Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 11 human bio > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ampella

A

Widened section of the vas defrens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Stages of menstrual cycle

A
  • menstruation occurs
  • FSH releasing factor
  • FSH is released
  • FSH stimulates follicles to grow in ovary
  • follicle produces oestrogen
  • oestrogen stimulates growth of endometrium
  • high oestrogen triggers LH release
  • LH causes ovulation
  • follicle bursts and ovum is released, forming corpus luteum
  • corpus luteum produces progesterone
  • no fertilisation- corpus luteum dies
  • progesterone levels fall, triggering menstruation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is FSH and LH released from

A

Pituitary gland

Activated by releasing factor- from hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does oestrogen do

A

Growth of endometrium

High oestrogen triggers LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are primary spermatocytes formed

A

When spermatogonia are pushed away from the centre of the seminiferous tubule and undergo growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A

Oogenesis occurs in two places not one
Oogenesis - discontinuous, produces 1 large ovum and 1/3 polar bodies

spermatogenesis - continuous, produces 4 equal sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What days of the ovarian cycle does follicular phase occur?

A

1-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the hormones and their roles in the ovarian cycle

A
  • FSH triggers follicle growth
  • follicle releases oestrogen & progesterone
  • high oestrogen levels trigger LH production
  • LH causes ovulation
  • corpus luteum produces progesterone
  • corpus luteum dies and low progesterone levels trigger endometrial lining shed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s the name of the lung bypass in the foetus

A

Ductus arteriosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

1st stage of ovarian cycle

A

Follicle grows around developing oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is FSH and LH released

A

Pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does FSH do

A

Stimulates follicle growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3rd stage of ovarian cycle

A

Fluid accumulated in follicle, follicle enlarges and moves to surface of ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Epididymus

A

Stores spermatids while they mature into spermatozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does Leuitenising hormone do?

A

Causes ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Testes

A

Produces sperm and hormones (testosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur

A

Seminiferous tubules (testes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is progesterone released from

A

Corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is oestrogen released from

A

Follicles

Some from corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does Oogenesis occur

A

Ovaries and Fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Month 5 of foetal development

A

Fine hair covers body, gripping reflexes developed, increased growth,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is HCG

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin

Produced by developing placenta to maintain corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Role of oxytocin in pregnancy

A

Released from pituitary gland

Stimulates smooth muscle contraction of uterus

Contraction of muscle cells surrounding breast lobules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer

Skeleton, muscles, connective tissue, heart, blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Role of progesterone in pregnancy

A

From corpus luteum

Development & maintenance of placenta

Development of milk secreting glands in the breasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Explain what occurs during fertilisation

A
  • where female and male pronuclease form a zygote
  • occurs in Fallopian tube
  • capacitation ( secretion from the uterus make spermatozoa hyperactive)
  • acrosomal reaction (enzymes activated in head of sperm (acrosome) allowing it to break down glycoprotein matrix of zonia pellucid a so sperm can access plasma membrane of oocyte
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What occurs during the cleavage stage of the pre embryonic period

A

The zygote undergoes rapid mitosis in the Fallopian tube. (2,4,6,8,16 - morellula), blastocyst

  • enters the uterus day 6 as blastocyst
  • nutrients- uterine milk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What happens during implantation

A

Blastocyst embeds into uterine lining (day 6)

  • sinks into endometrium and attaches to uterine wall
  • becomes vascularised for nutrients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Whats cell differentiation

A

When the inner cell mass of the blastocyst (stem cells) become more specific/specialised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What factors affect foetal development

A

Alcohol, tetrogens, drugs, diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What days does the literal phase occur of the ovarian cycle

A

16-28

33
Q

What are the three primary germ layers

A

Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm

34
Q

What is the endoderm

A

The innermost germ layer

Forms digestive system, lungs and thyroid

34
Q

What is the ectoderm

A

The outermost germ layer

Forms outer layer of the body(skin hair) also forms nervous system

38
Q

Erectile tissue

A

Rich blood supply, causes penis enlargement

39
Q

2nd stage of ovarian cycle

A

Follicle cells secrete fluid which forces oocyte to edge of follicle (secondary follicle)

40
Q

Describe foetal alcohol syndrome

A

Symptoms in mother - nausea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness, constipation, heartburn, fatigue, mood swings.

Symptoms in child- distinctive facial features, learning disabilities, bone and joint deformities, heart defects, hyperactivity.

No cure

40
Q

Describe gestational diabetes

A
  • diabetes that occurs during diabetes
  • sugar in urine
  • insulin resistance
  • testing- between weeks 23-27
  • effect on baby- risk of respiratory distress syndrome, hypoglycaemia afterbirth, preterm birth
41
Q

What does the prostate gland do?

