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fundamentals > sem.2exam1 > Flashcards

sem.2exam1 Flashcards

1
Q

The ____ is the person who encodes and delivers a message, and the________ is the person who receives and decodes the message.

A

sender

receiver

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2
Q

A pain impulse is transmitted from the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord, the brainstem, the thalamus, and finally the somatic sensory cortex, where the impulse is perceived as pain. Opioid medications are used to inhibit pain transmission processes.

A

Transmission:

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3
Q

any of a group of drugs that reduce pain, fever, and swelling (inflammation), including aspirin

A

nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug

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4
Q

Pain management: 3 crucial steps

A

Assessment
Intervention
Reassessment

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5
Q

DAR means

A

which include D: Data (both subjective and objective), A: Action or nursing intervention, and R: Response of the patient (i.e., evaluation of effectiveness)

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6
Q

a systematic, stepwise approach to releasing tension in major muscle groups

A

progressive muscle relaxation

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7
Q

is the person’s conscious awareness of the pain. Nonpharmacologic interventions such as distraction, guided imagery and music therapy can be used to reduce the perception of pain.

A

Perception

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8
Q

is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

A

Pain

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9
Q

is an assessment and communication technique that allows nurses to better understand and perceive the emotions of themselves and others.

A

Emotional intelligence (EI)

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10
Q

a patient meets all standards unless otherwise documented.

A

charting by exception (CBE)

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11
Q

The ______ motivates one person to communicate with another

A

referent

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12
Q

is a powerful form of communication that you use as a professional nurse. This level of communication is also called self-talk. People’s thoughts and inner communications strongly influence perceptions, feelings, behavior, and self-esteem.

A

Intrapersonal communication

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13
Q

is a technique that holds promise for encouraging patients to share their thoughts, beliefs, fears, and concerns with the aim of changing their behavior.

A

Motivational interviewing (MI)

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14
Q

is one-on-one interaction between a nurse and another person that often occurs face to face. It is the level most frequently used in nursing situations and lies at the heart of nursing practice. It takes place within a social context and includes all the symbols and cues used to give and receive meaning.

A

Interpersonal communication

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15
Q

of pain occurs as descending regulatory mechanisms help prevent continuous transmission of pain signals. Adjuvant medications such as tricyclic antidepressants modulate pain by promoting reuptake of endorphins.

A

Modulation

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16
Q

is an alternative approach to communication with an older adult who is confused.

accepts the description of time and place as stated by the older adult.

A

Validation therapy

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17
Q

It is a drug delivery system that allows patients to self-administer opioids (usually morphine, hydromorphone, or fentanyl) with minimal risk of overdose.

A

patient-controlled analgesia

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18
Q

absence of sensitivity to pain

A

analgesia

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19
Q

one of a group of analgesics that act on higher centers of the brain and spinal cord to modify perceptions of moderate to severe pain

A

opioid

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20
Q

the process of gradually adjusting the dose of a medication until the desired effect is achieved

A

titration

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21
Q

are interprofessional care plans that identify patient problems, key interventions, and expected outcomes within an established time frame

A

. Critical pathways (also known as clinical pathways, practice guidelines, critical pathways, or CareMap® tools)

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22
Q

area of skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers from a single posterior spinal root

A

dermatome

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23
Q

______ or workplace bullying between colleagues sometimes occurs and includes behaviors such as withholding information, backbiting, making snide remarks or put downs, and nonverbal expressions of disapproval such as raising eyebrows or making faces.

A

Lateral violence

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24
Q

a type of pain usually felt as burning or tingling and resulting from direct stimulation of nerve tissue of the peripheral or central nervous system

A

neuropathic pain

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25
Q

is a dysfunction of mechanisms that regulate sleep and wake states. Excessive daytime sleepiness is the most common complaint associated with this disorder. During the day a person suddenly feels an overwhelming wave of sleepiness and falls asleep

A

Narcolepsy

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26
Q

is a problem many patients experience as a result of dyssomnia. Causes include symptoms (e.g., fever, difficulty breathing, or pain) caused by illnesses, emotional stress, medications, environmental disturbances

A

Sleep deprivation

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27
Q

assesses sleep quality and patterns

A

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

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28
Q

sleep Sleep that occurs during the first four stages of normal sleep.

