Semester 1 exam Flashcards
What is nervous tissue
Forms the brain, spinal-cord and nerves
What is the function of a red blood cell
- Transports oxygen via haemoglobin
- HbO2
Cell membrane
Determines what enters/exits the cell
Anabolic reaction
When two or more substances react to form one
Centrioles
Involved in sellular production
Endoplasmic reticulum
Connect the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane and provide a surface for chemical reactions to occur
Lysosome
Attack bacteria with enzymes
Inclusions
Stores nutrients/dutoplasmic substances, secretory products and pigment granules
nonliving
Types of anabolic reaction
Lock and key and induced fit
Catabolic reaction
Breaking down molecules into small molecules
Mitochondria
Releases energy for the cells through respiration
What affects the rate of enzyme activity
The concentration of enzymes and substrate. A chemical reaction occurs when an enzyme and the substrate collide. The more molecules present the greater the chance of reaction
How many molecules of ATP are created during cellular respiration
30 to 38
What is a co-enzyme?
Something that may be required for enzyme function. these bind to the enzyme to temporarily activate it. Could be ions, vitamins
Ribosome
Where amino acids join to make proteins
What are the three types of muscular tissue
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac.
Golgi apparatus
Packages materials for Endocytosos & exocytosis
Citric acid cycle
Anaerobic. Pyruvate is completely broken down into six carbon dioxide molecules. Takes place in the mitochondria matrix. Produces two ATP molecules
Electron transport chain
Electrons get transported from molecule to molecule creating a series of chemical reactions. Water is a product of these reactions. Makes 32 to 34 ATP molecules by adding one phosphate to each ADP molecule.
What are the 6 functions of the circulatory system
Carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells around the body, removes waste from the body, bring oxygen into body from lungs, circulate blood to body, maintain body temp and white blood cells fat infection
How is ATP turned into energy
I phosphate molecules is stripped from ATP to make ADP again. This releases energy and enables biological work.
Cytosol
The fluid in the cytoplasm
75 to 90% water
What do cells get rid of
– Retired organelles – Carbon dioxide – Urea – through urine – made from excess protein – Water – Salts
What is a tissue?
A tissue is a group of cells that are similar in structure that work together to carry out a particular task.
What is an organ
Organs are body structures that are made up of two or more types of tissues. The tissues of an organ work together to carry out a particular task.
What are the different types of tissue
Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscular tissues, nervous tissue.
What are cell requirements
– Appropriate temp – Glucose – energy – Oxygen – cellular respiration – Amino acids – to make proteins – H2O – Vitamins, minerals and ions – The right pH
What are the requirements of a solute to be able to cross a membrane via diffusion
So it’s need to be small, soluble in fat, uncharged to cross membranes via diffusion
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
We are protein synthesis happens (the production of proteins)
Nucleolus
Ribosome production
Carries out RNA synthesis
Vesicle
Pocket that aids in endocytosus and exocytosis
What is epithelial tissue
Very smooth surface, lining tissue. Forms the outer layer of the skin, heart, kidneys, intestine‘s, liver and lungs. Lines inside of stomach and intestines.
What are the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration
Inputs – glucose and oxygen
Outputs – carbon dioxide and water
Cytoplasm
The contents of the cell
What is connective tissue
Connective tissue makes up bone, Cartlidge, tendons, ligaments, fat storage tissues, and blood.
Give a definition of diffusion
The movement of material from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a semipermeable membrane.
Give a definition of osmosis
Movement of water from a diluted solution to a more concentrated solution across a semipermeable membrane
Enzymes
Catalysts that lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction. enzymes aid chemical reactions to occur.
What is the difference between hypertonic isotonic and hypotonic solutions
A hypotonic solution is not really concentrated with solutes
An isotonic solution is an equal amount of solute concentration on either side of the membrane
A hypertonic solution is really concentrated with solutes
What are the functions of blood
Transport oxygen around the body Transports nutrients ( glucose, amino acids, ions) Transports waste CO2 to lungs Helps fight pathogens Contains platelets to prevent bleeding Maintains/controls body temp Maintains pH
Glycolysis
Anaerobic and takes place in the cytoplasm. Two ATP molecules are made.
