RESP Flashcards
how does the thoracic cavity communicate with other parts of the body
through apertures
how many thoracic apertures are there and what are they called
superior - thoracic inlet
inferior - thoracic outlet
what parts of the body does the superior thoracic aperture communicate with
neck and upper limbs
what parts of the body does the inferior thoracic aperture communicate with
abdomen
what structures enter and leave the thoracic cavity through the superior thoracic aperture
trachea, oesophagus, vessels, nerves
what is the superior thoracic aperture bounded by
posteriorly by the T1 vertebrae
laterally by the first pair of ribs and their costal cartilages
anteriorly by the superior border of the manubrium
which thoracic aperture is larger
inferior
what is the inferior thoracic aperture bounded by
posteriorly by the T12 vertebrae
posterolaterally by the 11th and 12th pairs of ribs
anterolaterally by the joined costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 forming the costal margin
anteriorly by the xiphisternal joint
what are ribs
curved, flat bones
light in weight, yet highly resilient
spongy interior which contains bone marrow which forms blood cells (hematopoietic tissue)
what are the 3 classes of ribs
true
false
floating
what are true ribs
1st to 7th ribs
attach directly to the sternum anteriorly through their own costal cartilages
what are false ribs
8th - 10th ribs
cartilages on anterior ends that are joined to the cartilage of the rib just superior, thus connection with sternum is indirect
what are floating ribs
11th and 12th ribs
rudimentary cartilages on anterior ends that do not connect even indirectly with the sternum ; instead end in the posterior abdominal musculature
characteristics of thoracic vertebrae
bilateral superior and inferior costal facets
costal facets on transverse processes
long inferiorly slanting spinous processes
sternum
flat, vertically elongated bone that forms the middle of the anterior part of the thoracic cage
what are the 3 parts of the sternum
manubrium
body
xiphoid process
what vertebral levels does manubrium sit at
T3 and T4
where is sternal angle (of Louis) located
opposite second pair of costal cartilages at the level of the IV disc between the T4 and T5 vertebrae
body of sternum
T5-T9
longer, thinner and narrower than manubrium
xiphoid process
T10 - smallest and most variable part
relatively thin and elongated but varies considerably in form
cartilaginous in young
ossified in adults
what is the xiphisternal joint a marker for
midline marker for the superior level of liver , central tendon of diaphragm, and the inferior border of the heart
if intrathoracic volume decreases what happens to intrathoracic pressure and intra-abdominal pressure
increases
decreases - abdominal viscera decompressed
what are the 3 compartments of the thoracic cavity
2 pulmonary cavities - containing pleura and lungs
mediastinum - central compartment
what is the endothoracic fascia
thin fibro-areolar layer between the internal aspect of the thoracic wall and the lining of the pleural cavities (parietal pleura)
provides cleavage plane, allowing surgeon to separate parietal pleura from thoracic wall , providing access to intrathoracic structures
where is the pleural cavity between
visceral and parietal pleura
visceral pleura
covers lungs and is adherent to all surfaces , including surfaces within horizontal and oblique fissures
parietal pleura
lines pulmonary cavities, adhering to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum and the diaphragm
where is the root of the lung
enclosed within the area of continuity between the visceral and parietal layers of pleura, the pleural sleeve
what is inferior to the root of the lung
pulmonary ligament - continuity between parietal and visceral forms the pulmonary ligament
it extends between the lung and the mediastinum
what does the pleural cavity contain
capillary layer of serous pleural fluid
what is the role of the pleural fluid
lubricates the pleural surfaces and allows the layers of pleura to slide smoothly over each other during respiration
what does the surface tension provide
cohesion that keeps the lung surface in contact with the thoracic wall
how many parts does the parietal pleura consist of and what are they called
4 costal mediastinal diaphragmatic cervical
costal part of parietal pleura
covers internal surfaces of thoracic wall , separated from wall by endothoracic fascia
mediastinal part of parietal pleura
covers lateral aspects of the mediastinum
diaphragmatic part of parietal pleura
covers superior surface of the diaphragm on each side of the mediastinum
cervical part of parietal pleura
extends through the superior thoracic aperture into the root of the neck
forms cup-shaped dome over apex of the lung
how many lines of pleural reflection are there and names
3
sternal
costal
vertebral
sternal line of pleural reflection
abrupt turn of the parietal pleura that occurs where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the mediastinal pleura anteriorly
costal line of pleural reflection
abrupt turn of parietal pleura that occurs where costal pleura becomes continuous with the diaphragmatic pleura inferiorly
vertebral line of pleural reflection
much rounder, gradual reflection where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the mediastinal pleura posteriorly
potential pleural spaces
costodiaphragmatic recesses
costomediastinal recesses
what is the main function of the lungs
oxygenate the blood by bringing inspired air into close relation with the venous blood in the pulmonary capillaries
how many lobes do right and left lungs have
right = 3 - superior(upper), middle, inferior(lower) left = 2 (upper and lower)
why is the right lung shorter and wider
right dome of diaphragm is higher
heart and pericardium bulge more to the left
what are the 2 fissures of the lungs
horizontal
oblique
what are the three surfaces of the lungs
costal - adjacent to sternum
mediastinal - including hilum
diaphragmatic - resting on convex dome of diaphragm
what are the 3 borders of the lungs
anterior
inferior
posterior
what is the hilum of the lung
where the structures - which form the root - enter and leave the lung
medial surface of each lung
structures include : main bronchus, pulmonary vessels, bronchial vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves - enter and leave the lung
at what vertebral level does bifurcation of trachea happen
T4/5
main bronchi differences
right - wider and shorter and runs more vertically than the left main bronchus as it passes directly to hilum of lung
left - passes inferolaterally inferior to the arch of aorta and anterior to oesophagus and thoracic aorta to reach the hilum of the lung
where do left bronchial arteries arise from
thoracic aorta
where do right bronchial arteries arise from
superior posterior intercostal artery
common trunk from the thoracic aorta with the right 3rd posterior intercostal artery
left superior bronchial artery
