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Year 11 human bio > Semester 1 exam > Flashcards

Semester 1 exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is nervous tissue

A

Forms the brain, spinal-cord and nerves

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2
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell

A
  • Transports oxygen via haemoglobin

- HbO2

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

Determines what enters/exits the cell

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4
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

When two or more substances react to form one

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5
Q

Centrioles

A

Involved in sellular production

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6
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Connect the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane and provide a surface for chemical reactions to occur

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7
Q

Lysosome

A

Attack bacteria with enzymes

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8
Q

Inclusions

A

Stores nutrients/dutoplasmic substances, secretory products and pigment granules

nonliving

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9
Q

Types of anabolic reaction

A

Lock and key and induced fit

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10
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Breaking down molecules into small molecules

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Releases energy for the cells through respiration

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12
Q

What affects the rate of enzyme activity

A

The concentration of enzymes and substrate. A chemical reaction occurs when an enzyme and the substrate collide. The more molecules present the greater the chance of reaction

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13
Q

How many molecules of ATP are created during cellular respiration

A

30 to 38

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14
Q

What is a co-enzyme?

A

Something that may be required for enzyme function. these bind to the enzyme to temporarily activate it. Could be ions, vitamins

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15
Q

Ribosome

A

Where amino acids join to make proteins

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16
Q

What are the three types of muscular tissue

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac.

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17
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packages materials for Endocytosos & exocytosis

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18
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Anaerobic. Pyruvate is completely broken down into six carbon dioxide molecules. Takes place in the mitochondria matrix. Produces two ATP molecules

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19
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Electrons get transported from molecule to molecule creating a series of chemical reactions. Water is a product of these reactions. Makes 32 to 34 ATP molecules by adding one phosphate to each ADP molecule.

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21
Q

What are the 6 functions of the circulatory system

A

Carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells around the body, removes waste from the body, bring oxygen into body from lungs, circulate blood to body, maintain body temp and white blood cells fat infection

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22
Q

How is ATP turned into energy

A

I phosphate molecules is stripped from ATP to make ADP again. This releases energy and enables biological work.

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23
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid in the cytoplasm

75 to 90% water

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24
Q

What do cells get rid of

A 
– Retired organelles
– Carbon dioxide
– Urea – through urine – made from excess protein
– Water
– Salts
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26
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of cells that are similar in structure that work together to carry out a particular task.

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27
Q

What is an organ

A

Organs are body structures that are made up of two or more types of tissues. The tissues of an organ work together to carry out a particular task.

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28
Q

What are the different types of tissue

A

Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscular tissues, nervous tissue.

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29
Q

What are cell requirements

A 
– Appropriate temp 
– Glucose – energy
– Oxygen – cellular respiration
– Amino acids – to make proteins
– H2O
– Vitamins, minerals and ions
– The right pH
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30
Q

What are the requirements of a solute to be able to cross a membrane via diffusion

A

So it’s need to be small, soluble in fat, uncharged to cross membranes via diffusion

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31
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

We are protein synthesis happens (the production of proteins)

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32
Q

Nucleolus

A

Ribosome production

Carries out RNA synthesis

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32
Q

Vesicle

A

Pocket that aids in endocytosus and exocytosis

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34
Q

What is epithelial tissue

A

Very smooth surface, lining tissue. Forms the outer layer of the skin, heart, kidneys, intestine‘s, liver and lungs. Lines inside of stomach and intestines.

35
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration

A

Inputs – glucose and oxygen

Outputs – carbon dioxide and water

36
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The contents of the cell

36
Q

What is connective tissue

A

Connective tissue makes up bone, Cartlidge, tendons, ligaments, fat storage tissues, and blood.

37
Q

Give a definition of diffusion

A

The movement of material from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a semipermeable membrane.

38
Q

Give a definition of osmosis

A

Movement of water from a diluted solution to a more concentrated solution across a semipermeable membrane

39
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalysts that lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction. enzymes aid chemical reactions to occur.

39
Q

What is the difference between hypertonic isotonic and hypotonic solutions

A

A hypotonic solution is not really concentrated with solutes

An isotonic solution is an equal amount of solute concentration on either side of the membrane

A hypertonic solution is really concentrated with solutes

40
Q

What are the functions of blood

A 
Transport oxygen around the body
Transports nutrients ( glucose, amino acids, ions) 
Transports waste CO2 to lungs
Helps fight pathogens
Contains platelets to prevent bleeding
Maintains/controls body temp
Maintains pH
41
Q

Glycolysis

A

Anaerobic and takes place in the cytoplasm. Two ATP molecules are made.

