Sem 2 exams Flashcards

Question

What is subluxation? What is the treatment?

Answer 1

An injury to the tooth-supporting structures with abnormal loosening, but without displacement. Treatment: 1. Usually no treatment 2. A passive and flexible splint to stabilize the tooth for up to 2 wk if there is excessive mobility

Answer 2

Refers to the structural, sensory, motor, behavioural and cognitive changes in a person over time, in particular relating to how these factors influence opportunities and lifestyle at various stages of the life of the person.

Answer 3

External surface resorption is a self-limiting process which is usually caused by a localized to the involved part of the cementum and/or PDL. Treatment: self-limiting so no treatment.

Answer 4

Gingival approaching

Answer 5

Hypomiralisaed second primary molars is a condition where the second primary molar is hypomineralised. There is association between that and Molar hypomineralisation (MH)

Answer 6

Class I – recession that does not extend to the mucogingival junction with no periodontal bone loss Class II – recession that extends to or beyond mucogingival junction with no bone loss Class III - recession that extend to or beyond mucogingival junction with loss of bone in the interdental area Class IV - recession that extend to or beyond mucogingival junction with loss of bone in the interdental area with exposure of interproximal root surface

Answer 7

Bioclear template that utilizes the Fibonacci gold sequence.

Answer 8

1. Medical conditions and treatments 2. Medications 3. patient ability to co-operate 4. Patient's expectations and wishes

Answer 9

Free-end Saddle design Bounded saddle

Answer 10

1. Duration when the patient first started seeing the lesion 2. Variations in site and character of the lesion 3. Symptoms - related to the lesion and any systemic symptoms 4. Onset - any associated hsitorical events related to the lesion

Answer 11

Their capactiy to: 1. Perceive the need for oral health care 2. Seek oral health care when appropriate 3. Reach or access oral health care 4.Engage in the oral health care process

Answer 12

Neutral zone is the area where the outward forces from the tongue are neutralised by the forces of the lip and chicls.

Answer 13

It is the impression of patient's occlusion when upper and lower teeth biting together. The purpose of the bite registration is to register maxillo-mandibular relationship so that lab can articulate casts and set up teeth. For partial dentures used maximal intercuspal position, for complete dentures use centric relation.

Answer 14

1. Have you experience recent changes in your bowel habits, such as black or tarry stools? 2. Any episodes or recent nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain? 3. Have you noticed any changes in your urine output or color? 4. have you experienced any shortness of breath, chest pain or swelling? 5. Do you have a care giver or support group that may aid you or remind you about taking the medication? 6. Do you take any over the counter medications recently that are beyond the once in your medical history? 7. Do you take a deuretic or an ACE inhibitor?

Answer 15

Trauma-informed care is an approach to engaging people with histories of trauma that recognises the presence of trauma symptoms and acknowledges the role that trauma has played in their lives. It involves the awareness and avoidance of practices that lead to re-traumatisation.

Answer 16

This is actinomyces - an infection characterised by multiple foci of chronic suppuration. Patient present with firm swelling commonly in the submandibular region with variable pain symptoms. Treatment: prologned antimicrobial treatment after cultures

Answer 17

1.Bone grafts 2.Membranes 3.Growth factors

Answer 18

Kennedy 1 and 2

Answer 19

Ulcers, biofilm and tissue slouching

Answer 20

Secondary impression is a detailed impression to produce a master cast from which a denture is fabricated. AKA a master impression.

Answer 21

Describe saddles Describe support Specify abutment teeth Draw rest seats – scoop them outh on the model Speciy clasps and flanges Specify the extensions of the denture Fill lab form and draw design

Answer 22

It is an increase in the size of a particular tissue by increase in cell number - it is reversible and stimulus dependent

Answer 23

1. Oral melanotic macule 2. Mucosal melanocytic naevus 3. Amalgam tattoo 4. Malignant melanoma 5. Smokers melanosis

Answer 24

Centric relation. Centric relation is a maxillomandibular relationship, independent of tooth contact, in which the condyles articulate in the anterior-superior position against the posterior slopes of the articular eminences; in this position, the mandible is restricted to a purely rotary movement; from this unstrained, physiologic, maxillomandibular relationship, the patient can make vertical, lateral or protrusive movements; it is a clinically useful, repeatable reference position

Answer 25

1. haemostasis and coagulation - this is where suturing in warfarin is important 2. Inflammation 3. Proliferation 4. Modeling and remodeling

Answer 26

From most basic to complex: Level 1-Patient provided information only Level 2-Patient provided information & choices Level 3-Patient is provided infomation, choices and tools Level 4-Patient is in full control of their treatment

Answer 27

First 7-10 days - no root canal treamtnet unless clinical or radiographic signs of pulp necrosis are evidents 2-4 weeks - splint removal 4 weeks - radiographic examination

Answer 28

They are those persons who are no longer able to survive in the community independently and are either homebound or living in institutions.

Answer 29

1. Health status 2. Appearance 3. outlook and attitude to life 4. level of fitness

Answer 30

You need to extract it and recall the patient in 3 months

Answer 31

1. Inform patient about the risk 2. Drug holidays are essential 3. No antibiotic prophylaxis 4. Ensure optimal oral hygiene with use of mechanical debridment 5. Reduce trauma to periosteum 6. Monitor oral wound for 8 weeks, if does not heal than refer 7. DO NOT DEBRIDE NONHEALING WOUNDS

Answer 32

1. Hand hygine, as consistent with the 5 moments for hand hygiene 2. The use of appropriate personal protective equipment 3. The safe use and disposal of sharps 4. Routine environment cleaning 5. Reprocessing of reusable medical equipment and instruments 6. Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette 7. Aseptic technique (the dirty and clena areas) 8. Waste management

Answer 33

Up until reversible pulpitis as after, according to the continuum of Pulp Status, an extraction or a pulpectomy is recommended. Followign symptoms are bad: 1.Spontaneous pain kept awake at nigh 2.TTP 3.Abscess 4.Mobility 5.Facial swelling celulitis

Answer 34

1. Patient centered practice 2. Effective communciation 3. Ethical and trustworthy professionals 4. Professionals that protect and promote health 5. Regular reflections on practice 6. Constant learning and improvement of skills 7. Practicing within the scope of skills 8. Commitment to safeety and quality in healthcare

Answer 35

1.Patient age 2.Patienet behaviour 3.Treatment required 4.Medical condiitons 5.Distance travelled 6.Language barrier 7.Risk and benefits 8.Practitioner experience 9.Informed consent

Answer 36

Miconazole 2% gel 2.5 mL topically (then swallowed), 4 times daily, after food, for 14 days; continue treatment for at least 14 days after symptoms resolve or Chlorimazole 1% cream topically to the angles of the mouth, twice daily for at least 14 days; continue treatment for 14 days after symptoms resolve

Answer 37

1. Negative affect on tissue vasculature 2. interfering with normal humoral immune reaction and host inflammatory response 3. changes of subgingival microflora thsu facilitating early acquisition and colonisation 4. changes in bone turnover

Answer 38

They are bony protuberances. Non-neoplastic. Possibly inherited Exotoses - multiple or single nodules at the buccal aspect of the alveolar bone

Answer 39

It is a bening chronic ulcer usually presenting on the tongue. It is crateriform in shape.

Answer 40

1. Pyogenic granuloma 2. Haemangioma 3. Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma 4. Erythroplakia 5. Oral squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 41

This is lymphoid hyperplasia

Answer 42

Posterior palatal strap Anterior palatal strap

Answer 43

Don't Order Tests that Don't Affect Management

Answer 44

It is the displacement of the tooth out of its socket in an incisal/axial direction. Treatment: 1. Reposition the tooth by gently pushing it back into the socket 2. Stabilise with 2 week using a passive and flexible splint 3. Monitor pulp. If necrotic, start treatment appropriate for the stage of tooth maturation

Answer 45

1. Contact 2. Droplet 3. Airborne

Answer 46

1. Denture articulation 2. In patient mouth 3. Aesthetics 4. Occlusion 5. Fitting surface 6. Check function and pronunciation 7. Obtain patient consent

Answer 47

After the delayed reimplantation, ankylosis is essentially unavoidable and needs to be considered

Answer 48

1. Stop treatment 2. Give 15 g of glucose and measure glucose level in 15 minutes 3. If still low, administer 3 or more portions 4. f symptoms persist, seek medical advise and call 000 if patient is unconcious 5. IF all is good after a few protions, no dental treatment today, get some longer acting carbohydrates like a sandrwich or yogurt and observe the patient until they feel okay

Answer 49

Adjust the clasps

Answer 50

1. Distance 2. Position 3. SHielding

Answer 51

1.Retrace your steps. The show componenet needs to be modified 2.Ask the child how they are feeling, if they are withdrawn they are probably just anxious 3.Maybe to give them a more sense of control, do it on your fingernail first 4.Then let a child hold a hand mirror next to your finger to give them a sense of control 5.After do it on their finger 6.And finally on their tooth 7.Praise the child for being brave 8.Promise a sticker if you can do it on al teeth – children love stickers

Answer 52

First you need to extract the posterio teeth and give a few months for healing and boney remodeling. Anterior teeth will be extracted before denture insert

Answer 53

Pick up + wash impression together

Answer 54

Erythroplakia is a predominantly fiery red patch that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other definable disease

Answer 55

1. Squamous papillomas/Oral warts 2. Condyloma accuminatum 3. Focal epithelial hyperpklasia

Answer 56

Amoxicillin 875 + clavulanate 125mg) orally, 12 hourly for 5 days

Answer 57

Genetic disorder resultin in replacing of bone with fibrous tissue. Ill-defined margin and grounnd-glass appearance. Only condition that can displace the mandibular canal superiorly.

Answer 58

1. Urticaria – red itchy patches – stop administration of any allergens and administer a less sedating oral antihistamine like cetirizine or fexofenadine (not on PBS but good to have around and they are cheap) 2. Anaphylaxis – cardiovascular collapse and bronchoconstriction – stop administration of any allergens, call 000 and lie patient flat and give intramuscular injection of adrenaline, start supplemental oxygen, support airway, start CPR if needed. Do proper documentation.

Answer 59

Light body on denture sadled to record soft tissue Pop the denture into the patients mouth Take and alrginate impression

Answer 60

Integrating indicators whouse time, temperature and pressure. Provide the same amount as a biological indicator, mimicking the conditons require to destroy biological organisms. Disadvantage: If one of the processes fail, the indicator will not be able to show it. Thus, either of the two components have failed or both of them have failed. This can create confusion and hinder the resolution of the sterilisation machine problem.

Answer 61

Formation of new cementum and bone

Answer 62

A lichen Planus is a chronic inflammatory disorder of uknown etiology with characteristis relapses and remissions, displaying white reticular lesions, accompanied or not by atrophic, erosive and ulcerative and/or plaque type areas. Lesion are frequently bilaterally symmetrical. Desquamative gingivitis may be a feature.

Answer 63

It permits bone growth on surface or pores. This occurs in bone implants.

Answer 64

1. Start having conversations early about the longevity of treatment plans 2. For aged care patients, long term dental fitness is essential

Answer 65

1. Clean the root and apical foramen with saline and do not touch the root 2. Soak the tooth in doxycycline (1mg per 20 ml of saline) for 5 minutes if possible 3. Administer local anesthesia 4. Irrigate the socket with saline 5. Examine for possible fractures and repositoon if necessary 6. Replant the tooth slowly with digital pressure 7. Verify with radiograph 8. Suture gingival lacerations 9. Apply flexible splint for 2 weeks

Answer 66

1. Universal declaration of human rights 2. UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Answer 67

These are conditions that are attributable to a neurological cause which may impact on the ability to perform physical activities e.g. cerebral palsy

Answer 68

Both are: 1. Chronic inflammations 2. Involve imbalance of immune regulation 3. Release inflammatory cytokines 4. Have environmental and genetic factors

Answer 69

1. Ask - ask if they smoke 2. Assess - assess their stages of change 3. Advise - information is the key 4. Assist - discuss the benefits of quitting 5. Arrange - arrange for follow-up

Answer 70

Compassionate empathy is the type of empathy that is usually most. Nobody wants to understand them or feel what they feel, they just want support.

Answer 71

It is the displacement of the tooth in any lateral direction, usually associated with a fracture or compression of the alveolar socket wall. Treatment: 1. Reposition the tooth digitally by disengaging it from its locked position and gently reposition it into its original location under LA 2. Stabilised the tooth for 4 weeks with passive and flexible splint 3. Monitor and at 2 weeks make an endodontic evaluation 4. For immature teeth - might need endodontic procedure IF THE PULP IS NOT NORMAL. Similar for mature teeth

Answer 72

Indicators that emulates the critical conditions for sterilization. E.g. 134 degrees for 3.5 minutes. GOLD STANDARD. Disadvantage: If one of the processes fail, the indicator will not be able to show it. Thus, either of the two components have failed or both of them have failed. This can create confusion and hinder the resolution of the sterilisation machine problem.

Answer 73

1. Diastema closure 2. Alter shape, contour, position 3. Alter tooth color 4. Mask tooth surface anomalies

Answer 74

1. Hand hygiene, as consistent with 5 moments for hand hygiene 2. The use of appropriate personal protective equipment 3. Safe use and disposal of sharps 4. Routine environmental cleaning 5. Reprocessing of reusable medical equipment and instruments 6. Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette 7. Aseptic technique – standard or surgical technique 8. Waste management 9. Appropriate handling of linen

Answer 75

It is the line drawn at the terminus of the gingival margin at each incisors. Low gingival zenith in central and high in laterals will result in poor aesthetics. It central incisor and canine should coincide.

Answer 76

It is a predominantly white plaque of questionable risk having excluded other known diseases or disorders that carry no increased risk of cancer

Answer 77

1. Perceive the need for oral health care 2. Seek oral health care when appropriate 3. Reach or access oral health care 4. Engage in oral health care process

Answer 78

You want it to run parallel to the lower lip.

Answer 79

* Check contact point with adjacent teeth * Check fitting surface (intaglio surface) * Check for excess temporary cement * Check the tooth has not moved * Check soft tissue and hard tissue defect

Answer 80

Give them anti-biotics and give them a few days and make them come back

Answer 81

Biocompatibility Sufficient working time Low film thickness Low solubility Compressive and tensile strength Adhere to tooth structure and restorative material Anticariogenic properties Shade options

Answer 82

1. Clinicians and patients are equally involved 2. both share information equally 3. Both express treatment preferences 4. An agreement is reached

Answer 83

1. Mechanical – through interlocking with surface irregularities 2.Micromechanical – air abrasion or acid etching 3.Chemical bonding

Answer 84

Maximal intercuspal position. The complete intercuspation of the opposing teeth independent of condylar position, sometimes referred to as the best fit of the teeth regardless of the condylar position; comp, CENTRIC OCCLUSION

Answer 85

Formation of new collagen fibres which are embedded in newly formed cementum. This is the ideal process.

Answer 86

You need to be aware of the different needs - behavioural, physical,e motional and cognitive. You need to expand and update your skill set and techniques to meet the unique oral needs of people with developmental disabilities by creating a person-centered environment and identifying a person's intellectual capability and level of cooperation.

Answer 87

1. Initial colonisation of the periodontal pocket by Strep and Actinomyces species 2. Increase in the amount of biofilm causing a shift from aerobic to anerobic species 3. Initial sub-gingival build up biofilm occurs, initiation of immune response in form of PMN mobilisation for containment of infection 4. Cytokine releases in response of bacteria in form of IL-1, TNF-a and IL-6, resulting in amplification of inflammatory response 5. Production of MMPs (especially MMP 8 and 9) resultin in destruction of periodontal tissues. 6. Osteoclastic activation through RANKL from IL1 and TFN-a, resulting in alveolar bone loss 7. Reduction in alveolous anf soft tissue results in periodontal pocket 8. Diabtes and Smokign makes it worst through AGEs and immunomodulation

Answer 88

1. Show empathy to neutralise the situation 2. Present the factual information again 3. Tell the patient that it is within their right not to do anything about the situation or seek another opinion - empower the patient

Answer 89

PREPARED: 1. Prepare for discussion 2. Relate to the person 3. Explore priorities 4. Provide information 5. Acknowldege emotions and concerns 6. Foster realistic hope 7. Encourage questions 8. Document TRIM: 1. Timing - correct amount and type of info - chunk the information 2. Relevance - what will help the patient connect to this info? - relate to patients perspective 3. Involvement - How can patient contribute? - offer suggestions and choices rather than directives 4. Method - Help patient understand and recall? - use visual methods of conveying - PANFLETS SPIKES Setting - Find a quite and private setting Perception - Estabslih how much the patient knows and his or her perceptions abut the medical situation Invitation or information - Ask the patient and significant other how much and what kind of information will be helpful Knowledge - Share bade news with the patient using gentle, nonclinical language is small segments Empathy - Acknowledge the patient's emotions and reaction with appropriate responses Summarise and strategise - summarise in language that the patient can understand. Ask the patient to repeat or summarise the information received and the next steps

Answer 90

1.Autogenous – platelet rich plasma 2.Xenograft – enamel matrix protein like Emdogain (very common) (requires prior etching) 3.Synthetic

Answer 91

Type of edentulousness Edentulousness Location Tissue or tooth support Associate issues Example: Bilateral edentulous maxillary arch with localised periodontitis and unilateral edentulous mandibular arch with large mandibular tori

Answer 92

1. Govemental, organisation or syste, barriers 2. Physical barriers 3. Professional or workforce barriers 4. Patient or carer barriers 5. Financial barriers

Answer 93

Hue – base pigment – red, pink, green, blue and other Value – most important – quantity of light reflected – how bright is the object can be shown with black and white images Saturation – chroma – intensity or vividness – how much of base pigment is there within tooth structure

Answer 94

1. Tobacco 2. Alcohol 3. Betel-quid (tobaco in a different form) - bucal sulcus

Answer 95

1, Pressure 2. Minimal trauma 3. Cellulose or collagen 4. Sutures 5. 4.8% tranexamic acid for blood clot stability (warfarin only). Before surgery + 10ml for 2 minutes 4 times a day for 2 days

Answer 96

1. Unnecessary artefacts i.e. the glasses - Results in unnecessary object being presented on the DPR, the glasses 2. Patient positioned forward - Anterior teeth blury and too small - spine sen on the film 3. Failure to position the tongue against the palate - large, dark, shadow over the maxillary teeth between palate and dorsum of tongue 4. Head is tilted to the side in the horizontal direction - condyles are not equal in height, nasal structure is distorted 5. Head is turned to one side - seems like the RHS was closer to the detector than LHS - resulting in LHS ramus appearing larger 6. Exposure factors have not been selected properly - the image appears to be blur overall 7. Chin down - the V shape - joker brain 8. Chin up - fraun

Answer 97

75 uSv (microSieverts)

Answer 98

It permits bone growth on surface or pores. This occurs in bone implants.

