Semantics, pragmatics & discourse analysis

Question 1

conceptual meaning

Answer 1

meaning that covers basic, essential component that are conveyed by the literl use. e needle-sharp, thin, metal.

Question 2

associative meaning

Answer 2

meaning different from person to person.
not treated as part of the worlds meaning
eg. needle-pain, knitting, hard to find

Question 3

semantic features

Answer 3

some nouns have features that others have not.
eg. girl (+human, +female, -adult)
table (-human, -animate)

Question 4

lexical relations

Answer 4

the relationship between words

Question 5

synonymy

Answer 5

two or more words with very cloely connected meaning.

eg. almost/nearly, big/large

Question 6

antonomy

Answer 6

two forms with opposite meanings.

eg. long/short, fast/slow

Question 7

hyponymy

Answer 7

when the meaning in one form is included in the meaning of another. eg. flower-rose, animal-horse

Question 8

co-hyponym

Answer 8

the “lower” word when the meaning of one word is included in the other.

Question 9

superordinate

Answer 9

the “higher” word when the meaning of one word is included in the other.

Question 10

prototypes

Answer 10

the idea of “the characteristic instance” of a category.

eg. robin is of birds

Question 11

homophones

Answer 11

two (written) forms have the same pronunciation.

eg meat/meet, right/write

Question 12

homonyms

Answer 12

one form (spoken or written) has two or more unrelated meanings. eg. bat/bat, race/race

Question 13

polysemy

Answer 13

two or more words with the same form and related meanings.

eg. foot (of person, of bead, of mountain)

Question 14

metonymy

Answer 14

using one word to refer to another.

eg. (bottle-water, White House-president)

Question 15

collocation

Answer 15

we organise words based on words frequently occurring together. eg strong wind, heavy rain.

Question 16

semantics

Answer 16

the study of meaning in language.

Question 17

9 lexical relations

Answer 17

Synonymy, antonomy
Hyponymy
Prototypes
Homophones, homonyms
Polysemy
Metonymy 
collocation

Question 18

Pragmatics

Answer 18

The study of what speakers mean.

Question 19

Deixis

Answer 19

Some words need the context for understanding. Eg. When, there, here

Question 20

Deictic expressions

Answer 20

Words like tomorrow, here, now, then

Question 21

Person deixis

Answer 21

Words that need context. Me, you, him, that woman.

Question 22

Spatial deixis

Answer 22

Words that need contex eg. Here, beside you, above your head.

Question 23

Temporal deixis

Answer 23

Words that need contex. E.g. Now, last week, tomorrow, yesterday.

Question 24

anaphora

Answer 24

the second time refering to a thing. (the puppy, it)

Question 25

antecedent

Answer 25

the first time referring to a ting. (a puppy, a boy)

Question 26

interference

Answer 26

to use a word that need the listener to have some kind of knowledge and an ability to recognise. (calvin klein, shakespere)

Question 27

cataphora

Answer 27

the antonomy to anaphora. it….the bear. Beginning with anaphora and then the antecedent.

Question 28

presupposition

Answer 28

what a speaker assumes is true or known by the listener.

Question 29

direct speech act

Answer 29

when a speech act is used with the function of a question. eg did you…? Can you ride a bicycle?

Question 30

indirect speech act

Answer 30

e.g. Can you pass the salt? Not asking about someones ability, but to make a request. When the structure and function of a utterance do not fit together.

Question 31

discourse (analyse of)

Answer 31

language beyond the sentence. (the study of language in texts and conversations)

Question 32

cohesion (cohesive ties)

Answer 32

formals linguistic strategies to keep a text together. (connectors like however, using the same word/synonym)

Question 33

coherence

Answer 33

everything fitting together well, makes sense. flow

Question 34

The four “Gricean maxims” or the co-operative principles

Answer 34

The Quantity maxim
The Quality maxim
The Relation maxim
The Manner maxim

Question 35

The Quantity maxim

Answer 35

Say what is required, not more or less.

Question 36

The Quality maxim

Answer 36

Do not say false or for what you lack evidence.

Question 37

The Relation maxim

Answer 37

Be relevant

Question 38

The manner maxim

Answer 38

Be clear, brief, and orderly

Question 39

schema

Answer 39

general term for a knowledge structure eg. supermarket schema

Question 40

script

Answer 40

a dynamic schema. describes action. e.g. going to the dentist.