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Year 11 human bio > DNA & RNA > Flashcards

DNA & RNA Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleotide

A

Consists of a sugar molecule attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen base

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2
Q

Gene expression

A

The process where information in a gene is used to make a product (protein)

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3
Q

Transcription

A

The process by which mRNA is formed, using the code on a DNA strand (antisense) by matching the sequence of nucleotides

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4
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A 
Thymine
Guanine
Adenine
Uracil
Cystosine
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5
Q

Messenger RNA

A

The RNA molecule that transfers coded information from the nucleus to ribosomes

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6
Q

Intron

A

Non-coding sections of RNA transcript

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7
Q

Exxon

A

Part of the RNA transcript that includes a section of the final piece of RNA after introns have been removed during RNA splicing

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8
Q

Helicase

A

The enzyme responsible for the separation of DNA strands during replication

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9
Q

Base triplet

A

A group of 3 nitrogenous bases on the DNA strand

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10
Q

Template strand

A

The strand of DNA corresponding to the mRNA sequence

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11
Q

Coding strand

A

Identical to the strand of mRNA being produced, but containing thymine instead of uracil

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12
Q

Translation

A

The process occurring inside the ribosome, turning tRNA into amino acids, which then turn into protein

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13
Q

Start codon

A

The first codon of mRNA translated by risbosomes - AUG

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14
Q

Methionine

A

A hydrophobic amino acid

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15
Q

Anticodon

A

A trinucleotide sequence, complimentary to that of a corresponding codon in mRNA

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16
Q

Promoter sequence

A

Initiates the transcription of the first codon from a DNA triplet

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17
Q

Terminator sequence

A

Signals termination of transcription to RNA polymerase

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18
Q

RNA polymerase

A

The enzyme that transcripts DNA sequences into RNA

19
Q

What are the 3 stages of translation

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

20
Q

Initiation

A

mRNA enters the ribosome and tRNA anticodon binds to start codon (aug)

21
Q

Elongation

A

More tRNA binds to the mRNA and attached amino acids bond together (peptide bond), forming a polypeptide chain. Initial tRNA breaks off.

22
Q

Termination

A

When polypeptide is complete, a stop codon is recognised and a primary protein is formed.

Stop codon ( UAA, UAG, UGA)

23
Q

Epigenome

A

a multitude of chemical compounds that tell the genome what to do. The epigenome is made up of chemical compounds and proteins that can attach to DNA and turn genes on and off

24
Q

Methyl

A
  • Silence/turn off transcription

- Attach to cytosine at CG

25
Q

Acetyl

A

Loosens interaction between DNA and histones, creating a larger surface are for translator enzymes to decode. Attach to amino acid lysine tail on histones

26
Q

Can there be multiple codons for an amino acid?

A

Yes

27
Q

What are the stages of mitosis

A 
Ipmat- 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
28
Q

What are the characteristics of an active gene?

A

Wrapped loosely around his tone
Few methyl molecules attached
Many acetyl molecules
Many mRNA transcripts

29
Q

What are the characteristics of an inactive gene?

A

Gene wrapped tightly around histone
Many methyl molecules attached
Few acetyl molecules
Few mRNA transcripts

30
Q

What are the 3 ways variation can occur in a gene?

A

Via crossing over (division 1)
Random alignment
Independent assortment

31
Q

What cells does mitosis occur in?

A

eukaryotic cells - a cell with a nucleus

32
Q

What’s the sequence of events of DNA replication

A
  • helicase splits DNA strands
  • Primase lays a primer segment on leading strand
  • DNA polymerase binds to primer and lays complimentary nucleotide bases to the original strand
  • primase primes fragments on lagging strand
  • polymerase adds bases in Okazaki fragments, working 5” - 3”
  • Exonuclease removes all primers from both stands
  • DNA polymerase fills in gaps
  • DNA ligase seals fragments, forming continuous strand
33
Q

What’s helicase used for

A

Splits the DNA strands

34
Q

What’s DNA polymerase used for?

A

Adds bases to DNA strands

35
Q

What removes the primers from the DNA strand during DNA replication

A

Exonuclease

36
Q

What’s a totipotent stem cell

A

Forms the embryo and it can give rise to any cell necessary for embryonic development.

37
Q

Which stem cell is capable of becoming most but not all tissue cells in the human body?

A

Pluripotent

38
Q

What’s a multipotent cell?

A

A cell with potential to form a number of different cells, specialised to their type.
Eg. Stem cells in bone marrow make blood cells only - not muscle tissue/ bone tissue/ nervous tissue

39
Q

Link stem cells to mitosis and gene expression

A

As cells undergo mitosis, different genes become activated due to its environment, in turn making cells specialised to a particular task.

Stem cells can either undergo mitosis ( stochastic differentiation) or form specialised cells (both forms of differentiation)

40
Q

Define differentiation in stem cells

A

When a cells environment impacts the activation and deactivation of certain genes, making the daughter cells specialised to a particular task

41
Q

Definition of stem cell

A
  • unspecialised cells
  • potential to give rise to diff. types of cells within the body
  • used for growth and repair
42
Q

What are the two ways a stem cell can differentiate

A
  • obligate asymmetric replication ( daughter cell)

- stochastic Differentiation (mitosis)

43
Q

What are examples of post transcriptional modification

A

Poly-A-tail, guanine cap, RNA splicing

44
Q

What are the 3 types of stem cells

A

Totipotent, pluripotent, multi potent

Year 11 human bio (4 decks)

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