Answer 99

This is pyogenic granuloma. It is a localised soft tissue lesion that is common in people who are pregnant due to the hormone imbalance. Site: Anywhere but classically arises from the interdental papilla

Answer 100

1. TempBond – set time 7 minutes – dry tooth and restoration – DO NOT USE IF RESIN BASED PERMANENT NEED TO BE USED 2. RelyX Temp – set time 1.5 minutes – DO NOT USE IF RESIN BASED PERMANENT NEED TO BE USED

Answer 101

1. Valplast denture 2. Small acrylic 3. Temporary denture or short immediate

Answer 102

Resting dimension minus freeway space. Think about it if OVD is between 2 point at occlusion, rResting vertical dimension minus freeway space will give you that!

Answer 103

Class 1 – Bucco-lingual deficiency Class 2 – vertical deficiency Class 3 – combination

Answer 104

Different dementia related illnesses

Answer 105

3-6 months

Answer 106

It is a resorptive process that occurs when there is pressure applied to the external surface of a tooth root. Can be caused by impacted teeth or pathologies such as cysts. Treatment: Removal of impacted tooth or removal of pathology or removal of resorbing tooth and extrusion of the impacted tooth with ortho

Answer 107

Class I – recession that does not extend to the mucogingival junction with no periodontal bone loss Class II – recession that extends to or beyond mucogingival junction with no bone loss Class III - recession that extend to or beyond mucogingival junction with loss of bone in the interdental area. Not good prognosis Class IV - recession that extend to or beyond mucogingival junction with loss of bone in the interdental area with exposure of interproximal root surface. Very unpredictable prognosis.

Answer 108

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia is a progressive, persistent and irreversible disorder characterized by the presence of multiple leukoplakia that frequently become warty.

Answer 109

1. Acellular Afibrillar Cementum (AAC): Protection of enamel surface (function not well understood). 2.Acellular Extrinsic Fiber Cementum (AEFC): Primary attachment for periodontal ligament fibers, crucial for tooth stability. 3.Cellular Mixed Stratified Cementum (CMSC): Adaptive and reparative functions, contributing to the periodontium's response to occlusal forces. Most important cementum in regeneration of the periodontal pocket. 4.Cellular Intrinsic Fiber Cementum (CIFC): Repair and regeneration of damaged cementum and periodontal ligament, maintaining root integrity.

Answer 110

Valplast denture Acrylic denture for a small saddle replace one or two teeth Temporary denture

Answer 111

This is verruciform xanthoma, it is a rare lesion that mimic squamous cell carcinoma. It is flat, velvety, pebbly.

Answer 112

1. Detection of potentially problematic lesions and referral 2. Management role - for any other oral concern, including complications from treatment of oral cancer 3. Ongoing screening

Answer 113

1.Deterministic – result of cell killing 2.Stochastic – result from cell modification

Answer 114

Alginate Polyether – impregum – use if no undercuts (hard or soft tissue) are seen Polyvinyl Siloxane – honigum – use if undercuts are present

Answer 115

You can you putty or isolating material like PTFE tape and old, out of date composite just to get a nice 3D, functional structure. Do not bond as you need to remove it. Check with patient. Create a clear PVS bite reg material to register the prototype restoration so you can replace with permanent one – key guide.

Answer 116

Both Bio-Oss and Emdogain results in formation of cementum

Answer 117

1.Facial trauma, frontal force 2.Transverse fracture – occurs if dentine, cementum and pulp involved, if enamel is also involved – it is a crown root fracture 3.Take radiograph and do all of the test 4.Reparative tissue in a form of tertiary dentine is laied down in the fracture area 5.Over time – root canal stenosis may occur – pulpal tissue will be replaced with deposited hard tissue through "buldging hard tissue" with prior joining of fracture line with fibrous connective tissue - this is done primarily by the pulp - the reparative capacity of dental hard tissue should not be underestimated

Answer 118

* Diameter  Wider diameter -> more retention but more risk of root fracture  => recommend 1/3 of root diameter  Need to assess all direction * Only MD direction on radiograph -> check the master GP for the diameter of the root canal * Length  At least 1/2 or 2/3 of the root  Sufficient GP (minimum 4-5mm) from the Apex -> measure from end of GP to end of the post * For adequate apical seal * Can leave more if u have longer root (eg upper canine)  Bone lvl * Make sure the post is below the alveolar crest * Material  Aim * Withstand functional stresses * Resist corrosion * Radiopacity  To check on radiograph * Biocompatibility  Non-corrosive  Non-toxic * Retrievable * Bond to the resin cements * Elastic modulus similar to dentine  Potential fracture location due to the uneven distribution of occlusal load by the post to the tth - Not interfere with aesthetics

Answer 119

They are people aged under 18 or other individuals who may be unable to take care of themselves or are unable to protect themselves againt harm or exploitation.

Answer 120

1. Training of professionals 2. Knowledge and awareness of the rpoviders 3. Communication 4. Fear and embarrassment 5. Lack of involvement in healthcare decision-making 6. Time constratins

Answer 121

1. TMJ 2. Facial thirds 3. Facial shape 4. Lip and cheek support 5. SMile line

Answer 122

To set expectation about professional behaviour and conduct for registered health practitioners based on the concept that maintaining a high level of professional competence and conduct is essential for good care.

Answer 123

1. Frothy mucinous saliva 2. Pooling of saliva in sublingual area 3. Dry mucinous strands coating the tongue 4. Epithelial atrophy 5. Lack of calculus 6. Candida infection 7. Coronial root caries 8. Accelerated tooth wear

Answer 124

1. Diagnosis of condition 2. Recommended treatment plan 3. Alternate treartment plan 4.Potential risks of all treatemnt alternatives 5. Potential risks of no treatment

Answer 125

1. Reversible pulpitis 2. Irreversible pulpitis 3. Endodontic abscess 4. Cracked tooth 5. Root fracture 6. Occlusal related pain 7. Dentinal hypersensativity

Answer 126

* Pt who are unable to cope/ cooperate with dental tmt provided in the primary care settings * Beyond (clinical or knowledge) skill set of the general dentist in the primary care settings * Require adjunctive support (eg haematological, behavioural, medico-legal aka consent, bariatric, portable dental equipment

Answer 127

A SMART plan: Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Timed

Answer 128

1. It involves a threat to one's physical or emotional well-being 2. it is overwhelming 3. It result in intense feelings of fear 4. it leaves people feeling helpless 5. It changes the way a person understands themselves

Answer 129

Construction of a new denture is the best option!

Answer 130

1. Nuclear pleomorphism 2.Cellular pleomorphism 3. Increased nuclear size

Answer 131

Trauma is simply exposure to any traumatic situation or event that overwhelms your ability to cope

Answer 132

1. it maintains occlusal harmony 2. Supports efficient mastication 3. Allows posterior disocclusion during portrusive movement

Answer 133

1. Patient themselves 2. Advance care directive - 'Substitute Decision maker' - a person who can reflect the decision that the person would have made in the circumstances if they had the capacity to consent 3. A guardian 4. A spouse or domestic partner 5. Adult related by blood 6. Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander kinship/marriage 7. An Adult Friend 8. An Adult Charged with overseeing the day-to-day care of the person 9. The SA Civil Administrative Tribunal upon application as last resort to appoint a Public Advocate

Answer 134

For constructions of master models For construction of wax bite or to make C/C frame

Answer 135

It starts at the time before child turns 18 and is characterised by difficulties in communication, memory, udnerstanding and can also include physical skills

Answer 136

This is Herpetiform aphthous ulvers - it is an uncommon and are very very small. Named herpetiform due to the resemblance of the ulcers to those of herpetic stomatitis

Answer 137

Wait until they stop the therapy, it is usually given after hospital visit

Answer 138

Type of edentulousness Edentulousness Location Tissue or tooth support Associate issues Example: Bilateral edentulous maxillary arch with localised periodontitis and unilateral edentulous mandibular arch with large mandibular tori

Answer 139

o Heavy occlusal load o Aesthetics o Longevity o Mask discolouration

Answer 140

Flange Base Teeth Clasps

Answer 141

1. Saddle 2. Support 3. Retention 4. Connectors 5. Simplification

Answer 142

1.Movement artifact – shown as multiple lines– patient need to be very still 2.No soft tissue resolution – use convetional CT

Answer 143

The goal and purpose can only be considered in conjuction with complete periodontal treatment. SO first initial closed surgical root debridement and then open surgical root debridement. In Stage 1 and 2 perio, initial closed surgical root debridement is sufficient. In Stage 3 and 4, open surgical root debridement may be required.

Answer 144

1.Fully debried the area with or without use of surgery, under LA with saline irrigation 2.Analgesia in form of panadol I3.f systemic symptoms exist – amoxicillin 500mgs tds+ metronidozole 400 mgs bs x 5-days

Answer 145

Exabite Modeling/beuty wax Copper wax Wax rims – use only in large edentulous areas with unstable contacts

Answer 146

1. Beneficence 2. Non-maleficence 3. Patient autonomy 4. Justice (this is an essential principle of SND (social justice))

Answer 147

1. Lack of suitable abutment teeth 2. Rampant caries 3. Perio disease 4. Poor oral hygiene 5. Patient can not tolerate them 6. Post readiotion tratment - osteoradionecrosis

Answer 148

If the periodontal pocket reaches the apex OR If there is a large laterla canal in the tooth OR When it reaches the furcation canal

Answer 149

1.Select value by leaving only M hue in guide body natural light and TURN OFF YOUR LIGHTS AND GO TO THE WINDOW. Get close to the tooth. 2.Chroma is evaluated. How saturated are the teeth 3.Hue selection. Is the tooth more yellowish then middle? Is it more red??? Move from middle (M) to either R or L 4.Remember computer generator system allow you to match shade in between value ranges or chroma

Answer 150

Reshaping of gingival tissues to improve gingival contours. Can be done with periodontal knife, scalpel, diamond stone or electrosurgery. Can be done after necrotising gingivitis.

Answer 151

This is herpes labialis - please do not touch them Site - LHS vermillion border and just below the lower LHS conissure Size - scattered but overall spands around 10-20mm, irregularly shapped, diffused Morphology - slightly elevated but mostly flat, distinct, spread, a crop of vesicles Colour - yellow but also some of the lesion is similar to the vermilion border Consistency - NOPE IT IS A PHOTO Texture - rough because some have been bursed but some are smooth

Answer 152

1.Necrosis of interdental papillae and loss of gingival margin contour 2.Bleeding, halitosis and pain in the site 3.Punched-out and cratered depression/lesions in interdental sites covered with greay or grey-yellowish pseoudomembrane 4.Patient complains of metallic taste

Answer 153

1. They are blurred and put of focus 2. They have the same orientation as the primary image 3. They are larger than primary image 4. They are higher up and on the opposite side

Answer 154

Generally, patient centered care (shared decision-making model) and evidence-based dentistry should be utilised. Culturally safe practices should also be utilised. Also: 1. Social determinants of health 2. Cultural issues 3. Health literacy 4. Previous life/dental experiences 5. Health issues

Answer 155

Syncope - transient self-limiting loss of consciousness. The onset is rapid and spontaneous and complete. Has presyncope phase of light-headed, nauseated, anxious and pale. The underlying mechanism - cerebral hypoperfusion - i.e. low oxygen levels Causes: Vasovagal Orthostatic Cardiac dysrhythmias Cardiac disease Managmenet: 1. Stop treatment 2. Lie the patient down 3. Support airway by removing all object for the mouth 4. Measure the patient's blood pressure and heart rate 5. If the patient does not regain consciousness - call 000 begin DRSABCD

Answer 156

Use resin primarily Mechinsms of matrix formation – self/auto cure, light cure or both Bonding procedure – total etch and rinse (the best), one step etch and bond (self-etching) or self adhesive Micromechanical bonding to tooth and etched crown Good strength Polymerization shrinkage can be significant Difficult removal Post-op sensitivity Technique sensitive Eugenol may inhibit polymerization – NON-EUGENOL TEMP CEMENT PLEASE USE Use MDP and 4-META to bond to metals

Answer 157

There could be interference during lateral mandibular excursion and needs to be adjusted

Answer 158

To crease a physical barrier that permits the growth of bone and PDL cells rather than epithelial or gingival connective tissue into the periodontal defect. This process takes weeks to months thus probing in GBR should not be performed.

Answer 159

1. History taking 2. Visual examination 3. Pulp sensibility testing in form of electrical pulp testing and other teeth 4. Percussion testing 5. Periodontal probing 6. Palpation 7. Crack detection 8. Radiograph

Answer 160

It applies to children aged 0-5 where conditions have appeared in the early developmental period, but no specific diagnosis has been made and the specific disability group has not yet been diagnosed. E.g. Autism or cerebral palsy

Answer 161

External inflammatory resorption occurs when the tooth has an infected root canal system and there has been damage to the external surface or communication between the pulp and external surface. Can occur at the apex or lateral surface of the root. Treatment: preventative approach: after external injury, utilise systemic antibiotics + corticosteroid based root canal treatment. Interceptive approach: when the resorption is already evident use corticosteroid based root canal treatment

Answer 162

It is not a one off, it is a continuous process that takes multiple visits and ongoign care. If else, the systemic disease will get worst

Answer 163

Resorption due to periapicla infection

Answer 164

1. Increase in recession 2. Dentinal hypersensitivity 3. Aesthetic concerns of the patient 4. Persistent inflammation 5. Age

Answer 165

You might need to adjust occlusion. If it happens during speech you might need to change the extension or smooth the surface

Answer 166

It is a branch of dentistry that manage pt who are adversely affected by their general health condition: o Complex Medical hx o Intellectual disability o Physical disability o Psychiatric disability o Geriatric pt Need a special methods or techniques to prevent or treat oral health + modify conventional tmt plan. Primary dental practitioners may not be able to manage these pt in the primary care setting o Liase w ppl giving consent o Liase w support worker Specifically tailored preventive and corrective tmt (tailored OHI and rational dental care). The need for special needs dentistry arose to address barriers faced by many individuals due to their special needs.

Answer 167

It is a draining sinus that goes through the PDL

Answer 168

4-6 mmol/L

Answer 169

1. Pre-dependency - consider the long-term viability of restorations and prostheses. Plan treatment outcomes for easy maintenance 2. Low dependecy - focus on repair and replacement of strategically important teeth and plan for ongoing maintenance 3. Medium dependency - repair or replace strategically important teeth with conservative treatments like the atraumatic restorative technique (GIC+use of hand instruments for removal of caries) and oral prosthesis to simplify oral hygiene 4. High dependency - offer palliative treatment

Answer 170

1.Reduce pain & sensitivity 2.Provide adequate restoration 3.Eliminate need for multiple repeat restorative procedures 4.Minimise dental anxiety and fear 5.Maintain occlusion and minimise cplexity of any furutre ortho treatment 6.Aesthetic rehabilitation

Answer 171

It is also known as chicken pox! It is a vesicular infection that migh have some oral mucosal involvement

Answer 172

1. Excessive saliva 2. CHange in speech 3. May feel bulky 4. FOod might get stuck 5. Denture move to some extend 6. Migh have high spots 7. Remove dentures and clean after meals 8. Brush denture as brushing teeth

Answer 173

1. Mark mid line 2. Mark canine lines 3. Mark smile line

Answer 174

It is an incomplete fracture of the enamel, without loss of tooth structure. Treatment: usually, no treatment but if needed etching and sealing with bonding resin should be considered.

Answer 175

1. Acrylic partial for multiple edentulous areas 2. Chrome denture 3. Complete denture 4. Some immediate dentures

Answer 176

1. Find out how long they have been on steroids 2. Reduce stresses 3. If extraction or other steroids, to prevent an Addisonia crisis start teatment in the morning and get more steroids the day before (double the dose) and the day of treatment (double the dose) - contact GP prior.

Answer 177

For signs of erosion, attrition and abrasion. Parafunctional wear = poor longevity of a restoration. Patient will need a night guard.

Answer 178

Only small amount of attachment gain (through pocket healing) occurs after any form of conventional periodontal surgery at the base of the defect. Goal of treatment: a non bleeding pocket of 5 mm or less. This is a healthy pocket depth. Remember that presence of a pocket does not equate to active periodontitis but BOP and bone loss does.

