 21

sliding between two or more different meaning of a single word or phrase

Question 22

5 philosophical criteria for personhood

Answer 22

ability to use reason, ability to use some sort of language, being aware they exist, being part of a social group, being able to enter relationships within the social group

Question 23

Five capacities of the mind

Answer 23

Awareness, thought, volition, feeling, memory

Question 24

Awareness

Answer 24

perceptual and self-awareness (to do with our understanding of what we are perceiving and that we have the ability to adjust it), seeing a plane but using perceptual awareness to focus on figuring out the logo

Question 25

Thought

Answer 25

capacity to process/interpret information

Question 26

Volition

Answer 26

mental process of actively deciding a course of action, eating

Question 27

Feelings

Answer 27

Emotions

Question 28

Memory

Answer 28

ability to store and recall past data

Question 29

3 mental powers

Answer 29

Consciousness (state of being aware), intentionality (capacity to represent the world), self-awareness (awareness of traits, feelings, behavior, etc,)

Question 30

Dualism

Answer 30

mind is distinct from the body, mind is not the brain, possible that the mind can survive the death of the brain

Question 31

Materialism

Answer 31

mind is an extension of the body but inseparable, mind is nothing more than the brain, if the brain dies the mind must also die

Question 32

Philosophical argument for dualism

Answer 32

Aristotle- the soul is the form of the body that give it its life and characteristics and argues that there is one substance (physical body and brain) that has 2 types of properties (physical and mental)

Question 33

Philosophical argument for materialism

Answer 33

Brain damage- when the brain undergoes damage mental substance/properties of the person are significantly compromised

Question 34

How do humans meet the characteristics of personhood

Answer 34

Can use language, and form social groups and relations

Question 35

How do animals meet the characteristics of personhood

Answer 35

Can use language and form social groups

Question 36

Strong and weak inference indicators

Answer 36

Strong when there is strong reasoning, weak when there is weak reasoning