Semantics, pragmatics & discourse analysis Flashcards
conceptual meaning
meaning that covers basic, essential component that are conveyed by the literl use. e needle-sharp, thin, metal.
associative meaning
meaning different from person to person.
not treated as part of the worlds meaning
eg. needle-pain, knitting, hard to find
semantic features
some nouns have features that others have not.
eg. girl (+human, +female, -adult)
table (-human, -animate)
lexical relations
the relationship between words
synonymy
two or more words with very cloely connected meaning.
eg. almost/nearly, big/large
antonomy
two forms with opposite meanings.
eg. long/short, fast/slow
hyponymy
when the meaning in one form is included in the meaning of another. eg. flower-rose, animal-horse
co-hyponym
the “lower” word when the meaning of one word is included in the other.
superordinate
the “higher” word when the meaning of one word is included in the other.
prototypes
the idea of “the characteristic instance” of a category.
eg. robin is of birds
homophones
two (written) forms have the same pronunciation.
eg meat/meet, right/write
homonyms
one form (spoken or written) has two or more unrelated meanings. eg. bat/bat, race/race
polysemy
two or more words with the same form and related meanings.
eg. foot (of person, of bead, of mountain)
metonymy
using one word to refer to another.
eg. (bottle-water, White House-president)
collocation
we organise words based on words frequently occurring together. eg strong wind, heavy rain.
semantics
the study of meaning in language.
9 lexical relations
Synonymy, antonomy Hyponymy Prototypes Homophones, homonyms Polysemy Metonymy collocation
Pragmatics
The study of what speakers mean.
Deixis
Some words need the context for understanding. Eg. When, there, here
Deictic expressions
Words like tomorrow, here, now, then
Person deixis
Words that need context. Me, you, him, that woman.
Spatial deixis
Words that need contex eg. Here, beside you, above your head.
Temporal deixis
Words that need contex. E.g. Now, last week, tomorrow, yesterday.
anaphora
the second time refering to a thing. (the puppy, it)
antecedent
the first time referring to a ting. (a puppy, a boy)
interference
to use a word that need the listener to have some kind of knowledge and an ability to recognise. (calvin klein, shakespere)
cataphora
the antonomy to anaphora. it….the bear. Beginning with anaphora and then the antecedent.
presupposition
what a speaker assumes is true or known by the listener.
direct speech act
when a speech act is used with the function of a question. eg did you…? Can you ride a bicycle?
indirect speech act
e.g. Can you pass the salt? Not asking about someones ability, but to make a request. When the structure and function of a utterance do not fit together.
discourse (analyse of)
language beyond the sentence. (the study of language in texts and conversations)
cohesion (cohesive ties)
formals linguistic strategies to keep a text together. (connectors like however, using the same word/synonym)
coherence
everything fitting together well, makes sense. flow
The four “Gricean maxims” or the co-operative principles
The Quantity maxim
The Quality maxim
The Relation maxim
The Manner maxim
The Quantity maxim
Say what is required, not more or less.
The Quality maxim
Do not say false or for what you lack evidence.
The Relation maxim
Be relevant
The manner maxim
Be clear, brief, and orderly
schema
general term for a knowledge structure eg. supermarket schema
script
a dynamic schema. describes action. e.g. going to the dentist.