Answer 179

A vital pulp therapy procedure performed to encourage physiological development and formation of the root.

Answer 180

Benzylpencilli aintravenously in intensive care 2.4g 4 hourly

Answer 181

1. We identify all the barries 2. We adress barries we can adress throuh legislative changes, chaning our environemnt, trainign progress, population approaches and public funding

Answer 182

Pains, swelling and draining sinuses. Bone destruction. Periosteal reaction is common.

Answer 183

Orthodontic resorption is the process by which the apical part of one or more teeth undergo resorption, resulting in a shortened root. Treatment: when ortho stops, resorption stops. Monitor and treat when other conditions occur.

Answer 184

1. Patient issues - residence, transport barriers, financial barriers, health issues, consent 2. Workforce issures - suitability trained individuals, appropriate skills, equipment and willingness to provide care

Answer 185

After the initial phase of sub- and supra debridement for after about 8-10 weeks (to no breakdown the long junctional epithelium) if the pocket is above 6 mm with bleeding on probing. If it does not have BOP or is only 5mm, simple deplaque and debridement is sufficient.

Answer 186

Alginate with periphery wax

Answer 187

It is an uncommon lesion in the oral cavity - most commonly filled with adipose tissue (fat cells)

Answer 188

1. Removable denture 2. Implant 3. Fixed pros 4. No treatment

Answer 189

Rest sits must be cut prior to secondary impression to be taken. DO NOT CHANGE IT

Answer 190

1. Long-standing ulcers with no obvious cause 2. Indurated (hard) borders - PLEASE PALPATE 3. Deep ulcers with rolled borders 4. Ulcer that is fixed to underlying tissues - usually ulcers are mobile 5. Painless ulcer 6. Ulcers associated with lymphadenopathy - if there is a large swelling - EMERGENCY

Answer 191

1. Communicate courteousley, respectfully, compassionatley and honestly 2. COnsider the ahre, amturity and intellectual capacity 3. Be aware of health literacy issues 4. Meet the specific language, cultural and communicaiton needs 5. Endeavour to confirm a patient understading of the information 6. Encourage the patient to engage in conversation 7. Only relevant infromation 8. Be non-judmental

Answer 192

It is the V shaped area between the incisors. It needs to be at 90 degrees to both of the teeth making up the incisal configuration

Answer 193

1. Heavy metal allergy 2. Pregnancy or breastfeeding 3. Lesions close to the pulp/possible pulpal involvement 4. Signs or symptoms of periapical pathology 5. Ulceration, mucositis or stomatitis 6. Restoratio of permanenet anterior teeth

Answer 194

It is a fracture involving enamel, dentin, cementum and the pulp. Treatment: temporary stabilisation to the non-mobile fragment or adjacent teeth In immature teeth: Partial pulpotomy In mature teeth: Pulp extirpation Then one of the following: 1. Completion of root canal treatment 2. Orthodontic extrusion 3. Surgical extrusion 4. Root submergenbce 5. Intentional replantation 6. Extraction 7. Autotransplantation

Answer 195

1. Review of serology 2. Antibiotic prophylaxis 3. Supportive blood products during surgery 4. Assessment for opportunistic infection of the oral cavity 5. Management of herpes simplex and zostra virus with acyclovir 6. CHx rinse pre and psot operativley 7. AIDS defining illnesses like Necrotising periodontits

Answer 196

1.Teeth present/missing 2.Morphology of teeth 3.Wear - mild, moderate, sever 4.Crowding,spacingrotations 5.Axail inclanations 6.Shape of dental arch 7.Cruve of spee and wilsons curve 8.Angle molar classification/canine classification 9.Overbite (%) / overjet (mm) 10.Mediolateral

Answer 197

Physical properties: - lubrication - coats food bolus - solvent for flavour - cohesive effects Chemcial properties: - maintains pH - neutralises acid - controls bacterial growth - remin

Answer 198

1. What did patient react to? 2. What was the type of rection? Is it really sever, did it limit their function or made them die? Did it have it for mono, that one can create a fake reaction to antibiotic 3. How long after start of treatment did it occur eg after a few hours or many days? 4. How long ago was the reaction? 5. How was it treated? 6. Have they had similar antibiotics since?

Answer 199

Book with lab 9am – send denture to lab with alginate 4pm insert the denture or if cobal chrome allow 3 days if you need mollopalst reline, allow 24 hours Review in 1 week

Answer 200

Recruitment of immature cells and stimulation of these cells to develop into pre-osteoblast e.g. bone healing situations

Answer 201

Favourable because the elevator muscles will not be able to displace the fracture. The anterior segment will obstruct the upward displacmenet. Masseteric - posterior angled fracture Medial pterygoid and mylohyoid - lingual angle fracture

Answer 202

Serous - produced by the parotid gland and a bit by submandibular of protein rich watery fluid. Mucous - produced by the sublingual and minor salivary glands. It is important for lubrication

Answer 203

Hue – base pigment – red, pink, green, blue and other Value – most important – quantity of light reflected – how bright is the object can be shown with black and white images Saturation – chroma – intensity or vividness – how much of base pigment is there within tooth structure

Answer 204

1. Capacity - to understamt and appreciate the consequences of the decision

Answer 205

The neutral zone impression technique is applied for taking imp of atrophy and mandibular ridge.

Answer 206

4th generation ethc-prime-bond-composite.

Answer 207

1. Mucositits 2. Taste changes 3. Dry mouth 4. Increased mucous 5. Tooth hypersensitivity 6. Dysphagia 7. Weight loss

Answer 208

1.Lower central incisors – 6-7 years 2.Upper First molar – 6-7 years 3.Lower First molar – 6-7 years 4.Upper Central Incisors – 7-8 years 5.Lower Lateral Incisors – 7-8 years 6.Upper Lateral Incisors – 8-9 years 7.Lower canine – 9-10 years old 8.Upper first premolar – 10-11 years 9.Lower first premolar – 10-12 years 10.Upper second premolar – 10-12 years 11.Upper cannines – 11-12 years old 12.Lower second molar – 11-13 years old 13.Upper second molar – 12-13 years old 14.All third molars 17-21 years old

Answer 209

1.Iatrogenic perforation 2.Patency at apical terminus 3.Extrusion of root fillings

Answer 210

Can follow trauma. Tooth structure is replaced.

Answer 211

freeway space obs, slang: syn, INTEROCCLUSAL REST DISTANCE, INTEROCCLUSAL REST SPACE

Answer 212

It is a lesion thatoccurs due to the damage of a nerve trunk following some sort of injury (like surgery or pressure on dentures). Essenially - the repair of the axon does not go as planned and the lesion if fully comprised of the neural tissue. Clinical features: small swelling or nodule on mucosa near mental foramen, alveolar ridge, lips or tongue. Pressure on the nodule cuases pain

Answer 213

1. Herpetiform ampthous ulcer 2. Mild amthous ulcer 3. Major ampthous ulcer 4. Traumatic acute ulcer 5. Traumatic chronic ulcer

Answer 214

1. Behaviors & practices - clothing, greeting, speech 2. Atttitudes - levels of fomality - manners or politness 3. Core values - good or bad behaviours

Answer 215

1. At least two proximal sites not on the same tooth with attachment loss of 4mm or more 2. At least two such sites have pockets of 5mm or more

Answer 216

Pulmonary heart disease Sever asthma Blocked nose Refusal to breathe through nose CNS disease Otitis media or middle year disturbance/surgery - only active Claustrophobia GI issues Cystic fibrosis

Answer 217

This is lingual thyroid tissue

Answer 218

1. Initial diagnosis 2. Definitive treatment 3. Management of complications and monitoring

Answer 219

Smoking adults. Ill-defined, permeative lesion. Spread localy and lymph nodes. Destroys bone.

Answer 220

The extension of the denture may need to be modified. Following options: 1. Remove the palatal extension of the denture 2. Reduce the buccal extension of the denutres 3. Desensitisation therapy 4. Re-do the denture with a reduced secondary impression

Answer 221

1. Pre-cleaning at the chairside 2. Mechanical cleaning using ultrasonic 3. Manual cleaning using of professional cleaning machines 4. Thermal disinfection 5. Thermal disinfection using washer-disinfection 6. Inspection 7. Choice of packaging material and sealing of packages 8. Labelling packages of reuseable medical devices 9. Run a Bowie-Dick type tests for air removal and steam

Answer 222

1. Peace 2. Shelter 3. Education 4. Food 5. Income 6. A stable exosystem 7. Sustainable resources 8. Social justice and equity

Answer 223

Above 60 if it is below 15 they are in kidney failure

Answer 224

You can use CCA stopper or a wax compound + border molding + taking impression of upper and lower dentures with Upper first. So the wax compound needs to increase the OVD and ned reline will ensure that soft tissue retention and supprot can be achieved. Always use adhesive

Answer 225

Dental impression creates a negative imprint of hard and soft tissues in order to create a positive cast or model.

Answer 226

1.Furcation areas because they are hard to clean. 2.Patients with diabetes – impaired cellular immunity, decreased leukocyte chemotaxis and bactericidal activity.

Answer 227

1. Stimulation of salivary flow through masticatory sialagogues or medication 2. Use of saliva substitutes in form of carboxycellulose or mucin based 3. Use of mucosal wetting agents like water or GC dry mouth gel

Answer 228

1. Widespread effect on nearly all populations across the social spectrum 2. Large impact at population levels 3. In certain instances - may be able to target health inequalities, though can only apply on legislative level

Answer 229

It is an optical illusion. Form of edge enhancement which facilitates the detection of the edges of an object. Basically, the edges between light and dark appear darker. SO NO PATHOLOGY.

Answer 230

1. Leukodema 2. Leukoplakia 3. Lichen Planus 4. Frictional keratosis 5. Oral squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 231

Zinc oxide eugenol Zinc oxide non eugenol Resin

Answer 232

You can add a boney material for regeneration. But remember, no probing for at least this much for each material: Perioglas – 6-12 months Bio-Oss – 12-18 months Emdogain – 2-3 years

Answer 233

1. Corticosteroid supplementation 2. Any increased risk of bleeding 3. Any infection risk

Answer 234

Management of avulsion with alveolar fracture First aid * Keep pt calm * Pick up the crown (not the root) * If the tth is dirty, o Rinse with milk/saline/pt saliva o If the dirt is tenacious, use a damp gauze to gently wipe the tooth * Replant immediately * Ask pt to bite on the gauze/ handkerchief/napkin to hold the tth in place * See dentist ASAP * If replantation is not possible, plant the tth in a storage medium ASAP to avoid dehydration of the PDL cells on the root surface, o Milk/ HBSS/pt saliva o Let pt hold it in their buccal sulcus (make sure to warn them not to swallow the tth o Water is a poor medium -> osmosis -> kill the cells. Better to leave in the air

Answer 235

Use local haemostatis measures like pressures, coagulation assiting material like surgicel and suturing of the wound

Answer 236

1. Gingivectomy – removal of pocket epithelium, connective tissue and mucosal epithelium 2. Modified Widman flap – removal of pocket epithelium and connective tissue +/- osseous, leacing behind mucosal epithelium

Answer 237

PIP creame on fitting surface

Answer 238

1. Building relationship/building rapports/building trust - be humble in your approach, be friendly. Remember, you are there to learn about the person and their culture. 2. Genuinley reciprical communication. Tell them about yourself as well and use points of connection between yourself and individual under your care. 3. Breakdown the power imbalance with person under your care 4. Overcome cultural faux pas. Roll with mistakes and listen to patient in those situates. Be a learner not a teller.

Answer 239

1. Vital Pulp Therapy 2. Immature apices 3. Perforations - lateral and furcation 4. Retrograde root canal filling

Answer 240

Broken/cracked denture base Broken/lost clasp Chipped/broken/debonded denture tooth/teeth Broken rest

Answer 241

1. Surface resorption 2. Transient apical internal resopriton 3. Pressure resorption 4. Orthodontic resorption 5. Replacement resorption

Answer 242

1. Allows lateral mandibular excursion

Answer 243

1.With replacement resorption – bone is replacing dentine 2.Without replacement resorption - no bone replacing den

Answer 244

1.Dense bone Islands 2.Torus 3.Osteomas 4.Degenerative Joint Disease 5.Chondrocalcinosis 6.Synovial osteochondromatosis 7.TMJ Dysfunction 8.Sinus pathology 9.Nasal septum pathology – including different sinusitis, and mucucoel 10.Nasal cycles

Answer 245

1. More than 2mm bone loss over 5 years 2. Bone loss to age ratio between 1.0 inclusive radiographically (ie for a 50 year old patient the range is around 50.0 percent and above) 3. Low biofilm deposit and large amount of periodontal destruction. Unequal pattern, resulting in small amount of biofilm but large amount of destruction. 4. Smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day 5. HBA1c level of more than 7.0 in diabetic patient

Answer 246

Describe saddles, cross teeth which are not restored Describe support and draw rests, major connector/plat Specify abutment tooth/teeth Specify clasps: rest, retentive, reciprocal Specify flanges gum fitted vs buccal flange Specify the extensions Fill lab form and draw design Obtain tutor signature

Answer 247

1.Stop treatment 2.Pulse oximeter on, see if patient is concious, check heart rate and blood pressure – if no pulse, CPR - ask patient if they used viagra, as it can make GTN way more potent 3.Use glyceryl trinitrate spray 400 micrograms sublinguallt, repeat 5 minutes if pain persists, for total of 3 dosease if tolerated 4.If pain continues, call 000 5.Give 300mg of aspirin orally chewede before swallowing 6.Strat supplemetan oxygen and maintain oxygen between 90-96% saturation

Answer 248

1. Through legislative changes that protect people with special needs and support them through policy change. E.g. Disability Discrimination Act or Australia's Disability Strategy 2. Highlightin groups that are less represented in healthcare and improving their access to health services e.g. Putting people with special needs in a priority population in National Oral Health Plan as there is large overlap between their complex medical/social situationa nd complex oral health conditions

Answer 249

It is a fracture involving enamel, dentin and cementum. Treatment: Temporary stabilisation of the loose fragment to adjacent teeth or non-movng fragment And after one or multipel of the following: 1. Orthodontic extrusion 2. Surgical extrusion 3. Root canal treatment and restoration if pulp becomes necrotic 4.Root submergence 5. Intentional replantation 6. Extraction 7. Autotransplantation

Answer 250

It is the reunion of existing collagen fibres after tooth avulsion

Answer 251

Put the PIP in the denture and insert intot he patient mout. Make them chew nicely. Remove the denture. Where you see spots of missing PIP are usually high spots that cause patient to be in pain! Adjust with straight hand piece.

Answer 252

Open disclosure is the process of providing an open, consistent approach to communicating with patients/consumers, their family, carer and/or support person following a patient incident. The process includes expressing regret or saying sorry.

Answer 253

Flat membranous bones with suture in between. Osteogenesis occurs in the ossification centres + sutures. The cause of increase area of bones occurs due to brain growth. The out cortical plate usually deposits and inner cortical plate resorts.

Answer 254

1. Wax rims 2. Exabite

Answer 255

1. Explore illness and disease and their context 2. Seeing the patient as a whole person - aka holistic care 3. Showing compassion and empathy 4. Reaching a shared sense of patient-doctor responsibility

Answer 256

Rest, minor unit or major connector

Answer 257

Always check for nerve injury and boney plate perforations.

Answer 258

1.Fissure sealing 2.Surgical separation 3.Ortho, implants, autotransplants or prosthesis

Answer 259

1. Leukoedema 2. White Sponge Nevus 3. Epidermolysis Bullosa

Answer 260

Refer to specialist

Answer 261

GBR involves the placement of a physical/biological barrier to ensure that the hard tissue deficiency becomes repopulated with bone. This exclusivley relates to the augmentation of resorped ridge.

