self report Flashcards
What are the 2 main types of self report?
Questionnaires
Respondant- written method to gather data
Interviews
Interviwee- verbally questioned
Open questions
not given options to choose from
Closed questions
Fixed choice question
Closed and opened questions
What are the advantages of closed questions?
What are the disadvantages of closed questons? (what can it force the participant to do)
What are the advantages of open questions? (what does it not force the participant to do)
What are the disadvantges of open questions? (what may the responses not be)
Closed questions- advantages
- Easy to ompare and anylse
- Less time consuming to complete
Closed questions- disadvantages
- it can force the participant to choose an option even if they do not agree with any
- Lack of qualitataive data- insight
Open question- advantage
- Detailed answers
- Does not force the participant to give a predetermind answer
Open questions- disadvantge
- Time consuming for the participant to answer and researcher to anaylse data after
- Responses may not be relevent to the questions asked
Rating scales
What can they be used to investigate? (3)
Should a rating scale be even or odd? why and why not?
Rating scales can be used to investigate peoples attitudes, thoughts and emotions towards something.
When desgining a rating scale, allowing the participant to mark a neutral decision may make results more valid as they are not forced to agree or diagree- odd scale
Using an even numbered scale may lead to invalid results as there is no neutral option, participants are forced to either agree or disagree
Rating scales
advantages
what kinds of data are gained?
what can researcher see?
Disadvantages
What can participants develop?
What may participants not do?
Advantages
As rating scales have descriptions underneath each option, researchers can see how participants feel about something rather than a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’
Qantitaive and qualitative data
Repicable
Disadvanatges
Standard response set
Paricipants may not be consistent in how they interpret the scale
Likert scales
What kind of scale is it?
is an even or odd scale better?
How can standard response set be controlled?
Likert scales = attitude scales
respondants given a statement and have to indicate to what extent they agree or diagree with it
Odd number scale is better because it provides a neutral option
To control for standard response set, alternate the options for positive and negative
Semantic Differentials
What does it use?
What do the participants decide their views on?
Use polar opposites eg big/small
polar opposites are at either end of a scale and the participant must indicate their viewing bt marking their postion
Decide on attitude object
Questionnaires or interviews
Questionaires
quantative data from large sample, less time consuming
Example: Loftus and Palmer
Interviews
Qualitative data, narrow target poulation
Exaample: Kohlberg
Sturctured interview
what kind of questions does it involve?
Strengths? why is having the same questions good? (2)
Weaknesses? what can the researcher not do?
Predetermined questions- no follow up questions
Stengths
Standardised and repicable as the same questions are asked to all the participants
Responses can easily be analysed and compared
Weaknesses
No follow up questions means a lack of detail
Semi structured interviews
Wht kind of questions are involved?
Strength?
Weaknesses? how is the researcher still limited on what questions can be asked? how is replicability reduced?
pre planned questions and follow up questions
Strengths
Researcher can ask follow up questions
Weaknesses
Eventhough semi strructured interviews allow researchers to ask follow up questions, they still may be limited on what follow up questions to ask to gain clarification as it needs to be liked to te question asked
As the follow up questions are not planned, they can vary between participants redicing replicability
Unstructured intervies
What sre the questions based on?
strengths?
Weaknesses?
Researcher has topics to discuss and questions are based off the interviewees responses
Strengths
More information can be gained as any questions can be asked as there are no predetermined questions
Weaknesses
As there a no predetermind questions, comparing responses betwen participants may be more difficult as participants were asked different questions
Wha is an ethics statement?
What does it inform the participants of?
An ethics statement informs the participants of their rights such as, right to withdraw their data at any time and ensures infomed consent to participate
Comparison between questionnaires and interviews
Advantages of questionnaires- sample, what is easy to maintain?
Disadvantages?
Avantage of interviews?
Disadvatages of interwies? wha can not be maintained, what kind of answers can this lead to?
Advantages of questionnaires
Can collect data from a large sample size
Easy to maintain confidentiality
Disadvantages of questionaire
Response rate is often low
Respondants can lie on the questions
Advantages of interviews
Good to meet face to face with interviewees
Disadvantages
Time consuming process as interiewees can only be seen one at a time
Lack of confidentiality as participants meet face to face with researcher which can lead to social desrability
Reliability What does internal reliability mean? how can it be tested? What is external reliability? How can it be tested?
Reliability relates to how consistent a mesurement is.
Internal reliability
How consistent the measure is within its self
Internal reliability can be tested by using a split half method- splitting the questions then comparing responses
External reliability
How consistent the mesurement is when repeaed overtime
Can be tested by the test-retest method- gving the same questionnaire to participants at different points in time, smae reponse = consistent
