Semester 1 FINAL Flashcards
What was the 2nd continental congress
Met in Philadelphia in 1775, it had 1 group of delegates who thought the colonies should declare independence, and another group who hoped resolution lied in negotiation with Britain
What was the olive branch petition?
Failed attempt to pledge loyalty to King George III and asked permission to intercede with parliament to secure peace and protect colonial rights. He declared them in rebellion, and stopped trade
Eli whitney
Made cotton gin and interchangeable gun parts
What was the motivation for the bill of rights
- To protect Americans from suffering from the same tyranny that Britain inflicted upon them
- protect the rights not specified in the constitution
First colleges and universities
Harvard:founded in Cambridge to give proper education for the ministry
William and Mary in Virginia (Anglicans)
Yale in Connecticut (Congregationalist)
College of New Jersey: Presbyterian Kings college Columbia: Anglican Rhode Island college: baptist Queens college: baptist Dartmouth: Congregationalist
Bacons, shays, and whiskey rebellion
Bacon: farmers rebelled after not getting protection from Indian raids like aristocrats
Shay: high taxes, imprisonment for debt, not printing paper $
Whiskey: refused to pay revenue attack in whiskey. Unnecessary military action according to westerners
Clays american system
1) protective tariffs
2) national bank
3) internal improvement
To enhance economic growth
(federal spending vetoed by Monroe though)
What were the reasons for the civil war on Both sides?
North: to preserve the union
South: 1) Lincoln was president. 2) south felt underpowered 3) PRESERVATION OF SLAVERY
Dred Scott decision: when and what does the Taney court say
1857: the court decided that Dred was territory cuz black people weren’t us citizens yet, and the MO compromise was unconstitutional cuz it excluded some states like WI
Key battles of the revolutionary war + reasons for victory
Lexington and concord: Americans retreated at Lexington after facing them, but British suffered heavy losses on the way from concord back to Boston
Bunker hill: Brits took bunker hill, but Americans inflicted heavy losses
Saratoga victory gave America French allies* helped us win at Yorktown, the final battle
Ended with Declaration of Independence made after Thomas paine’s common sense
Neutrality proclamation: who, why, and what was the result
Washington thought we were to weak to get involved in the French civil war, but democrat republicans believed otherwise. Jefferson even resigned
Virtual representation
The idea that the british parliament members virtually represented british colonists by speaking for all instead of just the district they were from
Hartford convention: when, goals, and real effect
1814: New England states wanted to secede, sorta ducal federalists in New England insisted that the constitution be amended and secession by voted upon.
- 2/3 houses of both houses had to agree for war
- stamped the federalists as un patriotic after war success happened
Stamp act and the colonial reaction
Required revenue stamps to be placed on all printed paper. Resulted in widespread anger, with the sons and daughters of liberty, boycotts against British imports, and the declaratory act.
Strengths and weakness of the articles
Strengths:
-won the war
-land ordinance of ‘85: system for selling and surveying western land (+ education)
‘87: granted limited self gov and no slavery between ohio river and Great Lakes (set rules for making new states)
Weaknesses:
-all power was to congress, and it relied on taxes
-foreign threats
-shays rebellion
-unicameral, unfair equal representation
What did Jeffersons revolution of 1800 really do
It was the change from federalist control to democrat-republican control
Why did Jackson win the election
- accusing Adams
- discontent of southerners and westerners
- reputation as a war hero and man of the fronteir
What was the greatest accomplishment of the Freedman’s bureau
Public and black education
Basic idea behind republican government
?
Why did radical reconstruction go away from the presidents plans
Congress argued it would allow the state government to fall under the dominion of disloyal secessionists.
1st Great awakening reasons for and the effect in history
Strengthened religion and faith
- more diversity
- affected every social class
- if the common people could make their own religious decisions, why not political? (Challenged authority)
Lowell system: when and where?
1830: textile mills recruited young farm women and housed them in company dormitories
What is salutary neglect, and how did it affect the colonies relationship with England
Britain exercised little control over the colonies and allowed navigation laws to go unenforced.
This infuriated the colonists and caused easy rebellion against sudden strict rules
What was Hamilton’s financial plan and the debate over his ideas
-pay off war debts at face value and have the federal government assume debts of states
-protect nations developing industries by imposing high tariffs
-national bank to stabilize currency
Opponents feared states would lose power and central gov would gain it
Monroe doctrine: What when who and why
1823: There were threats from Russia and Britain suppressing Italian and French, and taking land and aiding Spain restore power. Russian seal hunters were spreading south. British and US leaders decided they had a common interest in protecting North and South America from foreign aggression. Adams opposed Monroe’s thoughts of joint declaration, and believed that the us should act alone because 1) Britain could be counted upon to stand behind US policy 2) no European power would risk going to war in South America, and if hey did the British navy would defeat them. Monroe declared us wouldn’t be colonized by any European powers. Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign policy, Europe realized their purposes were thwarted.
5 parts of compromise of 1850
1) admit California to the union as free state
2) divide Mexican secession on 2 territories- Utah and New Mexico, and allow settlers to decide slavery by popular sovereignty
3) give land in dispute between Texas and New Mexico territory to the new territories in return for federal gov assuming texass debt of $10 mil.