Answer 262

o Cognitive empathy – desire to understand o Emotional empathy – desire to feel o Compassionate empathy – desire to help & support

Answer 263

1. Remove extrinsic staining o Prophy, U/S o Pt education re extrinsic staining 2. Pre-op shade 3. RD 4. Remove restoration but not stained dentine 5. Remove GP 1-2mm below CEJ 6. Place Cavit or GIC to seal GP from the orifice o At least 2mm of GIC or cavit 7. Etch pulp chamber, rinse and dry o Request DA to dispense bleaching material 8. Mix sodium perborate with water until u get a stiff paste consistency 9. Place bleach mix onto the labial surface of access cavity 10. Seal bleaching material w cotton pellet and seal w GIC or cavit 11. Repeat the above steps every 1wk until the desired colour is achieved 12. Once the shade is reached o Remove all bleaching material o Rinse thoroughly o Record post-op 13. Defer definitive restoration for 7d, o Enamel margin might be weakened -> bond strength may be compromised

Answer 264

1. leave the tooth in place 2. Clean area with saline 3. Suture gingival lacerations 4. Varify normal position of the replanted tooth radiographically 5. Apply flexible splint for 2 weeks

Answer 265

1. Local factors – poor oral hygiene, plaque retentive factors (overhangs, crowded teeth and calculus), cigarette smoking 2. Systemic factors – stress, poor nutrition (vitamin C deficiency), hormonal imbalance, systemic disease affecting immune response

Answer 266

1.Previous carious experience – but not when super young lol 2.Visible plaque – remember to screen all children 3.Dietary factors – especially sleeping with a bottle of something sugary and free sugars 4.Breast feeding IS NOT assoicated with ECC – because lactoferin kills MS 5.Enamel developmental defects 6.Low socioeconomic and sociocultural factors 7.Children with medical conditions – such the ones that need to use meidcations causing xerostomia or that predispose them to enamel hyperplasia

Answer 267

o Incomplete root development o Recently traumatised tth * Teeth may lose their sensory function and not response to EPT immediately after trauma. However, the tooth is still have the vasculature intact o Heavily calcified canal o Recent ortho tmt o Pt with psychotic disorders

Answer 268

1. Leave tooth in place 2. Clean affected are with water, saline or 0.1% CHx 3. Suture all lacerations 4. Varify normal position of the replanted toothr adiographically 5. Apply flexible splint for upto 2 weeks 6. Immidiatley or shortly after replatation, apply corticosteroid+antibacterial dressing (e.g. odontopaste) to the tooth for atr leats 2 weeks

Answer 269

They have a defused appearance

Answer 270

1. IF there is a reasonable belief that another person has reported abuse 2. IF the suspecion was due soley to being informed of the abuse by a police officer or child protection officer

Answer 271

It is important to determine that the lesion is not an intra-bony or central lesion which has perforated cortical bone

Answer 272

ibuprofen 400mg orally, 6-8 hourly for 5 days if pain persists please seek review with GP PLUS Paracetamol 1000mg orally 4-6 hourly to a maximum of 2g for the shortes duration possible PLUS oxycodone immediate-release 5mg orally, 4 to 6 hourly, for 3 days. PRESCRIBE small quantities

Answer 273

Local factors: - Poor denture hygiene -Reduced vertical dimension -Reduced salivary flow Systemic factors: -Extreme of age -Endocrine disturbances -Malnutrition -Antibiotic therapy

Answer 274

76% tooth related 18% periodontal related 6% other

Answer 275

Moist hear in the form of saturated steam under pressure in an air tigh vessel. Heat, steam, pressure and air tight vessel.

Answer 276

1. Patient has a right to be informed of what is happening to them 2. To minimise harm to the patient 3. We have a duty of care to the paitnet 4. To maintain trust in the dentist-patient relationship 5. To gian informed consent for any further treatment related to the incident 6. To prevent a recurrence of the incident to others 7. To possibly avoid formal complaint

Answer 277

When they have an AV graft which is a graft that is sticking out of the arm

Answer 278

1.Gingivectomy – sites can be probed 2-3 weeks after surgery 2.Flap surgery – need to wait 3-4 months

Answer 279

Haemophilic patients or patient with von Willebrand disease require additional care depending of sverity of the conditon and the procedure that will be performed + peri operative and post operative care. Consider case selection carefully and consider referring to up-to-date guidelines and discuss with ahetologist.

Answer 280

1. Ovate - great but needs surgery 2. Sanitary - with 2mm clearance - for posterior 3. Modified ridge-lap - great and go to

Answer 281

1.With replacement resorption – bone is replacing dentine 2.Without replacement resorption - no bone replacing den

Answer 282

It is a type of resorption defined as an inflammatory process within a section of the pulp/root canal that results in loss of dentin commencing at the root canal wall and progressing towards cementum. A radiographic oval shape appearance is very common This can be caused by traum or caries. Treatment: Root canal treatment with corticosteroid and antibiotic + calcium hydroxide after

Answer 283

1. Appropriate eye contact 2. Questioning and summarising 3. opena dn relaxed language 4. Nodding or shaking the head 5. Some silence 6. Checking for understanding 7. Smiling or serious facial expression 8. Encouraging to continue

Answer 284

o Encouraging to continue o Appropriate eye contact o Questioning and summarizing o Open & relax body language o Noddin/ shaking head o Silence -> give room for pt to talk o Checking for understanding o Smiling or serious facial expression

Answer 285

Don't Order Tests that Don't Affect Management

Answer 286

1. Allow a support person to accompany the client 2. Recognise that not all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people want to work with an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander worker 3. Share some personal information about yourself 4. Don't expect them to share information regarding their families and culture or local history 5. Silence should not be misunderstood and should be respected.

Answer 287

Step 1 - consider the following questions "Do they know what the procedure involves?" " Do they know what treatment they getting?" Step 2 - Do they understand the consequences of treatment proposed? Have the decision made freely and independently?" Step 3 - directly ask the patient "How would this treatment help you?". Remeber to ask open-ended questions and ensure it is the person being assessed who answers the questions"

Answer 288

It could cause interference during protrusive movements thus may require adjustments to upper 7s

Answer 289

Benzydamine is an NSAID that reduces inflammation and pain in oral mucositis. Available of as DifFlam or DifFlam C

Answer 290

For complex denture repair. Using all 3 material using the overall+wash techniques.

Answer 291

Odontogenic keratocyst is a well-defined sclerotic which causes less jaw expansion and grows along the jaw bone.

Answer 292

Check occlusion and adjust it If it is not enough – use PIP cream and adjust the fitting surface

Answer 293

When we see more then 3mm of gingiva past the gingival margin in a person.

Answer 294

It is the physiological resorption is the resorptive process that primary teeth undergo as they exfoliate. It is normal. Treatment: monitoring exfoliation or extraction of primary teeth

Answer 295

You can request a temporary acrylic base mixed with wax (cold cure acrylic)! After denture try in – take a wash impression to improve retention! You can also take the bite registration with this tool. A 2-in-1.

Answer 296

8-12 weeks

Answer 297

Receive feedback from the patient Reassess dentures To adjust denture to patient's satisfaction Test phonetics and polish the denture To provide further support

Answer 298

1. Emergency phase - e.g. exo 2. Systemic phase - e.g. control systemic diseases 3. Initial phase - e.g. testing and debridement 4. Surgical phase - regenerative surgery 5. Restorative phase - temporary crowns 6. Maintenance phase - depending on risk close recall or normal recall

Answer 299

Salivary hypofunction: an objective finding of a reduced oral salivary flow that occurs in relation to salivary dysfunction Xerostomia: a subjective complaint of dry mouth

Answer 300

1. Internal replacement 2. Invasive coronal 3. Invesive cervical

Answer 301

1.Movement artifact – shown as multiple lines– patient need to be very still 2.No soft tissue resolution – use convetional CT

Answer 302

Resorption that occurs internally

Answer 303

By including indirect retention through moving a retention point further anteriorly of the saddle. Thus, put a rest seat with a cirucmventional clasp on the mesial of the closest tooth.

Answer 304

Types of boney defects 3 wall defect - bone only missing in specific site and surround on 3 different sides. This defect can be considered intrabony - best treated with regeneration. 2 wall defect - bone missing on multiple sites with only 2 sites surrounding the defect. This defect can be considered infrabony - can be treated with regeneration but not as successful 1 wall defect - bone missing on 3 different sites of the tooth and is only supported by 1 wall. This defect can be considered infrabony - regeneration is mostly unsuccessful. Can be determined with step motion perio probing and radiographs.

Answer 305

Radiation mucositis

Answer 306

1.ABC – airway, breathing consciousness 2.Neurological symptoms 3.Stability - is patient stable 4.Full secondary survey with primary care pshycision at the hospital. Head to toe with all histories taken if the patient is awake. 5.Diplopia – eye movement exams. Up,down, side to side 6.Nose, upper and lower jaw examination 7.Assessment of cranial nerves especially 5 + 7 but also all other nerves 8.Intra-oral examination - find all teeth, order chest x-ray if one is missing 9.Radiology order – plain x-rays first with OPG, PA skull, submentovortex and Lat ceph 10. Treatment planning for surgery including history 11. Consent from patient

Answer 307

Type 4 are 2 process parasmter indicator. they react to two seperate processes of the sterilisation cycle such as temperature and pressure. Disadvantage: If one of the processes fail, the indicator will not be able to show it. Thus, either of the two components have failed or both of them have failed. This can create confusion and hinder the resolution of the sterilisation machine problem.

Answer 308

Intercuspation position. When the maxilla and mandible is in a balanced occlusion.

Answer 309

Opalascence – the ability of the body to look different in reflected or transmitted light Fluorescence – the ability of the body to emit light that is a wavelength less then incident radiation e.g. crime scene fluoresent lights Translucence – the ability of the body to appear to transmit light and reflect little of it back

Answer 310

1. Self-awareness - recognising your triggers 2. Self-management - managing your own emotions 3. Motivation - what moves us to action 4. Empathy - ability to connect emotionally 5. Relationship management - building rapport

Answer 311

External replacement resorption is the process where cementum and dentin are resorbed and replaced by bone. Aetiology: can occur after external injuries Treatments: lower the amount of time out of the socket after avulsion

Answer 312

Technically, because of the apical resorption, the teeth have an open apex thus can heal better. They are considered premature.

Answer 313

4.4. mg/kg and one carpule has 44mg. So per every 10 kg you can have 1 carpule max. So for a 25 kg child you can have 2-3 carpule with some interspacing. Also remember about topical.0.1g has about 5 mg!

Answer 314

o Clean of debris (may need curettage) o Irrigate o Place dressing (Alveogyl) for symptom relief o +/- primary closure o Script of analgesics o Review in 2 weeks o NO antibiotic because it is not an infection

Answer 315

Anterior to first molar. Slow growing with well-defined margin. Some cortical expansion can occur.

Answer 316

They are conditions with recognisable symptoms and behaviour patterns, frequently associated with distress, which may impair personal functioning in normal social acitivity e.g. bipolar disorder or substance abuse

Answer 317

When you have a broken acrylic base or broken clasp

Answer 318

How is your denture Can you eat and speak with it Does it cause any sore spot on the gum or teeth Can you eat with your denture Can you pronounce words normally? Do you have a list of what you would like me to adjust your denture?

Answer 319

1.Alginate mix is homogenous and smooth – no streaks or air bubles 2.Tray appropriate size – tray not shwoing through 3.Alginate has had adequate time to be inserted into the mouth, seated onto the teeth and set prior to removal – smooth surface with no drag lines 4.Adequate amount of alginate in tray and has been seated and muscles trimmed correctly anatomical featyres, tray is centered, no large air bubles 5.Tray has been removed correctly – no tearing of the materials

Answer 320

1.Location 2.Margin – well-defined or illdefined 3.Zone of transition – short or long 4.Periosteal reaction 5.Internal matrix 6.Single vs multiple 7.Relationships to the joints 8.Effect on soft tissue

Answer 321

Vita classical – used commonly in many aspects of dentistry – does not sit in the tooth banana nicely thus covers it inconsistently, with some fall outside of the banana, really incosistent value Vita 3D Master Shade Guide – amazing for dentistry – sit nicely in the shade banana, amazing value when shown in black and white when going from 1-5 (5 is darkest thus lowest value) - Number 1 is value, Letter 1 is hue, Last number is chroma A3 and 3m2 is nearly the same colour. Infinitely compatible.

Answer 322

A person's voluntary decision about health care is made with knowledge and understanding of the benefits and risks involved. This communication should ensure the patient has an understanding of all the available options and the expected outcomes such as the success rates and or/side effects for each option. Objective of the dentist: provide comprehensive, evidence-based relevant information to the patient. Dialogue with patient is essential

Answer 323

1. Stop 2. Place needle/sharp aside 3. Take off gloves 4. Wash hands with soap and water 5. Dry and cover with non-stick dressing 6. Apply pressure if bleeding 7. Let tutor know 8. Contact SADS registered nurse for risk assessment 9. Write up incident report - SLS

Answer 324

1. Complex older patient referred 2. Medicala ssessment 3. Assess mobility and ability to attend clinic 4. Dental assessment 5. mental capacity assessment 6. Decision making 7. treatment indication 8. Treatment delivery

Answer 325

1.Describe the distinct border 2.Describe the type 3.Resulting enamel – smooth or soft and pourus 4.If there is any unprotected dentine 5.If there is any caries 6.Is there post-eruptive breakdown of the dental hard tissue 7.ALWAYS perform examination on wet teeth as drying teeth may result in pain

Answer 326

Oral cavity can act as the reservoir for pulmonary pathogens thus adequate debridement, use of chlorhexidine and at-home care can help with lung diseases

Answer 327

This is an oral lichenoid lesion - which is similar to oral lichen planus but is usually around a single site. Usually associated with medications and go away when medication is stopped

Answer 328

nAustralia, Special Needs Dentistry (SND) is a specialized field of dentistry focused on providing oral healthcare to individuals with physical, medical, developmental, or cognitive conditions that make it difficult for them to receive standard dental care. These individuals may include: 1. People with disabilities (e.g., intellectual disabilities, physical disabilities). 2. Medically compromised patients (e.g., those with cancer, heart conditions, diabetes). 3. Older adults who may have age-related health issues like dementia, Parkinson's disease, or frailty. 4. Patients with mental health conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression, schizophrenia). 5. Individuals with complex social or psychological circumstances that affect their ability to access or undergo routine dental care. The goal of Special Needs Dentistry is to provide appropriate dental care that considers the individual's unique health challenges and may involve specialized techniques, equipment, and environments. This might include working closely with a multidisciplinary healthcare team to manage underlying health conditions and ensure that dental treatments are safe and effective. Australia recognizes Special Needs Dentistry as a registered specialty. Dentists who specialize in this field undergo additional training and certification to address the specific needs of these populations. They often work in hospitals, community clinics, or private practices that are equipped to handle complex cases, providing tailored care plans that address both oral health and broader health concerns.

Answer 329

Communication is key and should not be considered as simply an act of giving and receiving information. Communication is about establishing "connection" on a human level.

Answer 330

1. Direct epihpyseal fracture of the mandible, single, closed 2. Indirect fracture of the RHD condular head Treatment for 1 - exposure of the fracture at site at the mandible and placement of direct plating of the fracture (ORIF) Treatment for 2 - intermaxillary fixation with use of arch bars to allow the condyle to heal if it is not displaced, comminuted or severely damage in other way. This will manage the occlusion. TMJ ficxation with direct bars may be possible. Remember: Soft food, and wire shut jaw for the next 3 months at least. After the surgery, patient needs to be observed until reasching 12 hour stability. Review 24 hours, a week, a month and 3 months after. If any complications occur, review. Remove arch bars when the condyle is healed. A period of physiotherapy might be needed.

Answer 331

it is a method of inducing a calcified barrier at the apex of a non-vital tooth with incomplete root formation. Originally calcium hydroxide is used for coagulation necrosis of remaining pulpal tissues

Answer 332

1. Functionally independent adults - two or more medical conditions but they can access dental care independently - treatment planning can be normal 2. Frail older adults - some loss of independence with impairments and comorbidities - usually still living in a community but rely on support services - treatment needs to consider their polypharmacy and difficulty accessing treatment 3. Functionally dependent older adults - have their activities of daily living fully supported with carers and are homebound or live in institutions. transportation is difficult if not impossible. Treatment planning: palative care essentially

Answer 333

First 7-10 days - Root canal treatment & calcium hydroxide for upto 4 weeks Weight and height measurments 2 weeks - splint removal 4 weeks - radiographs 3 months -radiographs 6 months - radiographs 1 year - radiographs Yearly - radiographs upto 5 years and better beyond

Answer 334

You can apply for SACAT special powers Section 32 powers. Application is made by the guardian

Answer 335

It is a vesicular eruption affecting perioral skin, lips, gignivae and palate - knowns as harpes labialis

Answer 336

Unfavourable because the elevator muscles will be able to displace the fracture. Masseteric - anterior angled fracture Medial pterygoid and mylohyoid - buccal angle fracture

Answer 337

The following factors were considered: 1. Increasing life expectancy for people with disabilities and chronic disease 2. Increasing disability or chronic disease progression into middle and older age 3. Increasing size of ageing population, with increased functional dependence 4. Increasing cancer survival 5. increasing complexity of medical treatment provided and medication prescribed 6. Increasing population expectation to retain teeth 7. De-instutionalisation of people who are intellectually and or physically impaired

Answer 338

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

Answer 339

1.Poorly-defined margin 2.Long zone of transition 3.Periosteal reaction may be extensive 4.Bone often destroyed 5.Permeative appearance 6.Soft tissue involvement is common

Answer 340

-lack of access,funding and opportunity -low education,distrust of authority and discrimimation towards minority groups -virus> more mutations + variants in low income countries -reduced efficacy of vaccines

Answer 341

Paracetamol 1000mg 4-6 hourly for shortest duration possible

Answer 342

It is an increase in the size of particular tissue by increase in cell size.

Answer 343

Type 2 are specific test indicators designed to show air removal and rapid or even steam penetration. Disadvantage: may react at a point of sterilisation that is below the point of adequate sterilisation.

Answer 344

Not Kennedy but complete denture

Answer 345

It leads to shingles. Shingles may result in oral manifestations like vesicular lesiosn aorund the oral cavity.

Answer 346

Stop if the kid says ouch, especially if they are cooperative and top up 1.Expansion of the bony socket to permit removal of its contained tooth. 2.Use elevators with utmost caution 3.Use three basic mations: wheel and axle (screwdriver), wedge and lever. Alvaolar bone is the fulcrum 4.Support jaw bone with your other hand 5.Use of level and fulcrum principle to force tooth or root out of socket along the path of least resistance 6.Always use the forceps as sungingivally as possible 7.Push buccaly for 3 seconds, then move to figure of 8 8.Repeate until the tooth is out

Answer 347

1. Gingival connective tissue growth resulting in root resoprtion. This is not ideal. 2. Epithelium growth and formation of long junctional epithelium. This occurs in closed and open debridment 3. Alveolar bone prolifiration resulting in ankylosis. This is not ideal. 4. PDL and bone regeneration resulting in strong tisseu attachement - this is the goal of GBR

Answer 348

1. Anxious patient 2. Older children with poor dental experiences 3. Complex or long procedures 4. Child with special needs 5. Fear of needles 6. To aid analgesia 7. Increased gage reflex 8. AND MEDICALLY FIT ASA I AND ASA II

Answer 349

Cardiac arrest is the stop of heart function. Signs: no pulse, loss of consciousnes and respiration Causes: ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, asystole Managment: 1. Stop dental treatment 2. Call 000 3. DRSABCD

Answer 350

For signs of erosion, attrition and abrasion. Parafunctional wear = poor longevity of a restoration. Patient will need a night guard.