What is the function of a white blood cell
Fights pathogen‘s using Endocytosis
Nucleus
Holds DNA and RNA and has a selectively permeable membrane
What are the five functions of bones
– Store nutrients – Structure – Protection of vital organs – Read Marro within spongy bone creates red blood cells – Movement
What is a Lacuna
A depression in which the osteocyte sits
What is an osteocyte
A bone cell
What is cartilage made of
– Collagen,chondrin , chondroblasts, connective tissue, chondrocyte, Lacuna
What are the types of joints
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
What are the types of synovial joints
Hinge - elbow Saddle - base of thumb Gliding - carpals Condyloid - metacarpal & phalanges Ball and socket - hip Pivot - between radius & ulna
What are the types of valve within the heart
Atroiventricular valves:
- tricuspid - between ra & rv
- bicuspid - between la & lv
Semilunar valves:
- pulmonary - RV & pulmonary artery
- aortic - LV and aorta
What is ventricular sistole
When the ventricles contract, forcing the atrioventricular valves to shut and the semilunar valve to open due to pressure
Key points for graphs
- The title links the independent and dependent variable
- dependent variable on the Y axis
- independent variable on the X axis
- dependent variable is the thing being measured
How is water absorbed into the body
In the large intestine by osmosis
How are simple sugars absorbed into the body
By active transport in the villi going into the blood capillaries
How are amino acids absorbed into the body
By active transport into the villi and into the blood capillaries
How are fatty acids and glyceryl absorbed into the body
They are absorbed into the lacteal of the villi by simple diffusion
What is a ligament
Muscle – muscle
What is a tendon
Muscle – bone
What substances are absorbed into the lacteal
Fatty acid‘s and Glycerol, fat soluble vitamins, fat soluble minerals
What substances absorbed into the villi capillaries
Simple sugars, amino acids, water soluble vitamins
Hyaline cartilage
Found at joints and form rings of trachea and bronchi
Elastic Cartlidge
Ear
Fibro Cartlidge
Meniscus, discs of spinal column, tissue joining two sides of the pelvis
What are the functions of the liver
Turning ammonia into your area by adding carbon dioxide
Produces bile
What are the two types of an articular capsule
Capsule where knee joint occurs
Fibrous capsule – outer layer – dense fibrous connective tissue
Synovial membrane – inner layer
What does gastric juice contain?
HCl & protease
What’s pancreatic juice
Juice secreted into the duodenum, created in the pancreas. Contains enzymes for breaking down food
What is elimination
Solid waste (feces)
What do carrier proteins do?
The transport molecules across a membrane that otherwise won’t go through.
Proteins - too large
Ions
Active transport of amino acids and glucose
Pathway of ammonia
Excess amino acids ( amino group) are sent to the liver. Liver adds CO2 to ammonia to turn it into urea. Then goes through bloodstream to kidneys
How is carbon dioxide transported out of the body?
- Dissolved in plasma
- Bonds to haemoglobin - carbaminohaemoglobin
- Forms with hydrogen - forms bicarbonate
Components of blood
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
Erythrocytes
Plasma
What does the lymphatic system do?
Helps fight disease and infection
What are the lamellae made of
Collagen
14 different muscles
Biceps, triceps, gastrocnemius, trapezius, deltoid, quadriceps, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, adductor group, latissimus dorsi, soleus, abdominals, gluteus maximums, pectorials
15 bones
Humerus, metacarpals, carpals, phalanges, ulna, radius, ribs, sternum, pelvis, femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals,
Cellular requirements
Oxygen, glucose, amino acids, vitamins/minerals, water, appropriate temp and pH
What do cells get rid of
Retired organelles, carbon dioxide, urea, water, salts