4) ban slave trade in District of Columbia, but whites can still hold slave
5) fugitive slave law vigorously enforced
What is manifest destiny
US had a divine mission to extend it’s power and civilization across North America.
What did puritans believe and who was allowed to practice religion freely
Predestination, John Calvin, similar to Catholicism, they wanted to “purify” their church of Catholicism influences. They banished people who didn’t agree with them
What was the sugar act and why was it significant
Placed duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries to raise $ for the crown, and stricter enforcement of the navigation acts.
What were the effects of the industrial revolution? (Slavery in the south)
Independent people now dependent on factory wages, but conditions were unsafe. Commonwealth v. Hunt: peaceful unions could negotiate labor contracts with employers.
Abundant cheap supply of immigrant labor
Cotton boom, slaves put on harsh cotton plantations, more slaves needed
Why was roger Williams banished and what is unique about what he establishes
He believed the individual conscience was beyond control of church or any authority. He founded providence where native Americans were respected and paid, and complete religious toleration. Served as refuge
What were the causes and effects of the war of 1812 and who were the war hawks?
The pressures leading to the war: -continued violation of Us neutral rights at sea -British in western Fronteir. War hawks: republicans with an influence in house of representative who were pro-war Effects: -recognition of Canada as a country -us gained respect -death of Federalist Party -south would use idea of secession later -N. A. Surrendered land -self sufficiency -war heros-> political leaders -nationalism
3 main parts of MO compromise
1) MO was a slaveholding state
2) Maine was free state
3) slavery was banned in the Louisiana territory above the 3630 line
immigration in the antebellum period
Came to start a new life due to increase in transportation, famines and revolutions in Europe, us offering opportunities and freedom. Few went to south, some went to northwest, and most just stayed where they landed.
Anti foreign mi pavements and know nothing party were ant immigrant, but died about around civil war time.
Why was the election of 1824 considered a turning point in election history
the president was selected in the electoral college, by this point in history states allowed voters to choose their presidential electors directly…thus making it hard for one person to receive the majority vote
Fletcher v peck
A state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract
1st
Martin v hunters lease
Had jurisdiction over state courts involving constitutional rights
McMulloch v Maryland
Federal laws are supreme over state laws
Federal gov had the implied power to create the bank, so a state couldn’t tax a federal institution (the power to tax is the power to destroy)
Cohens v Virginia
Supreme Court could review a state courts decision involving any of the powers of the federal gov
Gibbons v Ogden
Federal gives broad control of interstate commerce
Describe women’s role in colonial society
Bore 8 kids, household work, medical care, education, worked next to husband. Legal political rights, relied on husbands, active role in decision making
Dorothea Dix
State funded mental institutions
Horace Mann
Mandatory tax supported schools
Lucretia Mott
Campaigned for women’s rights after being banned from speaking at an anti slavery convention
William Lloyd garrison
The liberator
Advocated complete abolition of slavery and founded american antislavery society
Abolition movement
Founded the liberty party and campaigned
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Questioned doctrines of established churches
Encouraged us to make our own American culture
Independence and priority on spiritual matters
1/2 covenant
Partial church membership
Baptized child of a baptized person
What were the main things Washington told us to avoid in his farewell address
- don’t get involved in European affairs
- no permanent alliances in foreign affairs
- no political parties
- avoid sectionalism.
What were the causes and effects of the F+I war British ideas (PM Greenville) about colonies after the war
Cause:
-French chain of forts in ohio river valley
-French had Indian allies
Effects:
-England had supremacy/ greatest naval power
-relationship between colonies and Britain
Brits: colonies were unwilling and unable new frontiers (low opinions)
Colonies: proud, not impressed with British troops or leadership, unsuited for warfare
Salutary neglect abandoned, Greenville made stamp, sugar acts, etc
Compromises of the constitution
Connecticut plan/ great compromise: 2 house congress
Commercial compromise: congress could regulate interstate and foreign commerce, tariffs
Can’t put taxes on exports!
3/5 compromise: Slave= 3/5 of a person
Federalist papers: who why and what do they say
James Madison, Alex Hamilton, John jay wrote persuasive essays presenting cogent reasons for believing in the practicality of each major provision of the constitution (federalist campaign) achieved ratification of the constitution and bill of rights.
Force act if 1832: what and why
Gave president authority to take military action in South Carolina cuz South Carolina resisted the tariff of abominations
What was the mercantilism theory and what did it result in (colonial and British relationship)
Mercantilism that stated that the accumulation of wealth was the basis of a nations military and political strength building self sufficiency.
Positives: shipbuilding prospered, tobacco monopoly, english protection
Negatives: navigation acts were limiting, colonists had to pay a lot but got paid little
Alien and sedition acts: when what and why
1798: from federalists to restrict democratic-republicans
1) naturalization act: immigrants had to have 14 years of age to be US citizenship
2) alien acts: the pres could deport any seemingly dangerous aliens and detain hem in times of war
3) sedition act: newspaper editors couldn’t criticize the pres or congress
XYZ affair: when, what, and what’s the reaction in the US
Before a&s acts during Adams presidency:
3 French ministers requested bribes to stop seizing US ships. This infuriated Americans and people wanted to go to war and gain land from France
“Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute”
What does the emancipation proclamation do and why did Lincoln issue it
1862: It bans slavery in states under rebellion, boosting northern morale, giving them a reason to fight. Lincoln issues it to stop British recognition of CSA and encourage free slaves to move north
What forms does slave resistance take?