Answer 351

Existing turtous pockets becomes isolated and favour formation of abscesses due to changes in composition of microflora and anaerobic bacteria virulence. Host defences could make pocket lumen inefficient to drain increased suppuration (common in immunocomprimised).

Answer 352

1. Decoronation and submergence of the tooth 2. Extraction, orthodontics and implantation 3. Translpalantation

Answer 353

1. As acute exacerbation of an untreated periodontitis 2. During periodontal therapy or immediately after scaling due to calculus being lodges in the pocket 3. In refractory periodontitis (treatment resistant periodontitis)

Answer 354

1. Alginate 2. PE 3. PVS

Answer 355

1. Lateral sliddding flap 2. Coronally repositioned flap 3. Free gingival flap 4. Subepithelial connective tissue graft

Answer 356

Aetiology: chronic physical trauma and inflammation Treatment: Excision

Answer 357

1. Tell-show-do, voice control, non-verbal communication positive reinforcement, distraction, modelling, desensitization 2. Physical restrain like weighted blankets, movement control, clinical holding

Answer 358

1. upper respiratory tract infection by Group A streptococcus 2. M protein is used by Strep As for bacterial virulance 3. Creation of antibodies for M proteins by leucocytes and eliminations of M proteins 4. M proteins have a molecular mimicry to cells of the endocardium 5. Body miounts a response to the cells of endocardium resulting is valve damage, valvale deformities, fibrosis and calcification 6. This makes a patient more predisposed to heart failure, artirial fibrilation and infective endocarditis

Answer 359

Health professional should realise that something so simple as good, caring talk has the ability to reconfigure these experiences and relationships between Indigenous client and the healthcare system. Sharing some personal experience may also be beneficial

Answer 360

1. Incontinence 2. Falls 3. Pressure Ulcers 4. Delirium 5. Functional decline

Answer 361

It is cheek biting which causes chronic mechanical trauma. Clinical presentation is a unilateral or bilateral white patch on the buccal mucosa, which is rough and whitenned. Usually symptomless

Answer 362

1. oral mucostitis 2. Increased risk of bacterial infections 3. Increase risk of viral infections 4. Increased risk of fungal infections 5. Malnutrition 6. Painful oral hygiene 7. Oral haemorhage 8. Increased risk of trismus

Answer 363

From top of the junctional epithelium to the height of the bone which equal about 2mm which you need to maintain when doing crown lengthening planning to account.

Answer 364

It is displacement of the tooth in an apical direction into the alveolar bone. Treatment: For immature teeth: 1. Allow re-eruption without intervention 2. if no re-eruption within 4 weeks, initiate orthodontic repositioning 3. Monitor pulp 4. IF PULP BAD THAN TREAT 5. Parents must know that follow up visits are essential For mature teeth: 1. Allow for re-eruption without intervention if intrusion is less than 3 mm. If does not happen after 8 weeks, surgical reposition and splint for 4 weeks or reposition orthodontically before ankylosis develops 2. If the tooth is intruded 3-7mm, reposition surgically (prefered) or orthodontically 3. If the tooth is intruded beyond 7mm, reposition surgically 4. Endo treatment will be probably needed

Answer 365

1. Diagnosis - recognition of problems 2. Treatment planning - identification of potential solutions 3. Informed consent 4. Risk management

Answer 366

1.From down to up 2.From outside to inside 3.From Left to right

Answer 367

MHx – diabetes, cancer, arthritism osteoporosis, blood thinners SHx – smokers, soft drinks or busy lifestyle DHx – bad oral hygiene, perio, decay, denture intolerant

Answer 368

It is resorption with no apparent causes. Typically it involves multiple teeht with shorter roots. Treatment: determining systemic causes through general health checks and after monitoring.

Answer 369

It is a negative space in the corners of the smile that is not filled by tooth structure. 15.-2.5 mm is ideal.

Answer 370

S whistling is due to narrow air space between tongue and upper teeth S lisping broad airspace between tongue and upper teeth or thick plate you will need to thin the plate.

Answer 371

Miconazole 2% gel 2.5 mL topically (then swallowed), 4 times daily, after food, for 7 to 14 days; continue treatment for at least 7 days after symptoms resolve Or Amphotericin B 10 mg lozenge sucked (then swallowed),4 times daily, 7 to 14 days; continue treatment 2 to 3 days after resolved

Answer 372

Fuji Plus (capsule, conditioning is needed) FujiCem (hand mix form, prior dentine conditioning is needed)

Answer 373

1. Restore dentition to a satisfactory condition 2. Comfort 3. Aesthetics 4. Function 5. Speech 6. Preservation of remaining soft and hard tissues

Answer 374

1. Before touching a patient 2. Before a procedure 3. After a procedure or body fluid exposure 4. After touching a patient 5. After touching a patient surroundings

Answer 375

1.Increases in recession 2.Dentinal hypersensitivity 3.Aesthetic concerns of the patient

Answer 376

1. Oral sedation - benzodiazapine pre-medication 2. Relative analgesia - nitrous analgesia 3. Conscious/iv sedation (need to follow appropriate legislation) 4. General anaesthesia

Answer 377

3 or more in moderate difficulty and at least one in the high diffuculty such as? 1. ASA 4 2. Can't get anaesthesia 3. Uncooperative 4. Significant limitation in opening 5. Extreme gaggin 6. Sever pain 7. History of orofacial pain 8.2nd or 3rd molar 9. Extreme inclanation 10. Extreme rotation 11. Significant deviation from normal tooth/root form 12. C-shape morphology, extreme curvature or S-shape curve, rare root morphology, very long teeth 13. Pulp chaber not visible 14. extremly close to IAN (<3mm) 15. Extreme resopriton 14. Root fractures 15. Previous endo

Answer 378

It is surgery usually performed to correct soft and hard tissue defects or deficiencies using soft tissue repositioning or grafting

Answer 379

1.Difficulty swallowing 2.Limited opening 3.Enlarged lymph nodes 4.Fever 5.Facial cellulitis 6.Pain 7.Localised swelling 8.Pus discharge

Answer 380

If using warfarin: <2.0 - use local measures AND NOTIFY GP BECAUSE IT IS IN THE SUB-THERAPEUTIC RANGE 2.0-3.5 - use local measures >3.5 - NO SURGERIES TO PERFORM UNTIL INR DROPS - INFORM GP IMMEDIATLEY

Answer 381

1. Fresh frozen plasma 2. Vitamin K 3. Cryoprecipitate

Answer 382

1. Before touching a patient 2. Before a procedure 3. After a procedure or body fluid exposure risk 4. After touching a patient 5. After touching a patient's surrounding

Answer 383

1.Remineralisation 2.Fissure sealant

Answer 384

Opalascence – the ability of the body to look different in reflected or transmitted light Fluorescence – the ability of the body to emit light that is a wavelength less then incident radiation e.g. crime scene fluoresent lights Translucence – the ability of the body to appear to transmit light and reflect little of it back

Answer 385

Denture in the alginate for tooth replacement. FItting surfaces are okay

Answer 386

These are lingual tonsils. This is part of the lymphoid tissue (Welder's ring) that is used to fight infection. The lymphoid tissue underneath the folliate papilla goes through lymphoid hyperplasia (growth) and result in an elevation on the postra-lateral tongue surface.

Answer 387

It i the impression of patient's occlusion when upper and lower teeth bitting together. Purpose - registration of maxillo-mandibular relationship so that lab can articulate the casts and set up teeth

Answer 388

The total root surface area of all supporting teeth must equalt or exceed the total root surface area of the teeth being replaced

Answer 389

Internal replacement resorption is a process where the pulp and dentin are replaced with bone. It usually begins within the pulp/root canal and on the root canal walls and it progresses towards the cementum. Clinical appearance may be normal or discolored. Usually as a result of insult to the pulp. Treatment: observation and eventual extraction. If diagnosed early, root canal treatment may be feasible.

Answer 390

1.Oxygen source 2.Disposable plastic airways 3.Adrenaline 1in 1000 injection 4.Pulse oximeter 5.Glucose 6.Glyceryl trinitrate spray 600 mcg 7.Short-acting bronchodialator and space 8.Aspirin 9.Blood pressure monitor 10.Blood glusode monitor 11.Automated external defibrillator

Answer 391

1. Tobacco 2. Alcohol 3. Betel-quid (tobaco in a different form) - bucal sulcus 4. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 5. Ultraviolet radiation

Answer 392

1. Haemangioma 2.Fibroepithelial epulis 3. Pyogenic granuloma 4. Peripheral giant cell granuloma 5. Calcifying fibroblastic granuloma

Answer 393

Discuss with tutor if rest seats are required Try on special tray and see if border molding is needed Rest seats cut Request impression material and prepare tray with adhesive Load the mono/heavy body in the tray Load light body imp material on teeth or rest seats Seat tray and wait If constructing full denture, create a second layer with light body Remove the impression Assess and wash blood and debris If it is alginate cover with damp immediately

Answer 394

1.As an acute exacerbation of untreated perio 2.During periodontal therapy or immediately after scaling 3.In refractory periodontitis (low response to treatment) 4.Due to dislodgement of calculus 5.Treatment with antibiotics but without debridement – change in subgignival microbiota leading to superinfection

Answer 395

It is the fracture that involves the alveolar bone and may extend to adjacent bones. Treatment: 1. Reposition any displaced segment 2. Stabilise the segment by splinting the teeth with a passive and flexible splint for 4 weeks 3. Suture gingival lacerations 4. No root canal treatments 5. Monitor the pulp contion of all teeth involved

Answer 396

It is a fracture confined to enamel and dentin with pulp exposure Treatments: Immature roots: partial pulpotomy or pulp capping to preserve pulpal health and cause apexogenesis (vital pulp therapy) Mature roots: partial pulpotomy and if post required to restore, root canal treatment should be considered

Answer 397

1. At least two proximal sites not on the same tooth with attachment loss of 6mm or more 2. At least one such sites have pockets of 5mm or more

Answer 398

1.Soft tissue resection if there is an overgrowth of tissues 2.Soft and hard tissue resection if bone level is incorrect height

Answer 399

It is a classification of instruments depending on their level of causing infection during their use, example is: 1. Critical – using a perio-probe for surgical procedures – anything that pierces the mucosa must be sterilized and recorded (ideally) 2. Semi-critical – single use items such as micro-brushes or curing light with a sleeve – you need to clean it but you might not need to sterilize it 3. Non-critical – example is bib chains – they come in contact with intact ski

Answer 400

White is dense and black is low density

Answer 401

1. Intra-coronal - inlays or onlays 2. Extra-coronal - crowns or veneers

Answer 402

It is a condition where the predisposing factors such as: 1. Rheumatic heart disease 2. Prosthetic valves or use of prothetic material in repair of valves 3. Previous Endocarditis 4. Unrepairde cynotic defects 5. Repaired but residual cynotic defects 1. bacteremia - introduction of bacteria in the blood stream result in adherence of bacteria to the endocardium 2. Fomation of infective vegetations 3. Resulting in valve destruction, embolic events and heart failure

Answer 403

1.Darkening of the roots 2.Interruption of the white line 3.Diversion of the mandibular canal 4.Deflection of the roots 5.Narrowing of the roots 6.Dark and bifid roots 7.Narrowing of mandibular canal

Answer 404

They are adults over 65 that lost some independence but still live in community with help of family and friends and might use professional support

Answer 405

1. Anticoagulants - warfarin 2. Antiplatelet - clopidogrel 3. Target-specific oral anticoagulatns - apixaban

Answer 406

1. Observation: - Mangaing lifestyle risk factors - Regular follow-ups -Clinical risk assessment Excision - Cold-knife excision - Cryosurgery - CO2 laser ablation - Photodynamic therapy

Answer 407

1. Consult + alginates 2. Secondary impressions 3. Bite reg + shade, mould selection 4. Try-in 5. Insert 6. Reviews Book all with 2 weeks gap

Answer 408

3-5mg of fluoride/Kg. Toospase has 1mg/g. Meaning a 10kg baby needs about 30mg or 30 grams.

Answer 409

Class 1 – Bucco-lingual deficiency Class 2 – vertical deficiency Class 3 – combination

Answer 410

1.Xenografts – from different species like Bio-gide (porcine, little pig) 2.Synthetic – Polyglyclolic like Vicryl sutures

Answer 411

A defined radiolucency that occurs in the palate

Answer 412

It can result in renal insufficiency and painful lytic lesions in the mandible as a result it may lead to pathological fractures

Answer 413

They have concluded that in general, oral health deteriorates with age

Answer 414

First 7-10 days - Root canal treatment & calcium hydroxide for upto 4 weeks Weight and height measurments 2 weeks - splint removal 4 weeks - radiographs 3 months -radiographs 6 months - radiographs 1 year - radiographs Yearly - radiographs upto 5 years and better beyond

Answer 415

Negatively. In general, smoking does: 1. Affect tissue vasculature by reducing oxygenation 2. Interferce with immune function 3. Causes changes in subgingivalal fluora 4. Increase the number of periodontal pathogens

Answer 416

1. Demineralisation of hydroxyapatite - and uptake of fluoride by demineralised dentine and enamel to form flurapatite 2. Formation of calcium fluoride and it could act as a slow releasing fluoride reservoirs

Answer 417

Aesthetic reasons Functional reasons Convivence taking occlusal record Mandatory requirements – caries and perio free on abudment teeth Material of choice: acrylic

Answer 418

1. Individualism - independent decision making 2. Collectivism - utilising family members or other in making medicla decisions

Answer 419

South Australian Equal Opportunity Act 1984

Answer 420

1. Border 2. Depression

Answer 421

Small field and whole jaw

Answer 422

Root fracture is a type of fracture that involves dentine, pulp and cementum. Treatment: 1. Always reposition the coronal segment ASAP and check radiographically 2. Stabilise the coronal segment with a passive and flexible splint for 4 weeks. If cervical, for 4 months 3. No endo immediately 4. Endo might be needed for the coronal aspect with use of apexification 5. In mature teeth with cervical fractures above the alveolar crest

Answer 423

Occlusal approaching

Answer 424

1.Poorly-defined margin 2.Long zone of transition 3.Periosteal reaction may be extensive 4.Bone often destroyed 5.Permeative appearance 6.Soft tissue involvement is common

Answer 425

1. Estimate the position of the CEJ 2. IDentify the gingival margin 3. Measure the sulcular depth 4. It is exceeds the distance between GM and CEJ than it can be considered a ture pocket 5. If it does not than it is a pseudopocket and the CEJ is covered by gingival

Answer 426

1.Debridement under LA 2.Irrigate area with Betadine (povidone-iodine antiseptic) 3.Chlorhexidine mouth rinse twice daily for a week 4.Investigation of causative factors 5. If systemic symptoms exist – amoxicillin 500mgs tds+ metronidozole (very important for your anaerobic bacteria) 400 mgs bs x 5-days. You need to debride prior to this as the antibiotic will not be able to penetrate the biofilm througb the crevicular fluid!

Answer 427

Porphyromonas Gingivalis and Treponema denticola. P. Gingivalis - gram-negaitve, anaerobic, rod shaped bacteria T. Denticola - gram negative, obligate anaerobe (killed by oxygen), spirochaete bacteria.

Answer 428

1. Infection or inflammation in the region causes pH to drop 2. Concentration of the unionised (lipophilic RN) decreases 3. Areas of inflammation also jave increase blood supply due to vasodialation - thus increase LA washout

Answer 429

TempBond Clear – dual cure cements

Answer 430

GIC RMGIC Resins Adhesive resin Zinc phosphate Zinc polycaboxylate

Answer 431

Type of saddle Support of the denture Specify abutment tooth/teeth Draw rest seats Specify clasps Specify the extension of the denture Fill lab and draw desing

Answer 432

1. Examine for quality of the image first - check image sharpness, contrast and density 2. Examine the image for patient preperation and positioning 3. Examine the image fro diagnostic purposes - are structure examined well displayed?

Answer 433

Occlusal vertical dimension. The distance between two selected anatomic or marked points (usually one on the tip of the nose and the other on the chin) when in maximal intercuspal position; syn, VERTICAL DIMENSION OF OCCLUSION

Answer 434

1. Papillary - any small growth projectin into a cavity 2. Verrucous - warty surface appearance (small hyperkeratinised projections) 3. Epulis - lump on the gum non-neoplastic

Answer 435

For denture repair! Use only alginate and leave the denture in the impression

Answer 436

Hydrophilic monomers or polymerizable resin added to conventional GIC making a dual reaction that is based on acid for GIC and chemical/light for resin polymerisation Less moisture sensitive Curing shrinkage Higher compressive strength and tensile strength Volumetric expansion – bad for veneers and ceramic crowns Not good long term Film thickness and adhesion similar to GIC

Answer 437

Odontogenic keratocyst is a well-defined sclerotic which causes less jaw expansion and grows along the jaw bone.

