semester 1 exam Flashcards
3 sister farming
agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 c.e. ; maize, beans, and squash weds grown together to maximize yields
Fugitive Slave Law
passed as part of the Compromise of 1850 , it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. strengthened anti slavery cause in the North
Iroquois Confederacy
(late 1500s) bound together 5 tribes in Mohawk valley (now NY state) in a military alliance against the threat of the new settlers
Stephen Douglas
known for Lincoln-Douglas debates during race for US senate which raised the Freeport question of whether the Court or the people should decide future of slavery in territories and he said territorial legislatures (Freeport doctrine). also he introduced Kansas Nebraska Act which proposed popular sovereignty should decide slavery in Kansas Nebraska territories
Lewis and Clark
sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to Pacific. brought back detailed accounts of west’s flora fauna and native populations
Daniel Webster
one of the “immortal trio”, big supporter of National Bank, supported the higher tariffs that led to the Nullification Crisis
Enlightenment
thoughts of the philosophes influenced the founding fathers - inalienable rights, popular sovereignty, the social contract, etc
Kansas-Nebraska Act
(1854) proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the Missouri Compromise of 1820. introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring into the union and pave way for northern transcontinental railroad
slave trade
import of African slaves to the Americas began with early settlers and became illegal in 1808
Zachary Taylor
“Old Rough and Ready” General from the Mexican war, known for battle of Buena Vista. 12th president of US with Whig party and served from March 1849 until death in July 1850
Second Great Awakening
(early 19th century) religious revival characterized by emotional mass “camp meetings” and widespread conversion. brought about mass democratization of religion as multiple denominations vied for members
Aroostook War
series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842
Immigration
Irish came over because of potato famine. hated because of mass influx and because they were Catholic. Germans came to escape autocracy. settled in Middle Wesr
Manifest Destiny
belief that the US was destined by God to
spread its “empire of Liberty” across North America. served as justification for mid 19th century expansionism
Gettysburg
civil war battle in Pennsylvania that ended in victory, spelling doom for the Confederacy which never again managed to invade the North. Lincoln’s famous speech dedicated the battlefield as a cemetery
Dred Scott
Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. also declared that slaves, as property, we’re not citizens of the US
Missouri Compromise
(1820) allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved balance between north and south by carving free soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of 36 30 line
F Douglass
escaped slave who wrote autobiography about his experiences and became a prominent abolitionist
Puritan
one of the early religions of the colonies, particularly in the North
Andrew Jackson
“Old Hickory” first known for Battle of New Orleans in 1812, lost the 1824 election because of corrupt bargain despite winning popular vote but won in 1828. intelligent but rash and angry. “King Veto” vetoed bank. Nullification crisis happened while in office. Trail of Tears
Elect
Calvinist belief of predestination that aGod already planned who would go to heaven and success on earth was sign of being one the elect
W.L. Garrison
high strung abolitionist - wrote “The Liberator” newspaper, and helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society. probably more interested in own self righteousness than in actually ending slavery
Nullification Crisis of 1832
showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff (tariff of abominations) null and void and state threatened secession (John C Calhoun “SC Exposition”) if the federal government tried to collect duties (Force Bill said they could use the army). resolved by compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833
Columbian Exchange
the transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492
predestination
Calvinist doctrine that God had foreordained some people for salvation and other for damnation
Mormons
religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s (2nd Great Awakening), officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints. the group faced hostility and migrated west to settle in Utah desert
visible saints
people in the 2nd Great Awakening who had claimed to had a spiritual awakening and were leaders
Unitarians
one of the new religious sects of the Second Great Awakening. tended to draw members from the wealthier, urbanized, better educated members of society
Mayflower Compact
agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. created a foundation for self government in the colonies
cult of domesticity
pervasive 19th century cultural creed which venerated the domestic role of women. it gave married women mode authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere
indentured servants
migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, usually 4-7 yrs. practice phased out after Bacons rebellion in which they staged an uprising
Order of the Star Spangled Banner
also known as Know Nothing party, or nativists, whose platform was hatred of immigrants
Compromise of 1850
admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended slave trade in Washington DC (but not slavery itself), and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. widely opposed in both north and south, it did little to settle the escalating debate over slavery
South Carolina Exposition
secretly written by John C Calhoun, it declared the tariff of abominations unjust and unconstitutional. suggested states should nullify it
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
prominent feminist leader of the 19th century - helped organize Seneca Falls Convention and more
Henry Clay
one of the immortal trio. war hawk in war of 1812, proposed American system (strong bank, protective tariff, network of roads), Missouri Compromise of 1820, corrupt bargain. ran for president a lot but never won.