A

Where the two vas defrentia join, forming urethra

Secretes a thin milky fluid that becomes part of the semen

42
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

Pouch like, connects to vas deferens and secrets fluid rich in sugars. Makes up 60% of semen

42
Q

Bulbo urethral gland

A

Secretes fluid that becomes part of semen, alkaline

43
Q

Urethra in male

A

Transports urine and sperm out of the body

44
Q

Scrotum

A

Holds testes, maintain temp

45
Q

Ureter

A

Transports urine from kidneys to bladder

46
Q

Month 9 of foetal development

A

Eyes open, nose well formed, sucking and grasping reflexes apparent, fine body hair is shed

47
Q

Uterus female

A

Contains embryo/foetus during pregnancy

48
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Develops endometrium lining for if implantation occurs

49
Q

4th stage of ovarian cycle

A

Mature follicle - looks like bulge on ovary surface

50
Q

Fallopian tube

A

Carries eggs to the uterus, where fertilisation occurs

51
Q

Fimbriae

A

Directs eggs from the ovaries into Fallopian tubes

52
Q

What is gastrulation

A

The formation of primary germ layers.
Outer layer of blastocyst forms placenta
Inner layers become the foetus

55
Q

Ovaries

A

Produces eggs and hormones

56
Q

Vagina

A

Received penis during intercourse, forms birth canal

56
Q

Month 6 of foetal development

A

Respiratory movements, digestive glands begin to function, tooth buds evident, eyebrows and eyelashes

57
Q

Month 3 of foetal development

A

Forelimbs well developed, eyelids closed, outer ear completed, bone marrow formed, sex distinguishable,

57
Q

Month 4 of foetal development

A

Arms and hands fully shaped, skeleton completed, exercising of muscles evident, ears stand out from head

59
Q

What are the three stages of labour

A

Dilation, expulsion, placental

60
Q

What occurs during dilation (labour)

A

The time from onset of labour to complete dials toon of the cervix.

  • waves of muscle contraction occur from the upper uterus to the cervix
  • cervix is opened - complete dilation(10cm)
61
Q

What occurs during expulsion (labour)

A
  • membrane surrounding foetus bursts and fluid exits (waters break)
  • birth (20mins - 2hrs)
  • foetus moves through cervix and it’s head stretches vagina, stimulating contraction of mothers abdominal muscles and uterus
  • baby’s head turned towards uterus
  • mother pushes
  • once head is out, turns sideways
62
Q

What occurs during the placental stage of labour

A
  • babies respiration occurs
  • umbilical chord is cut
  • uterus continues contraction & umbilical chord, placenta and other membranes are expelled
  • uterine contractions squeeze shut uterine vessels that supply blood to placenta
63
Q

What’s the liver bypass in the foetus called

A

Ductus venosus

64
Q

Why is the ductus arteriosis a thing?

A

The lung is collapsed (offers resistance to blood flow) all blood is oxygenated from the placenta and deoxygenated blood exits through placenta. Only needs oxygen to keep alive.

65
Q

What’s the foramen ovale

A

The opening between the right and left atria to allow more rapid delivery of oxygenated blood

66
Q

Month 8 of foetal development

A

Accumulation of fat beneath skin, growth slowed

67
Q

What’s the function of the vas deferens

A

Carries sperm (semen) away from the testes (epididymus - urethra)

67
Q

Clitoris

A

Contains erectile tissue

67
Q

Month 7 of foetal development

A

Period of greatest growth, all systems functional except respiratory

68
Q

Stages of Ovarian cycle

A
  • 1) primordial follicle
    1) follicle grows around developing oocyte
    2) follicle cells secrete fluid which forces oocyte to the edge of follicle
    3) fluid accumulates within follicle, it enlarges and moves to the edge of ovary
    4) mature follicle - bulge on ovary
    5) ovulation
    6) corpus luteum
69
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur

A

Seminiferous tubules & mature in epididymus

70
Q

Where does Oogenesis occur?

A

Ovaries and Fallopian tube

71
Q

What are the differences between Oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A

Product (ovum/sperm), number of locations, location, discontinuous/continuous, amount able to be produced, equal/unequal cytokines

72
Q

What’s the process of sperm movement

A

Ejaculation - cervix - uterus - uterine tubes - fertilisation ( with help from muscular contractions of uterus and uterine tubes

73
Q

What’s gastrulation

A

Formation of the 3 primary germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm). Also the outer layer of the blastocyst forming the placenta

74
Q

During gastrulation, what changes occur?

A

Outer blastocyst layer becomes placenta

Inner layer becomes primary germ layers.

75
Q

What does the endoderm become

A

Innermost germ layer - becomes the digestive system, lungs and thyroid

76
Q

What does the ectoderm become

A

Outermost germ layer. Forms outer layers of the body (skin, hair) and nervous system

77
Q

What does the mesoderm become

A

Middle layer. Becomes the skeleton, muscles, connective tissue, heart, blood)

Year 11 human bio (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions