sem 1

Question 1

movements in cervical region

Answer 1

flexion
extension
lateral flexion
rotation

Question 2

movements in thoracic

Answer 2

rotation
flexion/extension
lateral flexion

Question 3

movements in lumbar region

Answer 3

flexion
extension
rotation
lateral flexion

Question 4

movements in lumbar region

Answer 4

flexion
extension
rotation
lateral flexion

Question 5

main anterior spinal muscles

Answer 5

obliques
rectus abdominis
transverse abdominis

Question 6

main posterior spinal muscles

Answer 6

erector spinae

Question 7

vertebra prominens

Answer 7

C7

Question 8

atlas

Answer 8

C1

Question 9

axis

Answer 9

C2

Question 10

spine of scapula

Answer 10

T3

Question 11

inferior angle of scapula

Answer 11

T7

Question 12

summit of iliac crest

Answer 12

L5

Question 13

where is lumbar puncture performed, what does it sample

Answer 13

samples CSF between L3 and L4 or L4 and L5

performed here because spinal cord ends around L2 so done just below where it ends

Question 14

which interspinous distance is greatest

Answer 14

lumbar

Question 15

why is patient asked to flex spine when lumbar puncture being done

Answer 15

increase space between spinous processes

Question 16

does spinal cord extend further in child or adult

Answer 16

child

Question 17

two main parts of IV disc

Answer 17

nucleus palposus

annulus fibrosus

Question 18

disc prolapse/herniated disc/slipped disc

Answer 18

when nucleus pulposus herniates and protrudes emerging nerve

Question 19

what causes disc prolaps

Answer 19

most often degeneration

Question 20

filum terminale

Answer 20

attaches to dural sac inferiorly

serves as anchor for inferior ends of spinal cord and dural sac

Question 21

what makes up grey matter of spinal cord

Answer 21

neural cell bodies

Question 22

what makes up white matter of spinal cord

Answer 22

nerve axons and neuroglia

white colour given due to myelination of some nerve axons

Question 23

meninges

Answer 23

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Question 24

primary function of meninges

Answer 24

protect and cushion CNS

Question 25

dural sac terminates where in an adult

Answer 25

caudally at S2

Question 26

conus medullaris

Answer 26

termination of adult spinal cord at L1-L2

Question 27

space between dura and arachnoid mater

Answer 27

subdural space

Question 28

space between arachnoid and pia mater

Answer 28

subarachnoid space contains CSF

Question 29

space between dura mater and vertebral bodies

Answer 29

epidural space

Question 30

arterial blood supply of spinal cord comes via

Answer 30

spinal arteries arising from aorta and its branches , which supply cord along its length

Question 31

vertebral venous plexus

Answer 31

drains both vertebrae and spinal cord | found in fatty tissue between dura and vertebra ie in epidural space

Question 32

spinal nerve

Answer 32

mixed carrying motor, sensory and autonomic signals between spinal cord and rest of body

Question 33

somatic fibres

Answer 33

supply voluntary muscles and body wall structures

Question 34

autonomic fibres

Answer 34

supply involuntary structures eg organs, involuntary muscles and glands

Question 35

where do sympathetic nerve fibres emerge from

Answer 35

lateral horn cells

Question 36

where are lateral horn cells located

Answer 36

T1-L2

Question 37

thoracic duct

Answer 37

commences at L1 as cysterna chyli ascends on vertebral bodies between azygos vein and aorta on R side of posterior thoracic wall below T4 at T4 crosses VC to L side of thoracic bodies and drains into medial end of L subclavian vein

Question 38

what belong to axial skeleton

Answer 38

ribs vertebrae sacrum

Question 39

what belong to appendicular skeleton

Answer 39

clavicle hip bone tibia

Question 40

composition of bone : two densities and marrow

Answer 40

two densities = compact and spongy | marrow (medullary) cavity

Question 41

classification of bones

Answer 41

``` long short flat pneumatic sesamoid irregular ```

Question 42

function of sesamoid bone

Answer 42

protect tendons from excessive wear

Question 43

parts of long bone

Answer 43

``` proximal epiphysis metaphysis diaphysis metaphysis distal epiphysis ```

Question 44

which osteogenic cells are found in periosteum

Answer 44

osteoblasts

Question 45

hyaline cartilage location

Answer 45

ribs nose trachea

Question 46

elastic cartilage location

Answer 46

external ear | epiglottis

Question 47

fibrous cartilage location

Answer 47

IV discs | certain ligaments