Answer 438

It is a coronal fracture involving enamel and dentine without pulp exposure. Treatment: if the tooth fragment available, soak it in saline for 20 minutes, use GIC or resin to bond it. If 0.5mm away from pulp, place an indirect pulp cap with calcium hydroxide.

Answer 439

1. Misisipi 2. 55 and 33 3. Emma

Answer 440

It is a process that is not fully understood. It commences at the sub-gingival location and spreads through out the tooth in all directions. According to Prof Heithersay, it can be classified as Class I-IV using a PA. Class I-II are better treated with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to the resorbing tissues followed by curettage of the defect and restored with glass ionomer cement. Result are usually quite good. Class III might need adjunt treatment such as root canal treatment. Class IV have undpredictable outcomes and patient need to be made aware of future issues and probable extraction

Answer 441

Indications: Pocket depth reduction associated with horizontal bone loss and adequate width of keratinised mucosa and gingival hyperplasia Contraindications: Lack of keratinised mucosa and presence of vertical defects especially in aesthetic area

Answer 442

1. Wishes, instruction and preferences for future health care, residential, accommodation and/or personal matters 2. outcomes or intervention a person wishes to avoid 3.'binding provisions' or refusal of health care 4. Appoint one or more Substitute Decision-Makers

Answer 443

This is a minor aphthous ulcer - which one of the most common ulcer of infectious origin. It usually occurs in non-keratinised mucosa, it is shallow and rounded. It has erythematous margins and yellowish floor

Answer 444

15 mm for cast clasps 7 mm for wrought clasp

Answer 445

It is providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions. Remember, moderating factors for patients are different, thus your treatment should be different.

Answer 446

They are adults that live in the community unassisted, over 65 that might have two or more medical conditions

Answer 447

Type 4 are 2 process parasmter indicator. they react to two seperate processes of the sterilisation cycle such as temperature and pressure. Disadvantage: If one of the processes fail, the indicator will not be able to show it. Thus, either of the two components have failed or both of them have failed. This can create confusion and hinder the resolution of the sterilisation machine problem.

Answer 448

1. Prosthetic cardiac valve 2. prosthetic material for valve repair 3. previous infective endocarditis 4. Congenetive heart disease but only if it involved: unrepaired cyanotic residual defect and repaired defect with residual defects 5. Rheumatic heart disease

Answer 449

1. Drop shaped rete pegs 2. Irregular eppithelial stratification 3. Loss of polarity in basal cells 4. Increased number of mitotic figures 5. SUPERFICIAL MITOSES

Answer 450

1. Open disclosure 2. Incident reporting

Answer 451

1.Check periodontal heatlh 2.Gingival width and thickness 3.Thickness of radicular bone 4.Probing sulcular depth 5.Aesthetic evaluation 6.Radiographic exam

Answer 452

At denture try in – teeth can still be resent. After the denture is fabricated, it is nearly impossible to reseat the teeth.

Answer 453

Determenistic - cell death Stocastic - cell alteration resulting in cancer

Answer 454

1. Respectful and non-judgmental communication 2. Emotional safety 3. Trust and providing opportunity for choice and collaboration 4. Empowernment 5. Respect for diversity

Answer 455

Essentially experienced related to the talk. These experiences can be feeling demeaned, diminished or disempowered as well as talk that challenged or reoriented the relationship between Indigenous people and the health system.

Answer 456

When we see more then 3mm of gingiva past the gingival margin in a person.

Answer 457

It is a person who is receiving healthcare from a registered health practitioner and also including their parent/carer/other family members.

Answer 458

Using the denture itself, apply a heavy material and after using that impression apply ligth material and take the impression again. This is used for reline.

Answer 459

Always use membrane in GBR. Non-resorbable reinforced or non-reinforced. Resorbable. Non-resorbable membrane require additional bone cover or extra material unlike reinforce

Answer 460

Fusobacterium Nucleatum. F. Nucleatum is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium.

Answer 461

Both internala nd external resorptions

Answer 462

1.Build up of palatal wall with dentine shade 2.Apply the needed maverick colours with use of bonding resin and stains. Separate the two and use with probe to dip into both and apply to the needed translucent halo area. 3.Layer with body shade 4.Layer the most superficial layer with enamel shade

Answer 463

Not one size fits all. Make treatment plan specific for the person.

Answer 464

Flat filtrum Hollowing of the cheeks Collapsed appearance of the jaws The distance between the tip of the nose and tip of the chin reduced Increased naso-labial grooves Increased marionette lines

Answer 465

1.Beam hardening – streaks arising from very dense objects 2.Scatter – soft streaking 3.Motion – blurry or double vision 4.Poor machine care – multiple artifacts 5.Faulty detector – rind around the jaw

Answer 466

1. Deep breathing 2. Muscle relaxation (like progressive msucle relaxation)

Answer 467

0.25mm undercut for cobal chrome 0.5 mm for wrought wire

Answer 468

1. Acute: - Atrophic (denture or antiotic-associated) - Pseudomembranous condidosis - thrush 2. Chronic -Atrophic -Hyperpastic 3. Mucocutaneous - Usually T cell deficiency

Answer 469

Check denture on articulator Try dentures, check aesthetics and pronunciation – check occlusion with articulating paper Show patient dentures Obtain patient's consent to process the denture Draw post dam line and lab form prescription Send back to lab to process the denture

Answer 470

1. Periodontitis is on the rise due to higher retention of teeht and other factors 2. Indigenous population are at very high risk of periodntitis at about 87.5/100 indigenous people have periodontitis 3. The socio-economic gap in widening

Answer 471

It is an uncapsulate lesion with infiltrative growth and stellate and spindle. Occurs as bubbly in appearance.

Answer 472

Australian Human Rights Commision Act Age Discrimintation Act 2004 Disability Discrimination Act 1992

Answer 473

Disability is the result of environmental, attitudinal or organisation barriers. This social model of disability is the current widely accepted model. An impairment may not necessarily lead to disability, if the individual functions in an inclusive and accessible environment.

Answer 474

1. Order of toxicology report for recent drug use 2. Order a blood cell count (full blood count test) 3. Order blood glucose level test if they have diabetes 4. Order IV antibiotics to reduce the chance of infection as well as IV fluids and alagesia 4. Order 1 bag of blood if need, tho not very common for facial fracutre surgery 5. Contact naethetis and book an operating room

Answer 475

Kennedy 3 and 4

Answer 476

It is an approach to engaging people with histories of trauma that recognise the presence of trauma symptoms and acknowledges the role that trauma has played in their lives.

Answer 477

It is when tooth is hit and concussed. It is tender to percussion but otherwise okay Treatment: No treatment just monitor

Answer 478

Referral to specialist – IMMEDIATE. They will perfomr debridement and curettage of the area in association with high dose antibiotics.

Answer 479

Periapical abcess (at the apicies of the tooth) or periodontal abscess (lateral to the root of the tooth)

Answer 480

1. Yellowstone mix is homogenous and smooth - think streakless mix with minimal airbubles 2. Yellowstone has set adequately before removal of impression - think smooth surface with no drag lines 3. Adequate amount of yellowstone - think good anatomy, no airbubles, good thickness 4. Articulation of models - no soft tissue or air bubble interference

Answer 481

1. Uknown reaction more than 10 years ago 2. Childhood exanthem, unlear details with no evidence of hospitalisation 3. Diffuse or localise rash with no other symptoms after 24 hours after strating the antibiotic more than 10 years ago. This make the risk of rash on re-exposing about 5%.

Answer 482

Benefits: aesthetics, preservation of OVD Limitations: Unpredictable, painful, number of appointment and cost

Answer 483

Working time of 2-3 minuts Water loss and abosrption Low modulus of elasticity High compression strength – use in areas of low masticatory action Chemical bonding to tooth Good translucency Fluoride release Low film thickness Poor wear resistance

Answer 484

1. Excessive gingival display 2. Sever wear secondary to bruxism 3. Exposure of sound tooth structure for proper restorative therapy. This includes, rem pros, fix pros and endo.

Answer 485

1. Exabite - best for good dentition 2. Modeling wax 3. Copper wax 4. Wax rims - best for edentulous

Answer 486

Regeneration involved the placmenet of a physical/biological barrier to ensure that the root surface becomes repopulated with cementum, PDL and bone. The placment of the physical/barrier permits the growth of bone and PDL cells rather than epithelial or gingival connective tissue into the periodontal defect.

Answer 487

Go for the anterior strap as it easier to replace those teeth later on and it helps with gagging

Answer 488

1. High BP 2. Abnormal kidney and lvier function 3. prior stroke 4. history of bleeding or bleeding disorders 5. Drugs predisposing to bleeding 6. Poor anticoagulatn control 7. Alchohol consumption

Answer 489

Type 1 - thick bone phenotype Type 2 - thin buccal bone phenotype

Answer 490

To enhance comfort whilst facilitating completion of the planned procedure

Answer 491

1. Pocket depth reduction 2. Removal of hyperplastic tissue: idiopathic or induced by medication

Answer 492

Major connectors Minor connectors Direct/indirect retainers Denture base Denture teeth

Answer 493

Class 6 – measuring time, steam and temperature. Class 1 – not great because it only shows temperature. Class 4 – used in SAD

Answer 494

1. Impaired vitamin K metabolism 2. XS fibrinolysis 3. Failure to synthesis or over consumption of normal clotting factors 4. poorly synthesised clotting factors 5. Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)

Answer 495

topically, 2 times per year. Use Riva Star

Answer 496

Biodentine from Septodont

Answer 497

1. Innate fight or flight response 2. Vulnerability aspect 3. Fear 4. Self-image issues 5. Worry that patient might still file a complaint 6. Lack of confidence

Answer 498

In general, the relationship is considered to be bi-directional. Poor glycemic control = periodontal disease

Answer 499

Miconazole 2% gel 2.5 mL topically then swallowed, 4 times a day after food, 7 to 14 days, continue treatment for at least 7 days after symptoms resolve OR Nystatin liquid 100000 units/mL 1 mL topically after food, 7 to 14 days, continue treatment for at least 2-3 days after symptoms resolve

Answer 500

1.Oral candida 2.Hoarse voice 3.Rash

Answer 501

1.Ovoid elevation of the gingival along lateral aspect of the root 2.Oedematous, red gingiva with calculus usually present 3.Pus coming out of the gingival margin 4.Increased tooth mobility 5.Pain on plapation 6.Some systemic symptoms may be observed 7. Pulp sensibility testing 8. Radiographic analysis using a gutta percha 9. Absence of caries

Answer 502

1.Debride area under operculum using monoject 2.Place patient on chlorexidine for a week 3.If major or systemic symptoms give amoxicillin in combination with metronidazole for one week 4.If it is recurring and tooth has a terrible position – extraction or operculectomy

Answer 503

1. Less then 2mm bone loss over 5 years 2. Bone loss to age ratio between 0.25 to 1.0 non inclusive radiographically (ie for a 50 year old patient the range is around 12.5-49.9 percent) 3. Heavy biofilm deposit and periodontal destruction are roughly equal thus following a pattern of more biofilm=more destruction 4. Smoking less then 10 cigarettes per day 5. HBA1c level of less then 7.0 in diabetic patient

Answer 504

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is an area of exposed bone in the jaw persisting for more than 8 weeks in a patient currently or previously treated with an antiresorptive drug, an antiangiogenic drug or romosozumab, who has not received radiation therapy to the craniofacial region. Antiresorptive drugs include bisphosphonates and denosumab. Antiangiogenic drugs (eg bevacizumab, cabozantinib, lenvatinib, sunitinib) interfere with the formation of new blood vessels, and are used in the treatment of some malignancies. Romosozumab, a sclerostin antibody inhibitor, increases bone formation and bone mineral density.

Answer 505

Solitary lesion, well-defined bu non-corticated with irregular margins. DESTROYS BONE AND LEAVES THE FLOATING TOOTH APPEARANCE. Periosteal new bone formation is common.

Answer 506

1. Inability to breath, speak, cry or cough 2. Agitation, gripping of the throat 3. Cyanosis 4. Bulging of the neck veins 5. rapid development of respiratory failure 6. Loss of consciousness

Answer 507

Lesion consists of a lucent centre and a thin, well-defined sclerotic rim. Cortical bone destruction may occur if cyst becomes too big.

Answer 508

Use this scheme 1. Developmental origin 2. Inflammatory origin 3. Hyperplastic origin 4. Degenerative origin 5. Hormonal origin 6. Neoplastic origin 7. Idiopathic origin DIHDHNI

Answer 509

1.Resective surgery – pocket depth reduction and removal of hyperplastic tissues 2.Access Flap Surgery 3.Periodontal regeneration 4.Mucogingival surgery 5.Implant surgery

Answer 510

1. Decay and periodontal disease 2. Trauma 3. Pathological causes 4. Radiotherapy 5. Impacted or congenital missing teeth

Answer 511

Dentists who record OPG radiographs must take responsibility for all non-dental diagnosis from such images or alternatively have them assessed on referral by an oral radiologist or medical radiologist and include this cost in their estimate of fees to the patient.

Answer 512

Check aesthetics, comfort and function Check occlusion If the denture is loose – bend the clasps IF there is food impaction under denture – check denture retention and stability

Answer 513

Quantitative or qualitative

Answer 514

Cost related to treatment

Answer 515

1. Type of periodontal disease 2. Disease extent 3. Stage 4. Grade 5. Current disease status 6. Risk factor profile E.g. Periodontitis: generalized (65%), Stage III (CAL <10 mm), Grade C (HbA1c 8.9%), currently unstable (PPD <8mm, BOP 45%). Risk factors: uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c 8.9%), smoking 20 cig/day, high strss levels (change in work)

Answer 516

Sub-epithelial connective tissue graft (very good results with this technique) Free gingival graft (unaesthetic as it creates white patches) taken from the palate Advanced flap: Coronally repositioned flap Rotational flap: Lateral sliding flap (creates recession in another tooth)

Answer 517

1.Teeth with extensive periodontal involvement 2.Risk of sever furcation exposure 3. Effect on aesthetics 4.Extensive caries in furcation areas or poor endodontic status of the tooth 5.Apical extent of fracture 6. Unfavorable furcation location

Answer 518

1. Signed informed consent 2. Indications of Use 3. Nitrous oxide dosage in percent of N2O and O2 with flow rates and duration of the procedure 4. Patient response

Answer 519

D sound like th

Answer 520

To define any fine points of bone loss around the tooth through systematic approach to probing.

Answer 521

1. Block dentinal tubules - using restorations or protective coverings 2. Block nerve activity - stanous fluoride and potassium nitrate 3. Remove the cause - erosion and toothbrushing technique change

Answer 522

1. Clean the root surface and apical foramen with saline 2. Administer LA 3. Irrigate the socket with saline 4. Examine the socket 5. Replant the tooth slowly 6. Suture lacerations 7. Varify normal position with a radiograph 8. Apply splint for 1-2 weeks 9. Immidiatley or shortly after replatation, apply corticosteroid+antibacterial dressing (e.g. odontopaste) to the tooth for atr leats 2 weeks

Answer 523

Mandible, fibrous capsule gives a thin raiolucent halo. Rapid expansion and tooth displacement. May contain abnormal bone and cementum like tissue.

Answer 524

1.Patient need to be elidgible – no EMERINT PROSGENINT OR EMERREPAIR COCs 2.Consent – multiple appoitments, replacemen of restoration, upredictable, not stable and retreatment may be possible. Cervical resorption may occur 3.Titanium – 117- application of internal bleaching, 990-subsequent application of internal bleaching 4.Remove extrinsic staining 5.Record pre-op shade 6.Rubber dam 7.Remove restorative mamterial from access cavity, keep stained dentine 8.Remove endodontic filling 1-2mm below CEJ 9.Seal the access to the endodontic filling wit 2mm of GIC or cavit 10.Etch pulp chamber, rinse and dry 11.Mix sodium perborate with water until stiff paste is formed 12.Place into the labila surface of the access cavity 13.Cover the bleach with cotton pellet and seal with cavit or GIC 14.Repeate steps of bleaching every 7 days untile desired colour is achieved 15.Remove all bleaching material an rinse throughly 16.Record post-op shade 17.No definite resoration for 7 days because enamel might have been weakened

Answer 525

Indications: Pocket depth reduction associated with horizontal bone loss and adequate width of keratinised mucosa, gingival hyperplasia especially in aesthetic areas Contraindications: Lack of keratinised mucosa

Answer 526

Saddle Support Retention Connectors Simplification

Answer 527

Well-defined border in posterior body or angle of mandible.

