GI

Question 1

name the 4 quadrants of the abdomen

Answer 1

left upper
left lower
right upper
right lower

Question 2

name the 9 regions of the abdomen

Answer 2

R&L hypochondrium
Epigastric
R&L lateral/lumbar/flank
Umbilical
R&L inguinal/iliac fossa
Pubic

Question 3

vertically how are the regions divided

Answer 3

midclavicular lines

Question 4

horizontally how are the regions divided - 2 planes?

Answer 4

subcostal plane
transtubercular plane

Question 5

what organs lie in left hypochondriac region

Answer 5

stomach
top left lobe of liver
left kidney
spleen
tail of pancreas
parts of SI
transverse and desc colon

Question 6

what organs lie in right hypochondriac region

Answer 6

liver
gallbladder
small intestine
ascending colon
transverse colon
right kidney

Question 7

organs in epigastric region

Answer 7

esophagus
The stomach
The liver
The spleen
The pancreas
The right and left kidneys
The right and left ureters
The right and left suprarenal glands
The small intestine
The transverse colon

Question 8

left lumbar region

Answer 8

portion of the small intestine
A part of the descending colon
The tip of the left kidney

Question 9

organs in right lumbar region

Answer 9

The tip of the liver
The gallbladder
The small intestine
The ascending colon
The right kidney

Question 10

organs in umbilical region

Answer 10

The stomach
The pancreas
The small intestine
The transverse colon
The medial extremities of right and left kidneys
The right and left ureters
The cisterna chyli

Question 11

organs in left inguinal region

Answer 11

Part of the small intestine
The descending colon
The sigmoid colon
The left ovary and the left fallopian tube in females.

Question 12

organs in right inguinal region

Answer 12

The small intestine
The appendix
The cecum
The ascending colon
The right ovary and right fallopian tube in females.

Question 13

organs in pubic region

Answer 13

the small intestine
The sigmoid colon
The rectum
The urinary bladder
The right and left ureters
The uterus, the right and left ovaries and the fallopian tubes can be found in females
The ductus deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate in males

Question 14

what dermatome does umbilicus lie in

Answer 14

T10

Question 15

vertebral level of umbilicus

Answer 15

L3-L5 variation

Question 16

why would vertebral level not be used as a reliable clinical surface landmark?

Answer 16

variation in person to person

Question 17

what is the large area of connective tissue

Answer 17

rectus sheath

Question 18

rectus sheath is formed from the aponeuroses of which 3 muscles

Answer 18

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis

Question 19

within the rectus sheath lie 2 muscles - name them

Answer 19

rectus abdominis and pyramidalis

Question 20

what is the horizontal line called in the centre of the rectus sheath

Answer 20

linea semilunaris

Question 21

what is the function of the pyramidalis

Answer 21

to tense the linea semilunaris

Question 22

what is the arcuate line

Answer 22

indicated where the posterior layer of the rectus sheath ends

Question 23

where do the superior arteries arise from

Answer 23

distal aspect of internal thoracic arteries

Question 24

where do the inferior arteries arise from

Answer 24

external iliac arteries immediately superior to inguinal ligaments

Question 25

where do the superior veins drain to

Answer 25

internal thoracic vein

Question 26

where do inferior veins drain to

Answer 26

external iliac veins

Question 27

what can happen due to portal hypertension: clinical note

Answer 27

the superficial veins can become dilated secondary to portal hypertension in severe cases. this can lead to caput medusa - formation of dilated abdominal wall veins which extend from the umbilicus

Question 28

above the umbilicus where does lymphatic drainage go to

Answer 28

axillary nodes

Question 29

below the umbilicus lymphatic drainage goes to

Answer 29

superficial inguinal nodes

Question 30

describe the inguinal canal

Answer 30

oblique passage through lower part of abdominal wall adult = roughly 4cm long provides way for structures from the abdomen to the genital region

Question 31

where does inguinal ligament originate and attach to

Answer 31

originates at the anterior superior iliac spine and attach to the pubic tubercle

Question 32

inguinal ligament formed from aponeuroses of which muscle

Answer 32

external oblique

Question 33

what does aponeuroses mean

Answer 33

a sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue - takes place of tendon in flat muscles having a wide area of attachment

Question 34

what is the iliopubic tract

Answer 34

fibrous band that runs parallel and posterior (deep) to inguinal ligament

Question 35

superficial (external) inguinal ring is a break in aponeuroses of what muscle layer

Answer 35

external oblique

Question 36

what anatomical point is used surgically to determine the location of superficial inguinal ring

Answer 36

superolateral to the pubic tubercle

Question 37

deep (internal) inguinal ring - oval shaped opening in which muscle layer's facia?

Answer 37

transversalis fascia

Question 38

anterior wall of inguinal canal

Answer 38

medially aponeurosis of external oblique, laterally reinforced by internal oblique

Question 39

posterior wall of inguinal canal

Answer 39

transversalis fascia

Question 40

roof of inguinal canal

Answer 40

laterally by transversalis fascia, centrally by internal oblique, transversus abdominis medially by the medial crus and intercrural fibres

Question 41

floor of inguinal canal

Answer 41

laterally by iliopubic tract centrally by the superior surface of the "gutter-like" inguinal ligament medially by the lacunar ligament

Question 42

contents of male inguinal canal

Answer 42

spermatic cord ilio-inguinal nerve blood and lymphatics

Question 43

contents of female inguinal canal

Answer 43

round ligament ilio-inguinal nerve blood and lymphatics

Question 44

function of liver

Answer 44

formation of bile salts, bile acids and bilirubin protein production eg albumin production of blood clotting factors protein and amino acid metabolism production of transporter proteins cholesterol synthesis glucose homeostasis drug metabolism