Semester 1 FINAL Flashcards
What was the 2nd continental congress
Met in Philadelphia in 1775, it had 1 group of delegates who thought the colonies should declare independence, and another group who hoped resolution lied in negotiation with Britain
What was the olive branch petition?
Failed attempt to pledge loyalty to King George III and asked permission to intercede with parliament to secure peace and protect colonial rights. He declared them in rebellion, and stopped trade
Eli whitney
Made cotton gin and interchangeable gun parts
What was the motivation for the bill of rights
- To protect Americans from suffering from the same tyranny that Britain inflicted upon them
- protect the rights not specified in the constitution
First colleges and universities
Harvard:founded in Cambridge to give proper education for the ministry
William and Mary in Virginia (Anglicans)
Yale in Connecticut (Congregationalist)
College of New Jersey: Presbyterian Kings college Columbia: Anglican Rhode Island college: baptist Queens college: baptist Dartmouth: Congregationalist
Bacons, shays, and whiskey rebellion
Bacon: farmers rebelled after not getting protection from Indian raids like aristocrats
Shay: high taxes, imprisonment for debt, not printing paper $
Whiskey: refused to pay revenue attack in whiskey. Unnecessary military action according to westerners
Clays american system
1) protective tariffs
2) national bank
3) internal improvement
To enhance economic growth
(federal spending vetoed by Monroe though)
What were the reasons for the civil war on Both sides?
North: to preserve the union
South: 1) Lincoln was president. 2) south felt underpowered 3) PRESERVATION OF SLAVERY
Dred Scott decision: when and what does the Taney court say
1857: the court decided that Dred was territory cuz black people weren’t us citizens yet, and the MO compromise was unconstitutional cuz it excluded some states like WI
Key battles of the revolutionary war + reasons for victory
Lexington and concord: Americans retreated at Lexington after facing them, but British suffered heavy losses on the way from concord back to Boston
Bunker hill: Brits took bunker hill, but Americans inflicted heavy losses
Saratoga victory gave America French allies* helped us win at Yorktown, the final battle
Ended with Declaration of Independence made after Thomas paine’s common sense
Neutrality proclamation: who, why, and what was the result
Washington thought we were to weak to get involved in the French civil war, but democrat republicans believed otherwise. Jefferson even resigned
Virtual representation
The idea that the british parliament members virtually represented british colonists by speaking for all instead of just the district they were from
Hartford convention: when, goals, and real effect
1814: New England states wanted to secede, sorta ducal federalists in New England insisted that the constitution be amended and secession by voted upon.
- 2/3 houses of both houses had to agree for war
- stamped the federalists as un patriotic after war success happened
Stamp act and the colonial reaction
Required revenue stamps to be placed on all printed paper. Resulted in widespread anger, with the sons and daughters of liberty, boycotts against British imports, and the declaratory act.
Strengths and weakness of the articles
Strengths:
-won the war
-land ordinance of ‘85: system for selling and surveying western land (+ education)
‘87: granted limited self gov and no slavery between ohio river and Great Lakes (set rules for making new states)
Weaknesses:
-all power was to congress, and it relied on taxes
-foreign threats
-shays rebellion
-unicameral, unfair equal representation
What did Jeffersons revolution of 1800 really do
It was the change from federalist control to democrat-republican control
Why did Jackson win the election
- accusing Adams
- discontent of southerners and westerners
- reputation as a war hero and man of the fronteir
What was the greatest accomplishment of the Freedman’s bureau
Public and black education
Basic idea behind republican government
?
Why did radical reconstruction go away from the presidents plans
Congress argued it would allow the state government to fall under the dominion of disloyal secessionists.
1st Great awakening reasons for and the effect in history
Strengthened religion and faith
- more diversity
- affected every social class
- if the common people could make their own religious decisions, why not political? (Challenged authority)
Lowell system: when and where?
1830: textile mills recruited young farm women and housed them in company dormitories
What is salutary neglect, and how did it affect the colonies relationship with England
Britain exercised little control over the colonies and allowed navigation laws to go unenforced.
This infuriated the colonists and caused easy rebellion against sudden strict rules
What was Hamilton’s financial plan and the debate over his ideas
-pay off war debts at face value and have the federal government assume debts of states
-protect nations developing industries by imposing high tariffs
-national bank to stabilize currency
Opponents feared states would lose power and central gov would gain it
Monroe doctrine: What when who and why
1823: There were threats from Russia and Britain suppressing Italian and French, and taking land and aiding Spain restore power. Russian seal hunters were spreading south. British and US leaders decided they had a common interest in protecting North and South America from foreign aggression. Adams opposed Monroe’s thoughts of joint declaration, and believed that the us should act alone because 1) Britain could be counted upon to stand behind US policy 2) no European power would risk going to war in South America, and if hey did the British navy would defeat them. Monroe declared us wouldn’t be colonized by any European powers. Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign policy, Europe realized their purposes were thwarted.
5 parts of compromise of 1850
1) admit California to the union as free state
2) divide Mexican secession on 2 territories- Utah and New Mexico, and allow settlers to decide slavery by popular sovereignty
3) give land in dispute between Texas and New Mexico territory to the new territories in return for federal gov assuming texass debt of $10 mil.
4) ban slave trade in District of Columbia, but whites can still hold slave
5) fugitive slave law vigorously enforced
What is manifest destiny
US had a divine mission to extend it’s power and civilization across North America.
What did puritans believe and who was allowed to practice religion freely
Predestination, John Calvin, similar to Catholicism, they wanted to “purify” their church of Catholicism influences. They banished people who didn’t agree with them
What was the sugar act and why was it significant
Placed duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries to raise $ for the crown, and stricter enforcement of the navigation acts.
What were the effects of the industrial revolution? (Slavery in the south)
Independent people now dependent on factory wages, but conditions were unsafe. Commonwealth v. Hunt: peaceful unions could negotiate labor contracts with employers.
Abundant cheap supply of immigrant labor
Cotton boom, slaves put on harsh cotton plantations, more slaves needed
Why was roger Williams banished and what is unique about what he establishes
He believed the individual conscience was beyond control of church or any authority. He founded providence where native Americans were respected and paid, and complete religious toleration. Served as refuge
What were the causes and effects of the war of 1812 and who were the war hawks?
The pressures leading to the war: -continued violation of Us neutral rights at sea -British in western Fronteir. War hawks: republicans with an influence in house of representative who were pro-war Effects: -recognition of Canada as a country -us gained respect -death of Federalist Party -south would use idea of secession later -N. A. Surrendered land -self sufficiency -war heros-> political leaders -nationalism
3 main parts of MO compromise
1) MO was a slaveholding state
2) Maine was free state
3) slavery was banned in the Louisiana territory above the 3630 line
