GI Flashcards
name the 4 quadrants of the abdomen
left upper
left lower
right upper
right lower
name the 9 regions of the abdomen
R&L hypochondrium
Epigastric
R&L lateral/lumbar/flank
Umbilical
R&L inguinal/iliac fossa
Pubic
vertically how are the regions divided
midclavicular lines
horizontally how are the regions divided - 2 planes?
subcostal plane
transtubercular plane
what organs lie in left hypochondriac region
stomach
top left lobe of liver
left kidney
spleen
tail of pancreas
parts of SI
transverse and desc colon
what organs lie in right hypochondriac region
liver
gallbladder
small intestine
ascending colon
transverse colon
right kidney
organs in epigastric region
esophagus
The stomach
The liver
The spleen
The pancreas
The right and left kidneys
The right and left ureters
The right and left suprarenal glands
The small intestine
The transverse colon
left lumbar region
portion of the small intestine
A part of the descending colon
The tip of the left kidney
organs in right lumbar region
The tip of the liver
The gallbladder
The small intestine
The ascending colon
The right kidney
organs in umbilical region
The stomach
The pancreas
The small intestine
The transverse colon
The medial extremities of right and left kidneys
The right and left ureters
The cisterna chyli
organs in left inguinal region
Part of the small intestine
The descending colon
The sigmoid colon
The left ovary and the left fallopian tube in females.
organs in right inguinal region
The small intestine
The appendix
The cecum
The ascending colon
The right ovary and right fallopian tube in females.
organs in pubic region
the small intestine
The sigmoid colon
The rectum
The urinary bladder
The right and left ureters
The uterus, the right and left ovaries and the fallopian tubes can be found in females
The ductus deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate in males
what dermatome does umbilicus lie in
T10
vertebral level of umbilicus
L3-L5 variation
why would vertebral level not be used as a reliable clinical surface landmark?
variation in person to person
what is the large area of connective tissue
rectus sheath
rectus sheath is formed from the aponeuroses of which 3 muscles
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
within the rectus sheath lie 2 muscles - name them
rectus abdominis and pyramidalis
what is the horizontal line called in the centre of the rectus sheath
linea semilunaris
what is the function of the pyramidalis
to tense the linea semilunaris
what is the arcuate line
indicated where the posterior layer of the rectus sheath ends
where do the superior arteries arise from
distal aspect of internal thoracic arteries
where do the inferior arteries arise from
external iliac arteries immediately superior to inguinal ligaments
where do the superior veins drain to
internal thoracic vein
where do inferior veins drain to
external iliac veins
what can happen due to portal hypertension: clinical note
the superficial veins can become dilated secondary to portal hypertension in severe cases. this can lead to caput medusa - formation of dilated abdominal wall veins which extend from the umbilicus
above the umbilicus where does lymphatic drainage go to
axillary nodes
below the umbilicus lymphatic drainage goes to
superficial inguinal nodes
describe the inguinal canal
oblique passage through lower part of abdominal wall
adult = roughly 4cm long
provides way for structures from the abdomen to the genital region
where does inguinal ligament originate and attach to
originates at the anterior superior iliac spine and attach to the pubic tubercle
inguinal ligament formed from aponeuroses of which muscle
external oblique
what does aponeuroses mean
a sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue - takes place of tendon in flat muscles having a wide area of attachment
what is the iliopubic tract
fibrous band that runs parallel and posterior (deep) to inguinal ligament
superficial (external) inguinal ring is a break in aponeuroses of what muscle layer
external oblique
what anatomical point is used surgically to determine the location of superficial inguinal ring
superolateral to the pubic tubercle
deep (internal) inguinal ring - oval shaped opening in which muscle layer’s facia?
transversalis fascia
anterior wall of inguinal canal
medially aponeurosis of external oblique, laterally reinforced by internal oblique
posterior wall of inguinal canal
transversalis fascia
roof of inguinal canal
laterally by transversalis fascia,
centrally by internal oblique, transversus abdominis
medially by the medial crus and intercrural fibres
floor of inguinal canal
laterally by iliopubic tract
centrally by the superior surface of the “gutter-like” inguinal ligament
medially by the lacunar ligament
contents of male inguinal canal
spermatic cord
ilio-inguinal nerve
blood and lymphatics
contents of female inguinal canal
round ligament
ilio-inguinal nerve
blood and lymphatics
function of liver
formation of bile salts, bile acids and bilirubin
protein production eg albumin
production of blood clotting factors
protein and amino acid metabolism
production of transporter proteins
cholesterol synthesis
glucose homeostasis
drug metabolism
