sem 1 Flashcards
movements in cervical region
flexion
extension
lateral flexion
rotation
movements in thoracic
rotation
flexion/extension
lateral flexion
movements in lumbar region
flexion
extension
rotation
lateral flexion
movements in lumbar region
flexion
extension
rotation
lateral flexion
main anterior spinal muscles
obliques
rectus abdominis
transverse abdominis
main posterior spinal muscles
erector spinae
vertebra prominens
C7
atlas
C1
axis
C2
spine of scapula
T3
inferior angle of scapula
T7
summit of iliac crest
L5
where is lumbar puncture performed, what does it sample
samples CSF between L3 and L4 or L4 and L5
performed here because spinal cord ends around L2 so done just below where it ends
which interspinous distance is greatest
lumbar
why is patient asked to flex spine when lumbar puncture being done
increase space between spinous processes
does spinal cord extend further in child or adult
child
two main parts of IV disc
nucleus palposus
annulus fibrosus
disc prolapse/herniated disc/slipped disc
when nucleus pulposus herniates and protrudes emerging nerve
what causes disc prolaps
most often degeneration
filum terminale
attaches to dural sac inferiorly
serves as anchor for inferior ends of spinal cord and dural sac
what makes up grey matter of spinal cord
neural cell bodies
what makes up white matter of spinal cord
nerve axons and neuroglia
white colour given due to myelination of some nerve axons
meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
primary function of meninges
protect and cushion CNS
dural sac terminates where in an adult
caudally at S2
conus medullaris
termination of adult spinal cord at L1-L2
space between dura and arachnoid mater
subdural space
space between arachnoid and pia mater
subarachnoid space contains CSF
space between dura mater and vertebral bodies
epidural space
arterial blood supply of spinal cord comes via
spinal arteries arising from aorta and its branches , which supply cord along its length
vertebral venous plexus
drains both vertebrae and spinal cord
found in fatty tissue between dura and vertebra ie in epidural space
spinal nerve
mixed carrying motor, sensory and autonomic signals between spinal cord and rest of body
somatic fibres
supply voluntary muscles and body wall structures
autonomic fibres
supply involuntary structures eg organs, involuntary muscles and glands
where do sympathetic nerve fibres emerge from
lateral horn cells
where are lateral horn cells located
T1-L2
thoracic duct
commences at L1 as cysterna chyli
ascends on vertebral bodies between azygos vein and aorta on R side of posterior thoracic wall below T4
at T4 crosses VC to L side of thoracic bodies and drains into medial end of L subclavian vein
what belong to axial skeleton
ribs
vertebrae
sacrum
what belong to appendicular skeleton
clavicle
hip bone
tibia
composition of bone : two densities and marrow
two densities = compact and spongy
marrow (medullary) cavity
classification of bones
long short flat pneumatic sesamoid irregular
function of sesamoid bone
protect tendons from excessive wear
parts of long bone
proximal epiphysis metaphysis diaphysis metaphysis distal epiphysis
which osteogenic cells are found in periosteum
osteoblasts
hyaline cartilage location
ribs
nose
trachea
elastic cartilage location
external ear
epiglottis
fibrous cartilage location
IV discs
certain ligaments