established church
the church of the region (especially those avoiding persecution) in Maryland, Catholics. in Pennsylvania, Quakers. in Rhode Island, all
corrupt bargain
alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives in Adams’ favor. though never proven, it became the rallying cry for Jackson supporters, the candidate that had won the popular vote
Presbyterian
member of the Protestant Church founded on the teaching of John Knox (American name for Calvinism)
Hartford Convention
(1814-1815) convention of federalist a from New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of the southern and western interests in Congress and in the White House (death of Federalist Party)
Anglican
official Church of England. dominant in Chesapeake region in early America
Rush-Bagot Agreement
signed by Britain and US, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the US Canadian border
Great Compromise
reconcile New Jersey and Virginia plans at the Constitutional Convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. broke stalemate in convention
Anaconda Plan
plan developed by the North in the early days of Civil War. blockade to suffocate the south. passive plan
Thomas Jefferson
3rd president of US. chief drafter of declaration of independence. favored limited central government. secretary of state under Washington. during presidency, he approved Louisiana purchase and sent lewis and clark
Bleeding Sumner
Preston Brooks beat Charles Sumner with a cane. sumner was an abolitionist who gave an anti slavery speech in the Senate
salutary neglect
unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763
Navigation Laws
series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping. the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England
National Bank
first proposed by Alexander Hamilton for a bank to handle federal funds. it remained under debate for years every time it was up for recharter and vetoed by Andrew Jackson
Tecumseh
forged an alliance with the British against the US after the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) in which his brother, Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa was defeated by William Henry Harrison
Lexington and Concord
(April 1775) first battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston. the colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston
Second Continental Congress (1775-1781)
representative body of delegates from all thirteen colonies. drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort
Alexander Hamilton
secretary of treasury under Washington. proposed national bank. favored strong central government
Common Sense
(1776) Thomas Paine’s pamphlet urging the colonies to declare independence and establish a republican government. the widely read pamphlet helped convince colonists to support the Revolution
popular sovereignty
notion advanced before the civil war that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. seemingly a compromise, northern abolitionists opposed it because they feared it would promote the spread of slavery
Declaration of Independence
formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress.
10% plan
introduced by president lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10% of its voters had pledged loyalty to the US and promised to honor emancipation
Congressional Reconstruction
the 2nd round of reconstruction that began after the congressional elections of 1866 when the dominant Republicans in Congress unified and took a more radical stance (fearing democrats would gain power). during this period of reconstruction, the southern states were occupied by union army and many steps were taken to make sure rights of blacks were taken. the radical republicans had johnson impeached in 1867
Federalist
favored strong central government and supported new constitution in 1787
John Marshall
appointed Chief Justice of Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801. very federalist. his decisions set precedents such as judicial review from marbury v madison
Articles of Confederation
first American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. the Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789
Freeport Doctrine
declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislatures, not the Supreme Court, would have the final say on the slavery question. first argued by Stephen Douglas in 1858 in response to Abraham Lincoln’s Freeport Question
Abraham Lincoln
first know for Lincoln Douglas debates in running for US Senate. won presidency in Republican Party. president during civil war. delivered Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address. assassinated after war ended
Seneca Falls Convention
(1848) gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where EC Stanton read her “Declaration of Sentiments” stating that “all men and women are created equal”
Emancipation Proclamation
(1863) declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non rebelling border states. the proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the south and encourages thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines
John C Calhoun
part of immortal trio. most known for writing South Carolina Exposition
Copperheads
Northern Democrats who obstructed the war effort by attacking Abraham Lincoln, the draft, and, after 1863, emancipation
13th, 14th, 15th amendments
13: prohibited all forms of slavery
14: extended civil rights to freed slaves
15: gave freed slaves the votes
radical republicans
condemned the Lincoln Johnson reconstruction program for infringing upon the powers of Congress, being too lenient, endangering Republican influence, and abandoning the negroes
Florida?
became a British colony in 1763 at the end of the French and Indian War
Louisiana Territory?
Napoleon sold the land to Jefferson cheap (approx 3 cents an acre) in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803
Texas?
annexed in 1845, 9 years after their revolution, during Tyler’s lame duck period
Mexican Cession?
1848, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war with Mexico and Mexico ceded territory reaching northwest from texas to oregon
Oregon Territory?
the US and Britain made a joint occupation agreement in 1818 but in 1846, the 49th parallel was agreed on as the border between their territories
Gadsden Purchase?
1853 - acquired additional land from Mexico for $10 mil to facilitate construction of a southern transcontinental railroad