A

nonrapid eye movement (NREM)

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29
Q

spreading of the pain “message” across the various nerve fibers linking the pain impulse to the brain

A

transmission

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30
Q

a drug delivery system that uses a computerized pump with a button the patient can press to deliver a dose of an analgesic through an intravenous catheter

A

patient controlled analgesia

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31
Q

smart goal means

A 
S: specific
M: measurable
A: Achievable
R: Relevant
T: Time Bound
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32
Q

treatment approaches used to complement conventional medical treatments

A

complimentary therapies

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33
Q

, chronic pain that persists in the absence of a detectable cause.

A

idiopathic pain

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34
Q

All people have ______ that synchronize their sleep cycles.

A

biological clocks

35
Q

are computerized programs used within the health care setting to aid and support clinical decision making.

A

Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs)

36
Q

three types of analgesics:

A

nonopioids, including acetaminophen and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

opioids (traditionally called narcotics); and

adjuvants or co-analgesics, a variety of medications that enhance analgesics or have analgesic properties that were originally unknown

37
Q

Type of nerve block anesthesia in which an anesthetic is intermittently or continuously injected into the lumbosacral region of the spinal cord.

A

epidural infusion

38
Q

are sleep problems that are more common in children than adults. Some have hypothesized that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is thought to be related to apnea, hypoxia, and cardiac arrhythmias caused by abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system that are manifested during sleep

A

The parasomnias

39
Q

to facilitate the creation and documentation of a nursing and or interprofessional plan of care.

A

standardized care plans or clinical practice guidelines (CPGs)

40
Q

anything longer than ____ is considered a long term patient goal

A

in a shift to 24 hours

41
Q

is a system of organizing documentation to place the primary focus on patients’ individual problems.

A

problem-oriented medical record (POMR)

42
Q

he dose of a particular drug beyond which additional amounts of the same drug do not increase the analgesic effect

A

analgesic ceiling

43
Q

is the interaction that occurs when a small number of people meet. This type of communication is usually goal directed and requires an understanding of group dynamics.

A

Small-group communication

44
Q

are classifications based on a patient’s primary and secondary medical diagnoses that are used as the basis for establishing Medicare reimbursement for patient care

A

Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)

45
Q

is a symptom that patients experience when they have chronic difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings from sleep, and/or a short sleep or nonrestorative sleep

A

Insomnia

46
Q

are prescribed for moderate-to-severe pain. These analgesics act on higher centers of the brain and spinal cord by binding with opiate receptors to modify perceptions of pain. Examples of opioids include morphine, codeine, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), fentanyl, oxycodone, and hydrocodone (Vicodin, Lortab).

A

Opioid or opioid-like analgesics

47
Q

is a generalized impairment of intellectual functioning that interferes with social and occupational functioning.

A

Dementia

48
Q

is a disorder characterized by the lack of airflow through the nose and mouth for periods of 10 seconds or longer during sleep. There are three types central, obstructive, and mixed

A

Sleep apnea

49
Q

is a broad term that refers to all factors that influence communication

A

Metacommunication

50
Q

is the use of technology to create ongoing relationships with patients and their health care team.

A

Electronic communication

51
Q

a peripheral sensory receptor for pain, stimulated by various types of tissue injury

A

nociceptor

52
Q

is interaction with an audience. Nurses often speak with groups of consumers about health-related topics, present scholarly work to colleagues at conferences, or lead classroom 319discussions with peers or students.

A

Public communication

53
Q

pain that results from activating the pain receptors of organs in the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal cavities and is felt as a generalized aching or cramping sensation sometimes referred to the surface of the body

A

visceral pain

54
Q

evaluates the severity of EDS

A

Epworth Sleepiness Scale

55
Q

an abnormal burning, prickling, tingling, or numbing sensation or hypersensitivity most often felt in the extremities and typically associated with neuropathic pain

A

paresthesia

56
Q

, considered one of the most tolerated and safest analgesics available, is available in a variety of over-the-counter (OTC) oral medications (e.g., cold and flu remedies) or rectal forms and in an intravenous (IV) preparation (Ofirmev).

