Self-tests

Question 1

Type 1 diabetes is not influenced more by genetic factors than type 2 diabetes.
True/false?

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What happens to the incidence figures when introducing a large-scale screening programme?

Answer 2

the incidence figures of that disease often go up dramatically.

Question 3

Attack rates are mainly used in the field of..

Answer 3

infectious disease

Question 4

A survival curve shows..

Answer 4

the proportion of a population living after a given age or getting a disease.

Question 5

The Life Expectancy is expressed for 1 person, and the Years of Life Lost for the whole population.

Answer 5

ok biatch

Question 6

Health Gap’ means?

Answer 6

that there is a difference between a current situation and an ideal situation where everyone in the population lives up to the age of the standard life expectancy in perfect health.

Question 7

Are cohort studies always done in populations that are free of the disease of interest at baseline?

Answer 7

 Cohort studies are not always done in populations that are free of the disease of interest at baseline. Prognostic cohort studies mainly focus on diseased populations.

Question 8

In a historical cohort study, assessment of the exposure takes place after assessment of the outcome. True/false?

Answer 8

False. It makes use of exposure data that have already been collected in the past.

Question 9

What is the ‘treatment effect’ in an RCT?

Answer 9

the change in outcome in the intervention group minus the change in the control group.

Question 10

What do you randomize in a cross-over trial?

Answer 10

treatment order, not subjects

Question 11

 In a community trial, randomisation takes place on the … level.

Answer 11

group

Question 12

In a parallel trial, you need more/less people than in a crossover trial to have the same statistical power

Answer 12

more, In a crossover trial the response of a subject to treatment A is contrasted with the same subject’s response to treatment B. Removing patient variation in this way makes crossover trials more efficient than similar sized, parallel group trials in which each subject is exposed to only one treatment.

Question 13

What is the risk ratio?

Answer 13

= Ipe/IP0

Question 14

Odds ratio can range from..

Answer 14

range from almost 0 to infinity

Question 15

 For a given disease, the sum of population attributable risks for different risk factors can exceed 100%, because..

Answer 15

multiple causes interact to cause disease

Question 16

 The proportion of disease in exposed people that can be attributed to the exposure is called

Answer 16

the attributable fraction

Question 17

PAR = AR x ?

Answer 17

multiplied by the prevalence of the exposure in the population

Question 18

 Selection bias cannot be reduced by increasing the size of the study sample, because..

Answer 18

Bias has to do with validity, not with precision.

Question 19

PAR = sensitive/not sensitive to bias

Answer 19

sensitive

Question 20

 Ascertainmant bias example?

Answer 20

investigator more often sending people with yellow fingers to hospital for lung cancer than persons without yellow fingers

Question 21

What is the healthy worker effect?

Answer 21

a type of selection bias, when less healthy workers are more likely to reduce their workplace exposures

Question 22

 Loss to follow-up in a cohort study or clinical trial does not necessarily lead to biased results, except when..

Answer 22

more people are ‘lost to follow-up’ in one exposure group than another and if loss is also related to the outcome of interest.

Question 23

 Bias ‘from the null’ means..

Answer 23

that the bias is likely to have made the association appear stronger

Question 24

 Attrition bias may result from ?

Answer 24

loss to follow-up in a cohort study or clinical trial.

Question 25

Cases and controls are selected dependently/independently of exposure status

Answer 25

independently, to avoid bias

Question 26

True/false: there is confounding in trials with a large sample size

Answer 26

False: randomization results in equally balanced characteristics in the intervention and control group. In a small trial, however, you can have ‘bad luck’ with randomisation, and differences in baseline characteristics between the intervention and control group may be present.

Question 27

Does a sufficient cause inevitably cause disease?

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

 When a risk factor is causal, does it necessarily contribute to the disease occurrence in all exposed persons?

Answer 28

No, A component cause does not always have to be a necessary cause, and diseases may be caused by different sets of component causes in different individuals.

Question 29

NPV = ? formula

Answer 29

true negatives/ tested negative

Question 30

Attack rate is in …

Answer 30

%

Question 31

What is the measure of association in an ecological study?

Answer 31

association/correlation

Question 32

Poor diet + lifestyle is how many % of CVD burden?

Answer 32

> 75%

Question 33

PAR = determined by association of exp-outcome and no of person with exp

Answer 33

ok

Question 34

What is a valid study design for association of genetic factors + chronic disease?

Answer 34

Cross-sectional