Answer 528

1.Darkening of the roots 2.Interruption of the white line 3.Diversion of the mandibular canal 4.Deflection of the roots 5.Narrowing of the roots 6.Dark and bifid roots 7.Narrowing of mandibular canal

Answer 529

Periodontal leisons are considered to be a renewing reservoir for the systemic sprea of bacteria, antigens, cytokines other pro-inflammatory mediators. Example: CV disease, Cereborvascular disease, respiratory disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes, rheumatoid arthritits, osteoporosis, obesity/nutritional status, dementia

Answer 530

1. Call 000 2. Reassure the patient and ask them to relax, breete deeply and try to dislodge the object by coughing 3. If coughing is ineffective - give upto 5 back blows between the shoulder blades - check between each hit 4. If the back blows dont work, do 5 chest thrust similar to CPR 5. Continue until assistance arrives

Answer 531

1. Internal inflammatory root resorption (apical or intraradicular) 2. External inflammatory root resorption 3. Communication internal-external inflammatory resorption

Answer 532

1.Time efficiency – kids do not like to sit in the chair for too long 2.Behaviour management techniques: Modelling for the first visit, Tell-Show-Do to reduce anxiety, Voice control do not yell, Use of appropriate language to the kid like euphemism (sleep juice from a magic wand), monitoring the child for sense of control, distractions with triplex or wrigling the toes, positive reinfocement, systemic desensitazantion (a bit advanced and for older children because they realise that fear is irrational), behaviours shaping where you slowly shape the child behaviour from non-cooperative to cooperative with ability to retrace your steps 3.If the kids is dangerous, you can use aversie conditioning BUT NOT IN AUSTRALIA you can just do GA 4.Do not do the treatment if child does not cope with it, it is about quality treatment and overall positive treatment outcomes

Answer 533

1. Social responsibilities and professionalism 2. Communication and leadership 3. Critical thinking 4. Health promotion 5. Scientific and clinical knowledge 6. Person-centred care

Answer 534

Excessive saliva is nomrmal It may feel bulky and alter speecha and taste Food might get stuck under denture Might have a high spot or ulcer – DO NOT CONTINUE IF AN ULCER FORMS Remove denture and clean after meals Brush denture as brushing teeth Wear religously if you can

Answer 535

1.5mmx1.5mm with 1.5mm occlusal depth. Meaning if the occlusal is 1.5mm no prep is needed

Answer 536

This chronic hyperplastic candidiasis. It is usually a single, fixed, white or mix of white and red patch that syays when whipped. May occur anywhere but common sites are the tongue and buccal mucosa.

Answer 537

Session 1:First impression, history, examination, X-rays, consent and tretament plan debridment, improvement in OHI and diet, Prophylaxis and fissure sealants if possible. If too much suggest GA. Session 2: RA + Q1 Session 3: RA + Q2 Session 4: RA + Q3 Session 5: RA + Q4 3 months recall, more treatment if need

Answer 538

1.Facial trauma, frontal force 2.Transverse fracture – occurs if dentine, cementum and pulp involved, if enamel is also involved – it is a crown root fracture 3.Take radiograph and do all of the test 4.Reparative tissue in a form of tertiary dentine is laied down in the fracture area 5.Over time – root canal stenosis may occur – pulpal tissue will be replaced with deposited hard tissue through "buldging hard tissue" with prior joining of fracture line with fibrous connective tissue - this is done primarily by the pulp - the reparative capacity of dental hard tissue should not be underestimated

Answer 539

Guided tissue regeneration refers to fixing the defects assosciated with loss of alveolar bone around teeth.

Answer 540

1. Periodontal abscess 2. Necrotising periodontal disease like NG and NP 3. Endo-perio lesions 4. Pericoronitis 5. Ulcerations/oral pathology which presents on gingiva

Answer 541

Biological ageing takes into account individual differences and mainly reflects the relationship between biological maturationa or deterioration and changes in an individual's ability to adapt and perform specific physica, cognitive and social tasks.

Answer 542

1. Fewer Australian are now edentate 2. More people are retaining some of their natural teeth into old age 3. While more older people are retaining natural teeth they report their oral health is only fair/poor 4. More people are avoiding or delaying dental treatment due to cost

Answer 543

1. Gas delivery machine – continuous flow of O2 and N2O, minimum 2.5L/minute, for children 4-5/L 2. Nasal hood – various sizes and flavours 3. Inflatable bag – provide source of additional gas, mechanisms for patient respiration, in emergency used as a method of providing positive pressure oxygen 4. Scavenging system – to trap experied gas by the patient 5. O2 flush valve – in emergency to provide jet ventilation, can cause barotrauma

Answer 544

1.Lips – competence, colours, pigmentation of the skin, filtrum, skin pores, fine facial hair, vermillion border demarketion 2.Incisor display – how much of the teeth is shown 3.Tooth form and shade of teeth 4.Symmetry of the smile 5.Gingival condition 6.Opacity of incisal ridges

Answer 545

It is a type of resorption that is defined as minor areas of resorption of the dentin walls of the root canal. It is believed to be transient and self-limiting.

Answer 546

1. Interdental crestal margin 2. Distance from contact point to interdental bone 3. Root length 4. Root morphology 5. Furcation location or root trunk length 6. Interdental width 7. Apical extend of caries, prior restorations, fractures or root perforations

Answer 547

Look at the denture and try in patient mouth Check esthetics Check phonetics – make them count to 25 or say missisipi a few tmes Check occlusion – with horseshoe paper and it need to be very balanced Check fittin surface using PIP SHow to patient Ask patient how they feel, any tissue impingment Let them know that excessive salivais possible

Answer 548

1.Debride area under operculum using monoject 2.Place patient on chlorexidine for a week 3.If major or systemic symptoms give amoxicillin in combination with metronidazole for one week 4.If it is recurring and tooth has a terrible position – extraction or operculectomy

Answer 549

Anterior mandible, well defined with corticaed border. Tooth displacement is common, root resorption is uncommon.

Answer 550

1. Reduction a. Open reduction: Need incision to access the fracture line. For unfavourable fracture and displaced fracture b. Close reduction: No incision. For favourable fracture,children and non-displaced fracture 2. Fixation and immobilization a. Indirect fixation: Intermaxillary fixation aka maxillary mandibular fixation Use dental wiring, arch bar etc b. Direct fixation: use titanium plate and screw

Answer 551

o EPL without root damage o EPL without root damage * Grade 1: narrow deep pocket band on 1 surface * Grade 2: Wide deep pocket band on 1 surface * Grade 3: Wide deep pocket band on 2 surfaces (eg true buccal and the entire mesial surface (MB+ML)

Answer 552

1.Impaction of foreign bodies like orthodontic elastics or popcorn 2.Local factors affecting tooth morphology

Answer 553

First of all, ensure that the aptient had their tetnus shots. Give doxycyclin to children aboe 8 years old for 7 day in doses less than 26 kg - 50mg 26-35 kg - 75mg 35kg+ 100mg If the child is less than 8 years old amoxicillin 500mg, 3 times a day for 7 days + CHx mouthrinse

Answer 554

1. Deteriorating cognitive ability 2. Detiorating physical ability 3. Deteriorating ability for co-operation

Answer 555

At apex bone is replaced with fibrous material. Lesion persistent after extraction.

Answer 556

These are fordyce spots They are sebatious glands in the oral mucosa. Do not biopsy and reassure the patient that this is normal. Pathogenesis: ectoderm refrences

Answer 557

Life-long self-reflection and learning is more appropriate than the notion of finality that terms such as cultural competency. Reduction of power differences and reaching beyond personal comfort zone are essential for cross-cultural communication.

Answer 558

I am sorry that this has happened to you.

Answer 559

1. Internal surface resorption 2. Internal inflammatory resorption 3. Internal replacement resorption

Answer 560

PAIn _ subtle changes in bone density. Bone destruction with sequestration formation.

Answer 561

1. Alternative and augmentive communication devices 2. Speech generative devices 3. Prosthetic devices (OBTURATORS!!!)

Answer 562

1. Site - using anatomical terminology 2. Size - measure with a probe 3. Morphology - elevated, flat or depressed 4. Colour - compare to adjacent normal tissue 5. Consistency - how it feels (ONLY CLINICAL DO NOT SAY THIS IN EXAM), texture - how the surface looks like (PHOTOS ARE APPROPRIATE :))

Answer 563

The prognosis is poor 1. Remove necrotic tissue attached to the root using gauze 2. Treat the tooth with sodium fluoride for 20 minutes 3. LA administration 4. Irrigate the socket 5. Examine the socket for possible fracture and reposition 6. Performed root canal treatment prior or right after reimplantation 7. Stabilise with a passive splint for 2 weeks 8. Suture laceration 9, Verfiy normal position of the tooth

Answer 564

1. To check aesthetics 2. Confirm patient satisfaction 3. Obtain patient's consent to process the denture

Answer 565

1. Interposition of dental HT 2. Interposition of bone and PDl 3. Intrposition of dense fibrous CT 4. Non-healing

Answer 566

1.Mandibular canal 2.Mental foramen 3.Anterior loop of mandibular canal 4.Incisive branch of IAN 5.Lingual canal in the midline

Answer 567

Standard precautions are used to prevent or reduce the likelihood of transmission of infectious agents from one person or place to another, and to render and maintain objects and areas as free as possible from infectious agents. Minimizing the risk of transmission.

Answer 568

Usually from renal, breast, lung, colon and prostate. Affect posterior mandible. Ill-defined, lytic lesions with clear bone destruction.

Answer 569

1. Surgery 2. Radiotherapy 3. Chemotherapy 4. Combination of treatments above

Answer 570

Tranexamic acid is antifibrinolytic which means it prevents breakdown of already created clots. Apixaban inhibits factor Xa which revents fromation of thrombin and consequently fibrin clots, which means is stop coagulation before tranexamic acid can safe the clot, by not creating a clot to begin with. Warfarin works on vitamin K as an antagonist (affecting factors II, VII, IX and X). Which means, it reduces reduces the clotting factors but does not eliminate the. This means that tranexamic acid can work on small amoutn of forming clots.

Answer 571

1.Bone grafts 2.Membranes 3.Growth factors

Answer 572

1. Take the time to talk to your patient 2. Provide smoking cessation materials in the waiting room 3. NRT doubles the chance of success for smoking cessation 4. NRT + behavioural support further increases the chance of success

Answer 573

1. Communication styles 2. Some always agree with a dentla practitioner 3. Approached ot completing tasks 4. Tomorrow will be fine 5. Decision-making styles 6. Attitudes towards disclosure 7. Approaches to knowing

Answer 574

Vita classical – used commonly in many aspects of dentistry – does not sit in the tooth banana nicely thus covers it inconsistently, with some fall outside of the banana, really incosistent value Vita 3D Master Shade Guide – amazing for dentistry – sit nicely in the shade banana, amazing value when shown in black and white when going from 1-5 (5 is darkest thus lowest value) - Number 1 is value, Letter 1 is hue, Last number is chroma A3 and 3m2 is nearly the same colour. Infinitely compatible.

Answer 575

It is the combination of stem cells, scaffold and growth factors that allows for repair of immature permanent teeth. It is not very effective so just use calcium hydroxyde.

Answer 576

Has aggressive growth characteristics. Typically well-defined and radiolucent. Cause root resorption, tooth displacement and bone expansion. Floating tooth appearance.

Answer 577

Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans. AA is a gram negative, facultative anaerobe (can switch to oxygen thus can occur in none deep pockets)

Answer 578

1. Scalpel biopsy - incisional or exitional - most common procedure 2. Fine needle aspiration 3. Core biopsy 4. Exfoliative cytology - taking the gunk and spreading it over a film

Answer 579

1. Extend - localised of generalised 2. Disease - gingivitis 3. Specification - biofilm induced, mediated by pregnancy or leukaemia

Answer 580

Maximal convexity is survey line. In denture design the area below the survey line is used for retention clasp. The area above is used for bracing for stability especially with free-end saddles.

Answer 581

Genital warts in the mouth or Oral Condyloma Accuminatum. It is an infections lesion that can cause transmission through direct contact. It presents as a broad based pink nodule that grows and coalesce (come as one)

Answer 582

It is a similar lesion to the pyogenic granuloma but it also involves bone tissue

Answer 583

1. Abutment - a tooth that serves to support or retain the bridge 2. Pontic - an artificial tooth/teeth on a prosthesis that replaces a missing natural tooth

Answer 584

It is the client speech that favors movement in the direction of change. When clinet says "I wish" or "I want" it is important to reinforce those believes.

Answer 585

Lingual bar – need 4mm space at least below the teeth Lingual plate - need 4mm space at least below the teeth Sublingual bar - need 4mm space at least below the teeth Cingulum bar

Answer 586

Th sound like D

Answer 587

Slow growing lesion full of cementum like tissue. Attached to root apex. Well-defined with cortical border.

Answer 588

1. Sever pain 2. Necrosis of gingival tissues, PDL and alveolar bone 3. Create rlike defects 4. Squestration of pieces of bone may emerge 5. Buccal and alvrolar bone involvement 6. Most common in patient with systemic immunocomprimising conditions such as HIV, sever malnutritiona and other.

Answer 589

1. Provide a source of additional gas should the patient inspire more gas than is being supplied ◦ 2. Provides a mechanism for monitoring the patient’s respiration (watch the expansion and contraction of the bag) and for adjusting the flow (not too stretched or collapsed) 3. Functions in an emergency as a method of providing positive pressure oxygen

Answer 590

Squamous papilloma. An asymptomatic, solitary lesion that is associated with cauliflower like apperance

Answer 591

Usually occurs in patient with hyperthyroidism or use of corticosteroids 6-12 hours after surgica; stress Managment: 1. Call 000 2. Give hydrocortisone 200 mg 3. Think about GIVING MORE STEROID BEFORE PROCEDURES

Answer 592

1. Through deposition of reparative hard tissue 2. Fibrous hard tissue 3. Bone and periodontal ligament 4. No healing and pulp necrosis of the coronal portion (trick question) - this one is pretty rare

Answer 593

1.Pariapical films are adequate. Less than 0.2mm bone loss annually is normal 2.Mobility assessment

Answer 594

 Personal hygiene  Continence management  Dressing  Feeding  Moving

Answer 595

These are conditions that are atrributed to a physical cause or impact on the ability to perform physcial activities such as mobility e.g. deformity of limbs

Answer 596

1. Mild - has basic maths, reading and writtign skills on 3-6 grade level 2. Moderate - rrquries some oversight 3. Severe - can learn skills but can not read and write . Requires daily supervision 4. Profound - requires intensive support

Answer 597

Recruitment of immature cells and stimulation of these cells to develop into pre-osteoblast e.g. bone healing situations

Answer 598

OVD of the denture is lackin, new OVD needs to be calculated: 1. denture may need to be redone with wax calculation 2. Denture may need to be relined 3. Consider a trial denture at new OVD 4. Immidiate, soft reline might be beneficial in shoprt term

Answer 599

Check wax rims on cast Try wax rims in patients mouth Determine incisal negth Check lip support, facial profile and OJ Check facial midline Determine new OVD Trim wax rims to OVD +1mm Check wax rim using Fox bite plane – it needs to be parallel Soften wax rims Patient bite together in centric relation to new OVD – mark mid line, canine line and smile line Wait for about 1 minute Wax rims should be sealed Select mold and shade After write everything on a form "set teeth on..."

Answer 600

1.Improve access to root surfaces 2.Removal of diseased tissues 3.Pocket elimination 4.Regenerative techniques 5.Removal of severely hyperplastic gingival tissues 6.Exploration of defects 7.Restorative-crown lengthening 8.Remove excess tissues

Answer 601

It is the esteem in which Indigenous respondents held talk, both individually and community-wide, with health professional as well as with each other.

Answer 602

Wax rims but if the saddle is small, you can use exabite

Answer 603

It is a salivary inclusion cyst. A well-defined oval lucencies anterior to angle of mandible.

Answer 604

It is OVD. You can calculate it by taking the Resting vertical dimension - 2-4 mm of free way space.

Answer 605

1.If above the mandibular canal – possibly dental origin because only non-dental related pathology occurs bellow the mandibular canal 2.Non-dental lesions are move common in tooth bearing areas

Answer 606

This process can follow luxation injuries and may be associated with TAB

Answer 607

1. Consult + alginates + shade, mould selection 2. Try-in 3. Insert 4. Review if required

Answer 608

o Base line shade o Cause of discoloration (discoloured from haemorrhage, pulp necrosis) o Has the root been RCT? o Colour change is unpredictable, unstable in long term o May require retreatment o Multiple appt o Risk of external invasive resorption o Risk of soft tissue burn

Answer 609

Use slow induction technique – from zero to desired 10% at a time per minute Keep N2O concentration below 50% Reduce concentration N2O If patient falls asleep, turn O2 to 100% Avoid fluctuations Monitor patient closely Use 100% of oxygen for 5 minutes at the end of the session

Answer 610

1. Aboriginal and torres Strait Islander patient are more likely to access services where provider comminicate respectfully and have some understanding of Aboriginal culture and build good relationships with Aboriginal community 2. Where Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander health worker are part of the health care team

Answer 611

Type 1 is known as process indicators. It is used on every pack in every load or on a tray of every unpacked load. It helps to distunguish between processed and unprocessed loads. Diasdvantage: may react at a point of sterilisation that is below the point of adequate sterilisation.

Answer 612

he prognosis is poor 1. Remove necrotic tissue attached to the root using gauze 2. Treat the tooth with sodium fluoride for 20 minutes 3. LA administration 4. Irrigate the socket 5. Examine the socket for possible fracture and reposition 6. Performed root canal treatment prior or right after reimplantation 7. Stabilise with a passive splint for 4 weeks 8. Suture laceration 9, Verfiy normal position of the tooth

Answer 613

Type of trauma-induced tooth resorption. Involves cementum and small amount of dentine.

Answer 614

1. Arginine - Colgate Pro-Relief - immediate closure of dentinal tubules 2. Potassium nitrate - Sensodyne daily care - takes 2-4 weeks and works for erosion 3. Strontium chloride - Sensodyne rapid Relief - immidiate closure of dentinal tubules 4. Novamin - Sensodyne Complete Care - forms artifical enamel when appliead

Answer 615

Posterior mandible. Painless swelling. Ill-defined borderd\s. "Sun-ray" spiculation appearance. Breaks bone.

