Sem 2: Quiz 2 Grammar Part 2 (Futato Ch 24) Volitives Flashcards
What are volitives?
What are the three volitives?
verb forms that express the will of the speaker
(what someone wants to happen)
They exist in all three persons:
1st-person - Cohortative “Let me/us listen!”
2nd-person - Imperative “Listen!”
3rd-person - Jussive “Let him/her/them listen!”
How is the cohortative verb formed?
Formed by adding qamets-he afformative
to the imperfect form of a strong verb.
III-He weak verbs are identical to the imperfect:
What is the difference in the following translations?
- I will write
- Let me write
(#2 has the qamets-he ending on the impf, so it is cohortative)
What is the difference in the following translations?
- We will write
- Let us write
(#2 has the qamets-he ending on the impf, so it is cohortative)
What is the difference in the following translations?
- you(ms) will trust
- Trust!
(#2 has preformative removed from the impf, so it is imperative)
note that the impf had patakh as its theme vowel, so impv did too
How is the imperative verb formed?
Formed by removing the preformative from the 2nd-person imperfect (and applying the “rule of sheva” with the FS & MP)
Notes:
* if the impf has patakh as theme vowel, so does the impv
* works both for strong and for most weak imperatives
Translate:
Go!
Walk!
you(ms) form
root follows the I-Yod(vav) paradigm, behaving like yod-shin-vet
Translate:
Give!
you(ms) form
root follows the I-Nun paradigm
Translate:
Stand!
2ms
impv I-Gut
Translate:
Stand!
2fs
impv I-Gut
Translate:
Stand!
2mp
impv I-Gut
Translate:
Stand!
2fp
impv I-Gut
Translate:
Fall!
2ms
impv I-Nun
Translate:
Fall!
2fs
impv I-Nun
Translate:
Fall!
2mp
impv I-Nun
Translate:
Fall!
2fp
impv I-Nun
Translate:
Dwell!
2ms
impv I-Yod(vav)
Translate:
Dwell!
2fs
impv I-Yod(vav)
Translate:
Dwell!
2mp
impv I-Yod(vav)
Translate:
Dwell!
2fp
impv I-Yod(vav)
Translate:
Go away!
2ms
impv III-He
Translate:
Go away!
2fs
impv III-He
Translate:
Go away!
2mp
impv III-He
Translate:
Go away!
2fp
impv III-He
How are imperatives negated?
They are not!!!
Instead, the imperfect gets used with either:
What tells me that the Hebrew is for sure a command?
אַל is only used with volitives!
When you see it, think “Do not…”
What is true of strong and most weak
Qal jussives?
(Exceptions: III-He and hollow verbs)
- appear identical to the imperfect form
- Must use context to decide whether jus or impf
- If jussive, translate as: “May…” or as “Let him/her/them…”
Translate:
not
(used only with cohortative and jussive)
Note it begins with alef; if begins with ayin, it means “on” or “upon”
Translate the following:
Negation with imperfect verb
Translate the following as a jussive:
the first Hebrew word, “yish-me-u” is translated as a jussive: “let (them) hear”
What happens to III-He verbs in the jussive form?
The III-He goes away
(as it does when adding an afformative, or adding vav to the beginning, as in WCIs)
What is the difference in the following translations?
- He will reveal/remove
- Let him reveal/remove
(in #2 the III-He has dropped, and the word is in the 3rd-person, so it is a III-He jussive)
What is the difference in the following translations?
- She will reveal/remove
- Let her reveal/remove
(in #2 the III-He has dropped, and the word is in the 3rd-person, so it is a III-He jussive)
In what forms of the jussive is a III-He verb different than the imperfect form?
Only the singular forms (ms, fs) lose the III-He and end up differing from the imperfect form of the verb.
In what forms of the jussive do hollow verbs collapse?
Only the singular forms
MS/FS
What is the difference in the following translations?
- he will cry
- Let him cry!
(in #2 the III-He has dropped, and the word is in the 3rd-person, so it is a III-He jussive)
What is the difference in the following translations?
- he will go up
- Let him go up!
(in #2 the III-He has dropped, and the word is in the 3rd-person, so it is a III-He jussive)