42
Q

What is the function of a white blood cell

A

Fights pathogen‘s using Endocytosis

43
Q

Nucleus

A

Holds DNA and RNA and has a selectively permeable membrane

44
Q

What are the five functions of bones

A 
– Store nutrients
– Structure
– Protection of vital organs
– Read Marro within spongy bone creates red blood cells
– Movement
45
Q

What is a Lacuna

A

A depression in which the osteocyte sits

46
Q

What is an osteocyte

A

A bone cell

47
Q

What is cartilage made of

A

– Collagen,chondrin , chondroblasts, connective tissue, chondrocyte, Lacuna

48
Q

What are the types of joints

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

49
Q

What are the types of synovial joints

A 
Hinge - elbow
Saddle - base of thumb
Gliding - carpals
Condyloid - metacarpal & phalanges 
Ball and socket - hip
Pivot - between radius & ulna
50
Q

What are the types of valve within the heart

A

Atroiventricular valves:

  • tricuspid - between ra & rv
  • bicuspid - between la & lv

Semilunar valves:

  • pulmonary - RV & pulmonary artery
  • aortic - LV and aorta
51
Q

What is ventricular sistole

A

When the ventricles contract, forcing the atrioventricular valves to shut and the semilunar valve to open due to pressure

52
Q

Key points for graphs

A
  • The title links the independent and dependent variable
  • dependent variable on the Y axis
  • independent variable on the X axis
  • dependent variable is the thing being measured
53
Q

How is water absorbed into the body

A

In the large intestine by osmosis

54
Q

How are simple sugars absorbed into the body

A

By active transport in the villi going into the blood capillaries

55
Q

How are amino acids absorbed into the body

A

By active transport into the villi and into the blood capillaries

56
Q

How are fatty acids and glyceryl absorbed into the body

A

They are absorbed into the lacteal of the villi by simple diffusion

57
Q

What is a ligament

A

Muscle – muscle

58
Q

What is a tendon

A

Muscle – bone

59
Q

What substances are absorbed into the lacteal

A

Fatty acid‘s and Glycerol, fat soluble vitamins, fat soluble minerals

60
Q

What substances absorbed into the villi capillaries

A

Simple sugars, amino acids, water soluble vitamins

61
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Found at joints and form rings of trachea and bronchi

62
Q

Elastic Cartlidge

A

Ear

63
Q

Fibro Cartlidge

A

Meniscus, discs of spinal column, tissue joining two sides of the pelvis

64
Q

What are the functions of the liver

A

Turning ammonia into your area by adding carbon dioxide

Produces bile

65
Q

What are the two types of an articular capsule

Capsule where knee joint occurs

A

Fibrous capsule – outer layer – dense fibrous connective tissue

Synovial membrane – inner layer

66
Q

What does gastric juice contain?

A

HCl & protease

67
Q

What’s pancreatic juice

A

Juice secreted into the duodenum, created in the pancreas. Contains enzymes for breaking down food

68
Q

What is elimination

A

Solid waste (feces)

69
Q

What do carrier proteins do?

A

The transport molecules across a membrane that otherwise won’t go through.

Proteins - too large
Ions
Active transport of amino acids and glucose

70
Q

Pathway of ammonia

A

Excess amino acids ( amino group) are sent to the liver. Liver adds CO2 to ammonia to turn it into urea. Then goes through bloodstream to kidneys

71
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported out of the body?

A
  • Dissolved in plasma
  • Bonds to haemoglobin - carbaminohaemoglobin
  • Forms with hydrogen - forms bicarbonate
72
Q

Components of blood

A

Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
Erythrocytes
Plasma

73
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Helps fight disease and infection

74
Q

What are the lamellae made of

A

Collagen

75
Q

14 different muscles

A

Biceps, triceps, gastrocnemius, trapezius, deltoid, quadriceps, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, adductor group, latissimus dorsi, soleus, abdominals, gluteus maximums, pectorials

76
Q

15 bones

A

Humerus, metacarpals, carpals, phalanges, ulna, radius, ribs, sternum, pelvis, femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals,

77
Q

Cellular requirements

A

Oxygen, glucose, amino acids, vitamins/minerals, water, appropriate temp and pH

78
Q

What do cells get rid of

A

Retired organelles, carbon dioxide, urea, water, salts

Year 11 human bio (4 decks)

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