Critical reasoning

Question 1

A valid statement should have

Answer 1

Strong premises and a strong conclusion

Question 2

Argument

Answer 2

Conclusion together with the premise that supports it

Question 3

Premise

Answer 3

Reason offered as support of another claim

Question 4

Conclusion

Answer 4

Claim supported by a premise

Question 5

Inference indicators

Answer 5

Indicates how the reason supports the conclusion

Question 6

Standard form

Answer 6

Write the 3 reasons underneath each other, draw a line and put conclusion underneath

Question 7

Deductive argument

Answer 7

follow where the premises go to draw conclusion, true premises and valid argument

Question 8

Inductive argument

Answer 8

conclusion doesn’t follow the premises, are the premises true?, are the premises relevant?, are the premises compelling?

Question 9

Generalisations

Answer 9

When arguments involve making a general claim based on limited or specific evidence

Question 10

Analogies

Answer 10

Drawing conclusions about one situation based on what you know about another

Question 11

General principles

Answer 11

Opposite to generalisations, Apply general principles to a specific case

Question 12

CAUSAL reasoning

Answer 12

Offer an argument that one thing necessarily lead to another happening

Question 13

Analysing an argument

Answer 13

must be valid (logical), sound (true) and cogent (convincing)

Question 14

Is an argument sound?

Answer 14

are the premises true and convincing? if not, why? Does the conclusion follow the premises?

Question 15

Formal fallacies

Answer 15

If (antecedent)…. Then (conditional)…. Therefore…….

Question 16

Modus ponens

Answer 16

Affirms, ABAB, If A then B. A, therefore B

Question 17

Modus tollens

Answer 17

Denies, ABBA, If A then B. Not B, therefore not A

Question 18

Ad Hominem

Answer 18

Attacks the person not the argument

Question 19

Appeal to irrelevant authority

Answer 19

refers to a respected person or authority

Question 20

Genetic fallacy

Answer 20

Attacks an argument in terms of its origin

Question 21

Hasty generalisation

Answer 21

Makes assumptions based on a small sample of people

Question 22

Argument from ignorance

Answer 22

Theres no evidence against my claim so you should believe me

Question 23

Equivocation

Answer 23

Slides between two or more different meanings of a single word or phrase that is important to the argument