Work slowdowns, sabotage, escape and revolt. They gave blacks hope and consequences increased northern anger
What was the souths attitude towards slavery?
“Peculiar institution” because they felt bad about it, but continually needed to defend it
What was the wade Davis bill vs Lincoln’s plan
Lincoln gave full pardon to southerners who took the loyalty oath and accepted the emancipation of slaves, and would reestablish
A state gov if 10% took loyalty oath.
Wade Davis Bill: 50% of voters had to take oath! and only non confederates could vote for a new constitution. Pocket vetoed by lincoln
Johnson’s plan/ radical plan
Johnson: disfranchised former CSA office holders and those with over $20,000 in taxable property (disloyal southerners wee pardoned, so many were back in office)
Radical plan: civil rights act of 1866, 14th amendment, joint committee, and reconstruction act s of 1867
Why was Johnson impeached and what resulted
He broke the Tenure of Office Act, and afterwards 7 moderate democrats joined democrats against conviction
Freeport doctrine: what did Douglas say and why was it important
He stated that slavery could not exist in a community where citizens didn’t enforce laws (slave codes) maintaining it. He alienated southern democrats and Lincoln emerged as national figure and leading contender for republicans in election.
What did the free soilers believe and what was their effect in the US
They believed blacks should be excluded from Mexican cession so whites had more opportunity. “free soil, free labor, free men”
Caused anti slavery democrats to join
What was the homestead act
Promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 aces of land to whoever would farm in that land for 5 years.
What was the morrill act
Use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges. Helped american manufacturers and industrialists
What did Hinton helper and Harriet Beecher,Stowe write and why was it important
Helper: the impending crisis of the south showed slavery was bad for the economy too
Harriet: Uncle Toms Cabin showed the Inhumane truths of slavery and upset northerners even more. Lincoln thought it made the war
Conscription acts: what did they allow and what was the northern reaction
All men between ages of 20 and 45 could be drafted, but they could avoided it by either finding a sub or paying $300. Riots against the draft formed in NY city where 117 people were killed and there had to be a temporary suspension.
What would the Wilmot proviso do during the Mexican American war
It would exclude slavery in new territories obtained from Mexico. but it didn’t work cuz it would upset the balance, although it intensified sectional feelings
What were the issues involved in the Trent affair and what was Lincoln’s resolution
Britain sent over 2 confederate diplomats that were taken by a union warship. Lincoln gave in and set them free, and Britain failed to give full recognition to the CSA
What was the purpose of the black codes
To restrict black labor and activity
What were the 3 civil war amendments and what did they accomplish
13: abolished slavery
14: blacks and those born in US were citizens
15: race couldn’t affect who could vote
What was indentured servitude
Young people from Britain agreed to work in return for room and board.
What does the compromise of 1877 do and why was it agreed to
Hayes would be president if
1) no more federal support for republicans in the south
2) building of transcontinental railroad
Construction then closed
What were the border states and why were they important
Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky.
Tripwire loss would have increased CSA population by 50%+, and would have severely weakened the unions strategic position
Who were the copperheads and what were their role in the election of 1864
Opposed the war and wanted a negotiated peace. All votes went to Lincoln
What were the key battles if the civil war and their significance
Fort Sumter: 1st battle of the war, united northerners to protect the union. States seceded
1st bull run: union lost, destroyed illusion of short bloodless war
Peninsula campaign: McClellan now in charge of union army, CSA up invaded Virginia
2nd bull run: lee forced union back to capital
Antietam: north claimed victory, eliminating British recognition of CSA
Monitor v Merrimac:ironclad naval ships, ended in a draw but revolutionized naval warfare
Battle of Shiloh, union gets New Orleans and control upper and lower MI river
Vicksburg: union full MI river control
Gettysburg: lee moves into north and loses offense ability
Sherman’s march: Atlanta falls, CSA broken
Surrender at Appomattox
What battles were fought on union soil
Gettysburg, Antietam,
What was the northern strategy for the civil war
- use the navy to block southern ports (the anaconda plan)
- take control of MI river and divide CSA in 2
- train an army 50,000 strong to take Richmond
What was grants effect on the civil war
Inning strategy of outlasting lee by fighting a war if attrition, reducing the CSA army in each army and making it from a defensive line around Richmond. Foreshadowed trench warfare used in WW2
What was the gag rule
The members of the congress can’t speak out against slavery
Split in anti slavery society- who and what was the split
Garrison advocated women’s rights in the movement and the other half did not
How did Marshall court affect Indian policy
Tried to give tribes rights, but Jackson vetoed
What was the free soilers effect on the US?
Advocated free homesteads and internal improvements along with preventing the extension if slavery
