RESP

Question 1

how does the thoracic cavity communicate with other parts of the body

Answer 1

through apertures

Question 2

how many thoracic apertures are there and what are they called

Answer 2

superior - thoracic inlet

inferior - thoracic outlet

Question 3

what parts of the body does the superior thoracic aperture communicate with

Answer 3

neck and upper limbs

Question 4

what parts of the body does the inferior thoracic aperture communicate with

Answer 4

abdomen

Question 5

what structures enter and leave the thoracic cavity through the superior thoracic aperture

Answer 5

trachea, oesophagus, vessels, nerves

Question 6

what is the superior thoracic aperture bounded by

Answer 6

posteriorly by the T1 vertebrae
laterally by the first pair of ribs and their costal cartilages
anteriorly by the superior border of the manubrium

Question 7

which thoracic aperture is larger

Answer 7

inferior

Question 8

what is the inferior thoracic aperture bounded by

Answer 8

posteriorly by the T12 vertebrae
posterolaterally by the 11th and 12th pairs of ribs
anterolaterally by the joined costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 forming the costal margin
anteriorly by the xiphisternal joint

Question 9

what are ribs

Answer 9

curved, flat bones
light in weight, yet highly resilient
spongy interior which contains bone marrow which forms blood cells (hematopoietic tissue)

Question 10

what are the 3 classes of ribs

Answer 10

true
false
floating

Question 11

what are true ribs

Answer 11

1st to 7th ribs

attach directly to the sternum anteriorly through their own costal cartilages

Question 12

what are false ribs

Answer 12

8th - 10th ribs
cartilages on anterior ends that are joined to the cartilage of the rib just superior, thus connection with sternum is indirect

Question 13

what are floating ribs

Answer 13

11th and 12th ribs
rudimentary cartilages on anterior ends that do not connect even indirectly with the sternum ; instead end in the posterior abdominal musculature

Question 14

characteristics of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 14

bilateral superior and inferior costal facets
costal facets on transverse processes
long inferiorly slanting spinous processes

Question 15

sternum

Answer 15

flat, vertically elongated bone that forms the middle of the anterior part of the thoracic cage

Question 16

what are the 3 parts of the sternum

Answer 16

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

Question 17

what vertebral levels does manubrium sit at

Answer 17

T3 and T4

Question 18

where is sternal angle (of Louis) located

Answer 18

opposite second pair of costal cartilages at the level of the IV disc between the T4 and T5 vertebrae

Question 19

body of sternum

Answer 19

T5-T9

longer, thinner and narrower than manubrium

Question 20

xiphoid process

Answer 20

T10 - smallest and most variable part
relatively thin and elongated but varies considerably in form
cartilaginous in young
ossified in adults

Question 21

what is the xiphisternal joint a marker for

Answer 21

midline marker for the superior level of liver , central tendon of diaphragm, and the inferior border of the heart

Question 22

if intrathoracic volume decreases what happens to intrathoracic pressure and intra-abdominal pressure

Answer 22

increases

decreases - abdominal viscera decompressed

Question 23

what are the 3 compartments of the thoracic cavity

Answer 23

2 pulmonary cavities - containing pleura and lungs

mediastinum - central compartment

Question 24

what is the endothoracic fascia

Answer 24

thin fibro-areolar layer between the internal aspect of the thoracic wall and the lining of the pleural cavities (parietal pleura)
provides cleavage plane, allowing surgeon to separate parietal pleura from thoracic wall , providing access to intrathoracic structures

Question 25

where is the pleural cavity between

Answer 25

visceral and parietal pleura

Question 26

visceral pleura

Answer 26

covers lungs and is adherent to all surfaces , including surfaces within horizontal and oblique fissures

Question 27

parietal pleura

Answer 27

lines pulmonary cavities, adhering to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum and the diaphragm

Question 28

where is the root of the lung

Answer 28

enclosed within the area of continuity between the visceral and parietal layers of pleura, the pleural sleeve

Question 29

what is inferior to the root of the lung

Answer 29

pulmonary ligament - continuity between parietal and visceral forms the pulmonary ligament it extends between the lung and the mediastinum

Question 30

what does the pleural cavity contain

Answer 30

capillary layer of serous pleural fluid

Question 31

what is the role of the pleural fluid

Answer 31

lubricates the pleural surfaces and allows the layers of pleura to slide smoothly over each other during respiration

Question 32

what does the surface tension provide

Answer 32

cohesion that keeps the lung surface in contact with the thoracic wall

Question 33

how many parts does the parietal pleura consist of and what are they called

Answer 33

``` 4 costal mediastinal diaphragmatic cervical ```

Question 34

costal part of parietal pleura

Answer 34

covers internal surfaces of thoracic wall , separated from wall by endothoracic fascia

Question 35

mediastinal part of parietal pleura

Answer 35

covers lateral aspects of the mediastinum

Question 36

diaphragmatic part of parietal pleura

Answer 36

covers superior surface of the diaphragm on each side of the mediastinum

Question 37

cervical part of parietal pleura

Answer 37

extends through the superior thoracic aperture into the root of the neck forms cup-shaped dome over apex of the lung

Question 38

how many lines of pleural reflection are there and names

Answer 38

3 sternal costal vertebral

Question 39

sternal line of pleural reflection

Answer 39

abrupt turn of the parietal pleura that occurs where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the mediastinal pleura anteriorly

Question 40

costal line of pleural reflection

Answer 40

abrupt turn of parietal pleura that occurs where costal pleura becomes continuous with the diaphragmatic pleura inferiorly

Question 41

vertebral line of pleural reflection

Answer 41

much rounder, gradual reflection where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the mediastinal pleura posteriorly

Question 42

potential pleural spaces

Answer 42

costodiaphragmatic recesses | costomediastinal recesses

Question 43

what is the main function of the lungs

Answer 43

oxygenate the blood by bringing inspired air into close relation with the venous blood in the pulmonary capillaries

Question 44

how many lobes do right and left lungs have

Answer 44

``` right = 3 - superior(upper), middle, inferior(lower) left = 2 (upper and lower) ```

Question 45

why is the right lung shorter and wider

Answer 45

right dome of diaphragm is higher | heart and pericardium bulge more to the left

Question 46

what are the 2 fissures of the lungs

Answer 46

horizontal | oblique

Question 47

what are the three surfaces of the lungs

Answer 47

costal - adjacent to sternum mediastinal - including hilum diaphragmatic - resting on convex dome of diaphragm

Question 48

what are the 3 borders of the lungs

Answer 48

anterior inferior posterior

Question 49

what is the hilum of the lung

Answer 49

where the structures - which form the root - enter and leave the lung medial surface of each lung structures include : main bronchus, pulmonary vessels, bronchial vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves - enter and leave the lung

Question 50

at what vertebral level does bifurcation of trachea happen

Answer 50

T4/5

Question 51

main bronchi differences

Answer 51

right - wider and shorter and runs more vertically than the left main bronchus as it passes directly to hilum of lung left - passes inferolaterally inferior to the arch of aorta and anterior to oesophagus and thoracic aorta to reach the hilum of the lung

Question 52

where do left bronchial arteries arise from

Answer 52

thoracic aorta

Question 53

where do right bronchial arteries arise from

Answer 53

superior posterior intercostal artery common trunk from the thoracic aorta with the right 3rd posterior intercostal artery left superior bronchial artery