A

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

57
Q

or acute confusional state, is a potentially reversible cognitive impairment that often has a physiological caus

A

Delirium

58
Q

generally well-localized pain that results from activation of peripheral pain receptors without injury to the peripheral nerve or central nervous system, such as musculoskeletal pain

Comes from bone, joint, muscle, skin, or connective tissue; is usually aching or throbbing in quality and well localized

A

somatic pain

59
Q

medication injected via a catheter into the space between the dura mater and the lining of the spinal canal to create a regional nerve block; also called epidural anesthesia

A

spinal anesthesia

60
Q

The most familiar rhythm is the 24-hour, day-night cycle known as the diurnal or _________

A

circadian rhythm

61
Q

determine the hours of care and number of staff required for a given group of patients every shift or every 24 hours.

A

acuity ratings

62
Q

is the “application of computer and information science in all basic and biomedical sciences to facilitate the acquisition, processing, interpretation, optimal use, and communication of health-related data.

A

. Health informatics

63
Q

The most familiar rhythm is the 24-hour, day-night cycle known as the diurnal or _______

A

circadian rhythm

64
Q

or sudden muscle weakness during intense emotions such as anger, sadness, or laughter, occurs at any time during the day.

A

Cataplexy,

65
Q

is a communication technique that makes an older adult more aware of time, place, and person.

A

Reality orientation

66
Q

: Sensory neurons detect tissue damage through neurotransmitter sensitization of nociceptors. Pain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work at this level by blocking the production of substances at the site of injury such as prostaglandin.

A

Transduction

67
Q

Pain that occurs sporadically over an extended period of time is episodic pain. Pain episodes last for hours, days, or weeks.

A

Chronic Episodic Pain.

68
Q

substance used as a pain reliever; a drug that acts to reduce pain, including over-the-counter drugs such as aspirin as well as those available by prescription only

A

analgesic

69
Q

an adaptive state characterized by a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response

A

tolerance

70
Q

sleep Stage of sleep in which dreaming and rapid eye movements are prominent; important for mental restoration.

A

rapid eye movement (REM)

71
Q

a pain rating scale using a straight line; the left end of the line represents no pain, the right end represents the worst pain, and patients mark the place on the line that best represents the severity of their pain

A

visual analog scale

72
Q

Routine Clinical Approach to Pain Assessment and Management

ABCDE

A

A: Ask about pain regularly. Assess pain systematically.

B: Believe patient and family in their report of pain and what relieves it.

C: Choose pain control options appropriate for the patient, family, and setting.

D: Deliver interventions in a timely, logical, and coordinated fashion.

E: Empower patients and their families. Enable them to control their course to the greatest extent possible.

73
Q

a drug primarily used to treat something other than pain but also enhances pain relief

A

adjuvant analgesia

74
Q

the level of pain a person is willing to endure

A

pain tollerence

75
Q

Property of the health care institution

Cannot be released without consent, subpoenas, or court order

A

The Client Chart/Record

76
Q

incorporates the principles of nursing informatics to support the work that nurses do by facilitating documentation of nursing process activities and offering resources for managing nursing care delivery.

A

nursing clinical information system (NCIS)

77
Q

the point at which a person feels pain

A

pain threshold

78
Q

medication injected via a catheter into the space between the dura mater and the lining of the spinal canal to create a regional nerve block; also called spinal anesthesia

A

epidural anesthesia

79
Q

a flaring of moderate to severe pain despite therapeutic doses of analgesics

A

breakthrough pain

80
Q

the ability of a drug to achieve its desired effect

A

efficacy

81
Q

is being self-directed and independent in accomplishing goals and advocating for others.

A

Autonomy

82
Q

SOAPIE

A 
S: Subjective data 
O: Objective data 
A: Assessment 
P: Plan 
I: intervention
E: evaluation.
83
Q 
Drugs and substances
Lifestyle
Usual sleep patterns
Emotional stress
Environment
Food and caloric intake
Exercise and fatigue
Age
A

Factors influencing sleep

fundamentals (6 decks)

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