Disease: WEEK 1 diabetes Flashcards
What is the prevalence of diabetes? How many people are undiagnosed?
Prevalence in NL?
- 463 million people. Undertreat diabetes, (50% globally undiagnosed, don’t know they have high glucose levels)
- Future: 700 million (no of people, life expectancy)
- Netherlands: 1 mil patients, 350.000 not diagnosed (screening)
Incidence of diabetes (US)?
- 1.5 mil new patients per year in US. 40% of people will develop type 2 diabetes (lifetime incidence)
What types of diabetes are there and how are they developed?
- Type 1: auto-immune disease. No production of insulin (uptake glucose). Usually develops in childhood and patients require lifelong insulin injections.
- Type 2 diabetes: metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar) and altered lipid metabolism. Usually develops in adulthood and is associated with a unhealthy
lifestyle; it is the major form of diabetes. - Gestational diabetes: state of hyperglycaemia developing during pregnancy
Where in the body may problems arise when having diabetes?
- eyes (damage to blood vessels: blindness),
- kidney (damage blood vessels: excess blood glucose overworks: dialyses)
- numbness ( nerve damage: feet),
- Brain (stroke, cerebrovascular disease (impairment bloodflow), cognitive impairment),
- Heart (coronary heart disease)
- Slow healing of wounds.
How is screening & diagnosis performed?
- Sweet urine
- Measure glucose levels
- Oral glucose tolerance test (glycemic response)
- Gba1c (glycoselated hemoglobin): indication of past 6 weeks glycemic control
Stages in development of type 2 diabetes?
Genetic predisposition + obesity lifestyle factors
= insulin resistance -> normoglycemia (compensatory beta cell) -> impaired glucose tolerance (beta cell failure: early) -> diabetes (beta cell failure: late)
How is diabetes treated?
- Lifestyle intervention:
Weight loss
Dietary modifications
Physical activity and exercise - Drug therapy (tablets)
Insulin injections
What are risk factors for T2DM?
Non-modifiable:
- age
- genetics
Modifiable:
- Overweight
- Physical activity
- diet
- smoking
- alcohol
Other:
- high/low birth weight
- social environment
Obesity: higher risk in men or women?
Female gender is associated with twice the risk of being overweight or having obesity.