Disease: WEEK 1 diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the prevalence of diabetes? How many people are undiagnosed?
Prevalence in NL?

A
  • 463 million people. Undertreat diabetes, (50% globally undiagnosed, don’t know they have high glucose levels)
  • Future: 700 million (no of people, life expectancy)
  • Netherlands: 1 mil patients, 350.000 not diagnosed (screening)
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2
Q

Incidence of diabetes (US)?

A
  • 1.5 mil new patients per year in US. 40% of people will develop type 2 diabetes (lifetime incidence)
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3
Q

What types of diabetes are there and how are they developed?

A
  • Type 1: auto-immune disease. No production of insulin (uptake glucose). Usually develops in childhood and patients require lifelong insulin injections.
  • Type 2 diabetes: metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar) and altered lipid metabolism. Usually develops in adulthood and is associated with a unhealthy
    lifestyle; it is the major form of diabetes.
  • Gestational diabetes: state of hyperglycaemia developing during pregnancy
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4
Q

Where in the body may problems arise when having diabetes?

A
  • eyes (damage to blood vessels: blindness),
  • kidney (damage blood vessels: excess blood glucose overworks: dialyses)
  • numbness ( nerve damage: feet),
  • Brain (stroke, cerebrovascular disease (impairment bloodflow), cognitive impairment),
  • Heart (coronary heart disease)
  • Slow healing of wounds.
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5
Q

How is screening & diagnosis performed?

A
  • Sweet urine
  • Measure glucose levels
  • Oral glucose tolerance test (glycemic response)
  • Gba1c (glycoselated hemoglobin): indication of past 6 weeks glycemic control
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6
Q

Stages in development of type 2 diabetes?

A

Genetic predisposition + obesity lifestyle factors
= insulin resistance -> normoglycemia (compensatory beta cell) -> impaired glucose tolerance (beta cell failure: early) -> diabetes (beta cell failure: late)

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7
Q

How is diabetes treated?

A
  • Lifestyle intervention:
    Weight loss
    Dietary modifications
    Physical activity and exercise
  • Drug therapy (tablets)
    Insulin injections
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8
Q

What are risk factors for T2DM?

A

Non-modifiable:
- age
- genetics

Modifiable:
- Overweight
- Physical activity
- diet
- smoking
- alcohol

Other:
- high/low birth weight
- social environment

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9
Q

Obesity: higher risk in men or women?

A

Female gender is associated with twice the risk of being overweight or having obesity.

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