Answer 616

1.Improve access to root surfaces. 2.Removal of diseased tissues (periodontal pockets or granulation tissue). 3.Elimination of inflammation and pocket activity under LA. Halting the progression of the disease process. This may cause tissue shrinkage. 4. Enhancing of regeneration of periodontal tissue. 5.Removal of severely hyperplastic gingival tissues. This can be done with gingivectomy/gingivoplasty, flap surgery and minor osteoplasty. 6.Exploration of defects and removal of plaque retentive areas. 7.Restorative-crown lengthening. 8.Remove excess tissues after orthodontic extrusion.

Answer 617

Ageing in humans is a multidimensional process of physical, psychological and social change. In terms of oral disease, ageing commonly impact chemo-sensory function. In healthcare, those above the age of 65 is considered to be aged.

Answer 618

Removable dentures Implant – if it is an option Fixed pros Nothing

Answer 619

Rest vertical dimension. The postural position of the mandible when an individual is resting comfortably in an upright position and the associated muscles are in a state of minimal contractual activity syn, PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION, VERTICAL DIMENSION OF REST.

Answer 620

1. Motivational advice 2. Verbal praise, non-verbal such as smile or STICKERS

Answer 621

Consult pateitn, primary impressions Stabilisation fo conditions Scondayr impressions Bite registration Trial denture Extraction and insert Reviews (24 hours, one week, one month. 6 months) Reline (temporary at 4 weeks, 3months with Coe Soft (751/752) and permanent at 6 months (must book with lab))

Answer 622

RULE acronym: 1. Red/white 2.Ulcer 3.Lump Exceeding 3 weeks in duration

Answer 623

It is a qualitative enamel defects of systemic origin, affecting one to four first permanent molars and frequently associated with affected incisors

Answer 624

Reline of full denture

Answer 625

For denture reline

Answer 626

1. Control of habit 2. Might need to treat the underlying stress

Answer 627

It is a coronal fracture involving enamel only with loss of tooth structure Treatment: if tooth fragment is available, bond back on. Alternatively smooth the edges and restore them if needed

Answer 628

They are lesion that occur due to underlying factors such as plaque or use of certain medications such as hypertension medication (calcium channel blockers) or anti-covulsants or immunosupresants. Drug Induced Gingival Overgrowth is one of them

Answer 629

GBR involves the placement of a physical/biological barrier to ensure that the hard tissue deficiency becomes repopulated with bone.

Answer 630

1.FUrcation areas 2.Patients with diabetes – impaired cellular immunited, decreased leukocyte chemotaxis and bactericidal activity

Answer 631

When teeth are lost, the ridge is lost. Furthermore, maxillary sinuses into remaining alveolar bone. Disuse atrophy occurs even if well-fitting dentures are used.

Answer 632

1. Any previous respiratory disressm, swelling of mouth or throat 2. Any history of diffuse rash which comes immediately after starting treatment 3. Diffuse or localised rash which is delayed but occurred less than 10 yearsago Re-exposure may cause anaphylaxis, so non-beta lactam

Answer 633

MDCT – multi detector computer tomography – 200 microSieverts

Answer 634

1. Site - using anatomical terminology 2. Size - measure with a probe 3. Morphology - elevated, flat or depressed 4. Colour - compare to adjacent normal tissue 5. Consistency - how it feels (ONLY CLINICAL DO NOT SAY THIS IN EXAM), texture - how the surface looks like (PHOTOS ARE APPROPRIATE :))

Answer 635

Anyone above 65 statistically but geriatric dentistry refers mainly to function rather than age

Answer 636

This is necrotising gingivitis. It is usualy caused by a presence of an opportunistic bacteria and an underlying stress factor. Clinical features: necrosis of the papilla, sudden onset, ulcer covered by greyish pseudomembrane from surrounding mucosa Treatment: 1. OHI 2. Debridement 3. CHx 4. Metronidozole 400mg 6 hourly for 5-7 days

Answer 637

1. Formation of calcified dome in the tooth 2. Formation of pulp-like tissue and formation and growth of roots 3. Rejection

Answer 638

1. No patient risk factors or dentla procedure with no/low risk - jsut consider liver/renal health and use local measures 2. Patient risk factors and dental procedure low risk - contact GP and try to postpone the drug for 24-48 hours 3. Patient risk factors and high risk dentla procedure - no surgicla treatment

Answer 639

Example of this is Australasian Health Facility Guidlines which set minimal requirement for resources to be allocated to provide facilties for people with special needs to make facilities more inclusive. Example is the Residential Aged Care Emergency (RACE) Dental Service

Answer 640

1. Dental care is a low priority 2. Higher level of dental phobia 3. Reporting being treated with low respect 4. Low number of information and available services

Answer 641

2 hours after 75 grams should be below 11 mmol/L

Answer 642

1. Muscle tightness 2. Sweating 3. Stiff posture 4. holding things tightly 5. other

Answer 643

Overbite and overjet values

Answer 644

To reduce transmission opportunities that may arise due to the specific route of transmission of particular pathogen.

Answer 645

1.Anxiolytic 2.Sedative 3.Hypnotic

Answer 646

1. No dependency - fit, robust adults that exercise regularly 2. Pre-dependency - chronic systemic conditions - treatment plan as normal 3. Low dependency (functionally independent) - some cronic conditions that are affecting oral health - modified treatment planning with for example tooth brushes that are electric 4. Medium dependency (frail elderly) - identified chronic conditions that currently impact on oral health. These patients deman treatment at home or do not have transport to a dental clinic - more invasive prevention might be needed like high fluoride tooth paste 5. High dependency (functionally dependent) - people have complex medical problems preventing them from receiving oral health care at dental clinics. They must be seen at home - emphasisze management of pain and infection

Answer 647

It ranges from restoration of a single tooth to rehabilitation of the entire occlusion. The main aims are: 1. Restore biological health 2. Restore function 3. Restore aesthetics

Answer 648

1.Herpetic gingival lesions 2.Dermatoses 3.Lichen planus

Answer 649

One week after insertion

Answer 650

Clasp or precision

Answer 651

Clindamycin and triamcinolone

Answer 652

1. distrust of govt 2. distrust of medical authorities 3. religious reasons/cultural belief differiing 4. personal beliefs about the nature of their immunity 5. concerns about side effects 6. belief that viral diseases are mild and self limiting 7. parental use of non medical exemptions to bypass vaccination requirements

Answer 653

o Hx o Investigation clinically o Biopsy o Immunofluorescence o Betamethasone 0.05% cream topically 2x/d after meals until symptoms resolve o Diflam mouthrinse (anti-inflammatory) o Refer to OS

Answer 654

1. Acknowledgement of the incident, and offering initiating or signalling the need for open disclosure 2. Preparing for, and engagin in open disclosure discussion, including expressing regret 3. Providing follow up to patient and family/caregiver, including actions taken as a result of the investigation 4. Completing process and maintaining documentation

Answer 655

7-10 mm of crestal bone need to be available to withstand stresses.

Answer 656

1. Presentation of chief concers 2. Information collection - medical history, patietn history, clinical examiantion and special tests 3. Information collation 4. Development of a differential diagnosis - list most likely diagnoses and do specific test to eliminate potential diagnoses 5. Arrive to definitive diagnosis and commence treatment

Answer 657

1. Build healthy public policy - think sugar tax 2. Create supportive environments - think ban of sugary foods in schools 3. Strengthen community action - support your local dental programs such as the indigenous oral health unit 4. Develop personal skills - raising awareness with patients 5. Reorient health services - focus on both high risk and popuation approach

Answer 658

1. Poor oral hygiene and active dental disease 2. Cost 3. Patient's age - young patients who have large pulp chambers which may be exposed 4. Excessive removal of tooth structure

Answer 659

1. Aesthetics 2. Food trapping 3. Trouble with pronouncing S sounds 4. Saliva extrusion

Answer 660

1. Stop treatment 2. Oximeter is placed straight away moderate is above 94%, sever 90-94%, life threatening below 90% 3. f mild – give 4 puffs of salbutamor via spacer 1 puff at a time with patietbreathing in 4 times 4. Wait 4 minutes, if not imrpoving treat as sever or lifethretening 5. Call 000 6. Maximum of 12 puffs but if it is bad even after just keep giving salbutamo with 4 breaths in between before ambulance arrives

Answer 661

RelyX Unicem 2 (dual cure, Self adhesive, capsule) - good but needs real dry field Nexus III (Dual and light cure, total etch, automix and try in gel is available) - good but needs the whole bonding system Panavia F 2.0 (dual cure, adhesive resin) - good but ed primer or alloy primer may cause the mucosa to go white and needs a special bonding system including different primers

Answer 662

Resin cement have better flexural and compressive strength of all other cements Compressive strength for self etch resin is greater than total etch but totral eth has greater flexural strength

Answer 663

1. Reduced dexterity resulting in inability to managem daily oral hygiene 2. Use of cortical steroids increases the risk of adesonian crisis and MRONJ

Answer 664

1. Describe saddles 2. Describe support and draw rests, major connector or plate 3. SPecify abutment tooth/teeth 4. Specify clasps 5. Speicy flanges - gum fitted vs buccal flange 6. Specify the extension 7. Fill lab form and draw design

Answer 665

Miconazole 2% cream topically then swallowed, 2 times a day after food, 14 days, continue treatment for at least 14 days after symptoms resolve

Answer 666

o Anxious pt o Presence of exudate in the pulp chamber o Moisture control o Contact with metal restoration o Contact with gingiva o Vital tissues still present in the partially necrotic teeth or multi-rooted teeth

Answer 667

Partial denture with stable tooth contacts: maximum intercuspal position Partial denture with no tooth contact or unstable contact: centric relation Completed denture: centric relation

Answer 668

o Portion of circumferential coronal dentine that the crown engages o How to get sufficient ferrule on compromised tooth? * Crown lengthening * Build up * Ortho-extrusion

Answer 669

A periodontal dressing or COE pack for 24-48 hours

Answer 670

One or two of the following: 1. ASA class 3 patient 2. Vasoconstrictors intolerance 3. Anxiety 4. Limitation in opening 5. Gagging 6. Moderate pain or swelling 7. extensive differential diagnosis 8. Difficulty in obtaining radiographs 9. 1st molar 10. Moderate inclination - 10-30 degress 11. Soem trouble with rubber dam 12. Coronal distruction or complex restoration 13. Canal morphology is slightly more complex 14. Pulp stones 15. 3-5 mm near the IAN 16. Minimal apical resorption 17. Crown fracture 18. Previous access without complications 19. Endo-perio lesion

Answer 671

A kirkland knife

Answer 672

Slow growing lesion full of cementum like tissue. Attached to root apex. Well-defined with cortical border.

Answer 673

The cells within the cortex are not stimulated to grow by ACTH from petuitary gland. This mean when the exogenous source is depleted, there is no support coming from an endogenous source (ie natural source, self-produced by the body). For example in stress. The usual amount is more than 5mg/day of prednisolone for more than 2 weeks will require more corticosteroid.

Answer 674

1. External surface resorption 2. External inflammatory resorption (apical or lateral) 3. External replacement resorption (transient or progressive) 4. External Invasive Resorption 5. External Pressure Resorption 6. Orthodontic Resorption 7. Physiological Resorption 8. idiopathic Resorption

Answer 675

1. Accurate diagnosis 2. Symptomatic treatment 3. Steroid

Answer 676

If history of epilepsy or seisures is present - please use a bite block on the patient 1. Stop dental treatment 2. Ensure patient is not in danger 3. Turn the patient to the side 4. Avoid restrainning 5. Wait until seizure stops 6. Maintain airways 7. Assess the patient 8. If still unconscious, call 000 and maintain airways

Answer 677

Healing mainly by resorption and ankylosis example of which is reimplantation of denuded root into bony socket

Answer 678

Transient apical breakdown (TAB) is a phenomenon that indicates temporary apical periodontal destruction and root resorption after tooth luxation injuries, followed by the healing process of the dental pulp. This is why in luxation injuries, root canal treatment is usually needed in mature teeth but not always. WATCH FOR SYMPTOMS.

Answer 679

Lesion uniformly lucent with a thin, well-defined sclerotic rim attached to the cemento-enamel junction.

Answer 680

Regeneration involved the placmenet of a physical/biological barrier to ensure that the root surface becomes repopulated with cementum, PDL and bone. The placment of the physical/barrier permits the growth of bone and PDL cells rather than epithelial or gingival connective tissue into the periodontal defect.

Answer 681

Debonded teeth or fractured or chipped tooth

Answer 682

1.Autogenous – harvested from the patient 2.Autollogus – harvested from same species I.e. dead man bone 3.Alloplastic – bioactive glasses like Perioglass (don't really use anymore) 4.Xenografts – harvested from different species I.e. Bio-Oss which is bovine bone (need to inform the patient)

Answer 683

Crown lengthening is a surgical procedure performed to expose a greater height of tooth structure in order to properly restore tooth proshtetically.

Answer 684

Black triangles are bad

Answer 685

Retruded contact position. Most stable and comfortable posion of the mandible regardless of condylar position. It is reproducable

Answer 686

1. Consult + alginates 2. Secondary impressions 3. Frame try-in, bite reg + shade, mould selection 4. Try-in 5. Insert 6. Reviews Book session 2 a fortnight after 1, appointment 3 4 weeks after that

Answer 687

Ask, assess, acknowledge and address that can be used to adress a patient with dental anxiety

Answer 688

Purpose: The CPI is designed to: Identify individuals in a population with periodontal disease. Assess the severity of the disease. Monitor periodontal health trends over time at both community and global levels. Aid in planning public health initiatives related to oral care. Examination Protocol: The CPI uses a specially designed CPI probe (a periodontal probe with a 0.5 mm ball tip), marked at 3.5 and 5.5 mm for easy measurement. The mouth is divided into sextants (six sections): three in the maxilla and three in the mandible. In each sextant, only the worst periodontal condition is recorded, based on clinical indicators such as probing depth, calculus, and bleeding. CPI Codes and Scoring: Each sextant is scored with one of the following codes: Code 0: Healthy – No signs of periodontal disease. Code 1: Bleeding on probing – There is no calculus or periodontal pockets, but the gingiva bleed upon gentle probing. Code 2: Calculus detected – Presence of supragingival or subgingival calculus, but the probing depth is 3.5 mm or less. Code 3: Shallow pockets (4-5 mm) – Probing depth between 3.5 mm and 5.5 mm. Code 4: Deep pockets (≥6 mm) – Probing depth greater than 5.5 mm. Code X: Excluded sextant – Sextant not suitable for scoring (less than two teeth present in a sextant). Code 9: Not recorded – Missing data for the sextant. Interpretation: The highest score in each sextant is recorded, and the periodontal condition of the individual or population is assessed. Higher scores (Code 3 or 4) indicate more severe periodontal conditions, such as periodontal pockets, which require more complex treatment. Lower scores (Code 0 to 2) suggest healthier periodontal status or less severe conditions that might be managed with preventive care.

Answer 689

Advantages: 1. Excellent detail 2. high elastic recovery 3. Excellent dimensional stability 4. Easier to remove than PE 5. Easier disinfect as it takes up less water than PE 6. Taste better than PE Disadvantages: 1. latex contamination or rectraction cords 2. Need better isolation than PE

Answer 690

Advantages: 1. Moderate hydrophilicity thus is excellent in taking impressions in moist environemnts 2. Excellent flowability 3. Amazing reproducability of preperated tooth structure Disadvantages: 1. Taste 2. Sometime too rigid 3. Easily takes up water after impression is taken - dimensional stability may be affected 4. Short wokring time

Answer 691

Ketac Cem or Fuji 1

Answer 692

Fuji Plus or Fuji Cem

Answer 693

Tobacco use Alcohol consumption Poor diet Diabetes Medications Hormonal changes Obesity Stress Insufficient personal/oral hygiene

Answer 694

Anteriorly and laterally: The mandible Medially: The anterior belly of the digastric muscle Superiorly: The mylohyoid muscle Inferiorly: The hyoid bone Below and laterally: The skin, superficial fascia, platysma muscle, and superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia

Answer 695

1. Use gentle labial and lingual pressure digitally to reposition the alveolus 2. Sometimes using a foreceps might be useful 3. Take OPG or PA with tube shifting to determient he position of the bone

Answer 696

usually per kg of weight, you can inject 7mg of compound so for a 60 kg person 60x7 = 420 mg A carpule of 2.2mL of solution around 44mg of lignocaine 2%. So theoractically a max dose is around 420/44= 9.5 carpules or 9 carpules

Answer 697

It is a type of occlusal caries that can only be seen in radiographs and not clinically

Answer 698

1. General measures including weight loss, regular aerobic exercise, nasal decongestants, preventing sleeping in supine position & avoiding sedatives & alcohol near bedtime which can decrease muscular tone in pharynx which can increase collapsibility 2. Continuous positive airway pressure machine (CPAP) to act as a pneumatic stent to create positive intraluminal pressure at all levels from nasal cavity to alveoli 3. Mandibular advancement device which mechanically increase volume of upper airway in retropalatal and retroglossal areas – may stretch TMJ and result in teeth/periodontium/Md &TMJ pain 4. Upper airway surgery using powell-riley protocol w/ 2 stage approach advocating surgical tx to specific regions of airway obstruction

Answer 699

Bilateral palpation of: Plapate the lateral polls wear on teeth limited opening clicking facial muscle tenderness If two are positive, you need to book 30 minute appoitment

Answer 700

Treatment: 1. Patient awareness 2. Physio exercise 3. Splint therapy for 4 months 4.behaviour change

Answer 701

1. Hit the gingival 2. Multi rooted teeth 3. Bad moisture control, 4. Metalic restorations 5. Patient anxiety